Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Journal Club
Centre for High Energy Physics
IISc
Bangalore
References
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetry
Integer Quantum Hall Effect
Topological Insulator
Bloch theory
Topological Invariant
2 Floquet topological insulator
Floquet Theory
Floquet Formalism
Floquet Chern Number
3 New topological phases by light
HgTe/CdTe heterostructures
Generating Many Floquet Majorana modes
Conclusions
Symmetry
Topological Insulator
It has been realized that same robust conducting edge states
that are found in the quantum Hall state could be found on
the boundary of band insulators with large spin-orbit effect,
called topological insulators.
A topological insulator (TI) is a band insulator which is
characterized by a topological number and which has gapless
excitations at its boundaries.
Bloch theory
Bloch theorem formulates a condition on the solutions ~k (~r ) of a
lattice having periodic potential V (~r )
~
~ = ~ (~r ) e i k.R
~k (~r + R)
k
Topological Invariant
What is the difference between a quantum Hall state and an
ordinary insulator?
Chern (or TKNN) topological invariant (Thouless et al, 1982)
Z
1
~ m d 2~k
~ X A
nm =
2
where
~ m = ihum (~k)||u
~ m (~k)i
A
Insulator : n = 0
IQHE
: xy = ne 2 /h
Analogy : Genus of a surface : g = No. of holes
Floquet Theory
Quantum systems with Hamiltonian periodic function in time,
follow Floquet theorem
The Schrodinger equation for the 1D quantum system is
(H(x, t) i~
) (x, t) = 0
t
With
H(x, t) = H0 (x) + V (x, t); V (x, t) = V (x, t + T )
According to the Floquet theorem, there exist solutions to
Eq.(1) that have the form
(x, t + T ) = e i T /~ (x, t);
= Floquet characteristic exponent or Quasienergy
(1)
Effective Hamiltonian
In the absence of irradiation the Bloch Hamiltonian of a two band
insulator is
H0 (~k) = 0 (~k)I2x2 + d(~k) ~
Time dependent perturbation
V (~k, t) = V0 (~k) ~ cos(t)
Chern number for non irradiated insulator is given by
!
Z
d(k)
d(k)
1
d 2~k
d(k)
CI =
4
kx
ky
U(t, t0 ) = Tt exp (i
dt 0 H(~k, t 0 ))
t0
Uk (T + t0 , t0 ) = e iHF (k)T
It can be parametrized as
HF (~k) = F (~k)I2x2 + n(~k) ~
Floquet Chern number is given by
Z
1
n(k)
n(k)
2~
CF =
d k
n(k)
4
kx
ky
HgTe/CdTe heterostructures
Irradiation of light is able to produce transition between trivial
insulating state (non- inverted regime) and the non trivial
state (inverted regime).
Lets start from a non inverted HgTe/CdTe quantum well :
!
H0 (~k)
0
~
H4x4 (k) =
0
H0 (~k)
Where
H0 (~k) = 0 (~k)I2x2 + d(~k) ~
and the vector
d(~k) = (Akx , Aky , M B ~k 2 )
HgTe/CdTe heterostructures
When a linearly polarized perturbation is added to the trivial phase
(M/B < 0) , the bands reshuffle in such a way that the
Hamiltonian is characterized by inverted effective bands.
HgTe/CdTe heterostructures
Majorana Fermion
N1
X
x
Jx nx n+1
n=1
N
X
nz
n=1
Q
n1 z
j=1 j
nx , bn =
H=i
N1
X
n=1
Q
n1 z
j=1 j
Jx bn an+1 + i
ny
N
X
n=1
hn an bn
H2 T
2~
e i
H1 T
2~
e i
Heff T
~
H1 H2 iT
+
[H2 , H1 ]
2
2
8~
2
T
[(H2 H1 ), [H2 , H1 ]] +
96~2
Static Model
1D spinless p-wave superconductor
H =
N
X
l=1
N2
X
cl cl
N1
X
l=1
l=1
where a = |a | e ia
The relative phase = 1 2 determines the topological class of
H. For = 0 and , H has time-reversal and particle-hole
symmetries but other values of , H has particle-hole symmetry
only.(S. Ryu et. al. New J. Phys. 12, 065010(2010)
Driven Model
Driven Model
Theoretical results
U(T ) = e i
Heff =
H2 T
2~
e i
H1 T
2~
e i
Heff T
~
H1 H2 iT
+
[H2 , H1 ]
2
2
8~
U(T )|ui = e iT |ui
P
X Define ck = l cl e ikl / N and introduce the particle-hole
T
] , then Heff is given by :
representation Ck = [ck , ck
P
Heff = kBZ Ck Heff (k)Ck , with Heff (k) = Ek ~n(k) ~
X n1 (k) = 0 so ~n(k) is in yz plane
Theoretical results
k
winding number W = d
2 Z , where
k = arctan[n3 (k)/n2 (k)]
Geometrically, W means the number of times the vector ~n(k)
rotates around the origin point as k varies from to
The number of pairs of Majorana modes under open boundary
condition is then given by |W |
As some system parameters continuously change, gap closing
and consequently topological phase transitions occur
Theoretical results
HbL
(a)
W = -3
W = -2
1
1 n3
-1
-
k0
0 n2
-1
W=0
n3 1
-1
-
k0
-3
-2
1
3
1 n1
0 n2 -
k0
-1
1
0 n2
-1
W=1
1
0 n2
-1
t2
n3 1
1
--
-1
0
-2
-5 2
0 1
t1
Figure: (a) Winding of the unit vector ~n(k), in different parameter regimes under our
driving protocol.t1 = 1; t2 = 5 for W = 3, t2 = 3 for W = 2, t2 = 0 for
W = 0,and t2 = 3 for W = 1. (b) Topological phase diagram of driven system
plotted in the (t1 , t2 ) plane. Other parameters are = 10, |2 | = 2.5 and T = 0.2
Ref. : Q. Tong et. al. arxiv: 1211.2498v1
Numerical results
Floquet Majorana modes have two flavors: one at = 0 and the
other at = /T .The second flavor is certainly absent in an
undriven system.
HHbLL
20
Eenergy
Quasi-energy(T)
HaL
-
-5 -3
-20
t2
-5 -3
0
t2
Figure: Comparison between quasi-energy spectrum for the driven case (a) and
energy spectrum for the static case(b); t1 = 1, N=200
Ref. : Q. Tong et. al. arxiv: 1211.2498v1
(b)
1
100
100
200
200
300
300
-1
400
1
-1
400
1
m
(d)
m
(c)
1
10
100
200
200
1
100
2.5
300
300
-10
400
1
-2.5
400
1
Figure: The expansion coefficients of Heff for (a) T = 0.2 and (b) T = 2.0 and of
the static H for the real (c) and imaginary (d) parts
Ref. : Q. Tong et. al. arxiv: 1211.2498v1
t2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
T = 0.5 2 4 4 3 3 2 0 0
T = 1.0 6 6 7 7 6 3 3 2
T = 2.0 13 13 12 11 9 8 8 1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
4
3
2
5
7
4 5 6 7 8
2 4 4 4 3
5 6 7 7 6
11 10 13 13 12
Conclusions
References
Acknowledgement
I gratefully acknowledge Diptiman Sen and Abhiram Soori for the
discussions.
Thank you