Chapter 2 Maxwells Equations and Plane EM Waves

2-1 Dielectric and Conductor

Displacement vector: D 0 E P E 0 1 e E 0 r E
nv

Polarization vector:

P lim

k 1

v 0

1
V
4 0

' x

P a R
2
2
2
2
v ' R 2 dv' , R x x' y y' z z '

a
1
y
z
R2
x '
y '
z ' '

1
V
4 0

1
1
P

'
dv
'

v '
4 0
R

P
' P

'

dv
'

dv
'
v ' R
v ' R

4 0

s'

P a n '
dS '
R

' P

dv
'
v ' R

Surface charge density: ps= P a n .

Volume charge density: p= P

Total charge: Q= s ' P a n dS ' v

P dv ' 0
'

1
p 0 E P
0

Define D 0 E P D

D d S Q
s

D x 11 12 13

Note: Generally, D E or D y 21 22 23
D z 31 32 33

11 0

For biaxial dielectric, 0 22

0
0

0
0
33

Ex
E y .
E z

 Dx
8 2 0
D 2 5 0
Eg. For an anisotropic medium characterized by y
0

D z
0 0 9
the value of the effective relative permittivity for (a)

E E 0 ( x 2 y ) , (c) E E 0 (2 x y ) .
Dx
8 2 0
D 2 5 0
(Sol.) (a) y
0

D z
0 0 9

0 E
0
0
1

0 E 9
0
0

Ex
E y , find
E z

E zE 0 ,

(b)

0
0 E 0 , r =9
1

Dx
8 2 0
D 2 5 0
(b) y
0

D z
0 0 9

1
4
1
2 E 8 E 4 2 E
0
0

0
0
0 , r =4
0
0
0

Dx
8 2 0
D 2 5 0
(c) y
0

D z
0 0 9

2
18

1 E 9 E 9
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
1 E0 , r =9
0

Hall Effect:

Current density: J y J 0 Nqv

If the material is a conductor or an n-type semiconductor the charge carrier are
electrons: q < 0
Hall
field:

E h v B ( y v 0 ) ( zB0 ) xv 0 B0
d

Hall voltage: Vh 0 E h dx v0 B0 d
Hall coefficient: C h

Ex
1

0
J y B z Nq

If the material is a p-type semiconductor, the charge carries are holes: q > 0

Hall field: E h x v0 B0
Hall voltage: Vh v0 B0 d
Hall coefficient: Ch 0

2-2 Boundary Conditions of Electromagnetic Fields

Boundary conditions for electric fields:
Eg. Show that Et=0 on the conductor plane.
(Proof) The E-field inside a conductor is zero,

E d

l E t W 0 E t 0

E d S E S
n

s S
0

En

Eg. Show that E1t= E2t and

s
0

a n 2 D1 D2 s

on the interface between two

dielectric.
(Proof)

E d
abcda

D d S
s

l E1t W E 2 t W 0 ,

E1t=E2t

D1 a n 2 D2 a n1 S a n 2 D1 D2 S s S

a n 2 D1 D2 s

or D1n-D2n=s

If s=0, then D1n=D2n or 1E1n=2E2n

Eg. Two dielectric media are separated by a charge free boundary. The electric
field intensity in media 1 at the point P1 has a magnitude E1 and makes an angle
with the normal. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field
intensity at point P2 in medium 2. []
tan 2 2

(Sol.) E 2 sin 2 E1 sin 1 , 2 E 2 cos 2 1 E1 cos 1

tan 1 1
E2

E 22t E 22n

E1 sin 1

E 2 sin 2 2 E 2 cos 2 2
2
1

E1 cos 1
2

1/ 2

E1 sin 1 1 cos 1

1/ 2

Eg. Assume that z=0 plane separates two lossless dielectric regions with r1=2 and

r2=3. If E1 in region 1 is x 2 y y 3 x z 5 z , find E 2 and D2 at z=0 in region

2.

(Sol.) E1 x 2 y y 3 x z 5 , E1t z 0 E 2t z 0 x 2 y y 3x ,

D1n z 0 D2 n z 0

2
10
z 5 z
,
3
3

E 2 n z 0

2 E1n z 0 3 E 2 n z 0

E 2 z 0 x 2 y y 3x z

10
3

10

D2 z 0 x 2 y y 3x z 3 0
3

Eg. A lucite sheet (r=3.2) is introduced perpendicularly in a uniform electric

field E 0 x E 0 in free space. Determine Ei , Di and Pi inside the lucite. [

]

1
1 E0
Di
Di x

0 r
3.2

(Sol.) Di x Di x D0 x 0 E 0
Ei

Pi Di 0 E i x 1
0 E 0 x 0.6875 0 E 0
3.2

(C / m)

Eg. Dielectric lenses can be used to collimate electromagnetic fields. The left
surface of the lens is that of a circular cylinder, and right surface is a plane. If

E1 at point P(r0,45,z) in region 1 is a r 5 a 3 , what must be the dielectric

constant of the lens in order that E 3 in region 3 is parallel to the x-axis?

(Sol.) Assume E 2 a r E 2 r a E 2 , E1t E 2t E E 2 3

For E 3 // x axis E 2 // x axis E 2 E 2 r E 2 r 3

a n D1 a n D2 1 E r1 2 E r 2 , 0 5 0 r 2 3 r 2

5
3

Eg. A positive point charge Q is at the center of a spherical dielectric shell of an

inner radius Ri and an outer radius Ro. The dielectric constant of the shell is r.

Determine

E ,V , D

, and P as functions of the radial distance R. []

(Sol.) P D 0 E 0 r 1 E
R>Ro:

E a R

Q
Q
V
2 ,
4 0 R
4 0 R

D a R

Q
and
4R 2

P0

Ri<R<Ro:

Q
Q

1
Q
E a R
a R
P
a R 1
R
,
2
2 , D a
2
r
4 0 r R
4R
4R

Ro

R
Q
Q
Q
dR

dR
2
2

R
o
4 0 R
4 0 r R
4 0

R<Ri: E a R

Q
4 0

1 1
1

r Ro r R

Q
R
Q
Q

V V

dR
R
2 , D a
2 , P 0,
R
R Ri
4 0 R 2
4 0 R
4R
i

1 1
1 1 1
1

1
r Ro
r Ri R

Boundary conditions for magnetic fields:

Eg. Show that 1H1n=2H2n and a n 2 ( H 1 H 2 )

(Proof) B d S

0 B1n S B 2 n S 0 ,

1H1n=2H2n

H dl

Q
2
4R

H dl H

w H 2 ( w) J sw w

abcda

H1t H 2t J sw an 2 ( H 1 H 2 ) J

If J=0, then H1t=H2t

B1n=B2n

Eg. Two magnetic media with permeabilities 1 and 2 have a common boundary.
The magnetic field intensity in medium 1 at the point P1 has a magnitude H1 and
makes an angle 1 with the normal. Determine the magnitude and the direction
of the magnetic field intensity at point P2 in medium 2.

(Sol.)

2H2 cos2 1H1 cos1 tan2 2

H2 sin2 H1 sin1 tan1 1

2 tan 1 (

H2

2
tan 1 )
1

H H
2
2t

2
2n

( H 2 sin 2 ) ( H 2 cos 2 ) H1 sin 1 ( 1 cos1 ) 2

2

Eg. Consider a plane boundary (y=0) between air (region 1, r1=1) and iron

(region 2, r2=5000). (a) Assuming B1 0.5 x 10 y (mT), find B2 and the

angle that B2 makes with the interface. (b) Assuming B2 10 x 0.5 y (mT),

find B1 and the angle that B1 makes with the normal to the interface.
(Sol.)

B2 B2 x x B2 y y ,
10 y
,
B1 0.5 x
(a)
B2 x
0.5
H 2x
H 1x
B2 x 2500
5000 o
o

B2 y B1 y 10 B2 2500 x
10 y
, tan 2

(b) B2 10 x 0.5 y , B1

B1 x x B1 y y

, H 1x

B
2
tan 1 500 1 x 250
1
B1 y

B1x
B
H 2x 2x
1
2

B1x

1
10

B2 x
0.002 , B1 y B2 y 0.5 , B1 0.002 x 0.5 y
,
5000
BE

tan 1

B1x
0.002

0.004
B1 y
0.5

Magnetic flux lines round a cylindrical bar magnet:

Eg. A very large slab of material of thickness d lies perpendicularly to uniform

magnetic field intensity H 0 zH 0 . Ignoring edge effect, determine the magnetic

field intensity in the slab: (a) if the slab material has a permeability , (b) if the
slab permanent magnet having a magnetization vector M i zM i . []
(Sol.)
o
Ho

(a)

B 2 2 H 2 , B2 z B1z H 2 o H o , H 2 zH 2 z

(b)

B 2 o ( H 2 M i ) , B 2 z B1 z o ( H 2 M i ) o H o H 2 z ( H o M i )

Eg. Assume that N turns of wire are wound around a toroidal core of a
ferromagnetic material with permeability . The core has a mean radius r0, a
circular cross section of radius a (a << r0), and a narrow air gap of length lg, as
shown in Figure. A steady current I0 flows in the wire. Determine (a) the
magnetic flux density Bf in the ferromagnetic core; (b) the magnetic field
intensity Hf in the core; and, (c) the magnetic field intensity Hg in the gap. [
]
(Sol.)

H d l NI

Bf

B f
Bg a

o NI o
o ( 2ro l g ) l g

H g a

NI o
o ( 2ro l g ) l g

Bf

( 2ro l g )

Bf

o NI o
o ( 2ro l g ) l g

l g NI o

2-3 Steady-state Currents

Nqv a n st
Q

Nqv s
t
t

I J dS (A)
Nqv v (A/m2),

Differential current: I
Current density:
Let

v E , J v E E

: mobility

: conductivity

eue huh

electrons holes
Eg. An emf V is applied across a parallelplate
capacitor of area S. The space between the conducting plates is filled with two
different lossy dielectrics of thicknesses d1 and d2, permittivities 1 and 2, and
conductivities 1 and 2, respectively. Determine (a) the current density between
the plates, (b) the electric field intensities in both dielectrics. []
(Sol.)
d
d
V R1 R2 I 1 2 I
1S 2 S
1 2V
I
V
J

S d1 1 d 2 2 2 d 1 1 d 2
V E1 d 1 E 2 d 2 , J 1 E1 2 E 2 , E1

2V
1V
, E2
2 d1 1 d 2
2 d1 1 d 2

Eg. Assume a rectangular conducting sheet of conductivity , width a, and height

b. A potential difference is applied to the side edges. Find (a) the potential
distribution, (b) the current density everywhere
within the sheet. []
(Sol.)
(a) V(x)=Cx, V(a)=Ca=V0 V(x)=
(b) E V ( x ) x

Vo
x
a

Vo
Vo
J E x
a
a

Equation of continuity:

dQ
d
I J dS

dt
dt
s

dv J dv J
v

0
t

If J E , E

p


0 , = e t
0
t
t

Eg. Lightning strikes a lossy dielectric sphere r=1.2, =10S/m, of radius 0.1m at
time t=0, depositing uniformly in the sphere a total charge 1mC. Determine for
all t for (a) the electric field intensity both inside and outside the sphere, (b) the
current density in the sphere, (c) calculate the time it takes for the charge density
in the sphere to diminish to 1% of its initial value, (d) calculate the charge in the
electrostatic energy stored in the sphere as the charge density diminished from
the initial value to 1% of the value. What happens to this energy? (e) determine
the electrostatic energy stored in the space outside the sphere. Does this energy
charge with time?
(Sol.)

0.239 C m 3
4 3
, e t
b
0
3

4 3
R

0 R t
3
9
7.421010 t

a R b : Ei a R
V m

a
e

a
7
.
5

10
R

e
R
R
3
4R 2

Q
Q

....R b : E 0 a R

a
10 6 V m
R
2
2
4 0 R
R

10
b R b : J i Ei a R 7.5 1010 Re 7.4210 t

....R b : J 0 0

c e

n100
0.01 t
4.88 10 12 s
0

2

2 t
W
d Wi Ei2 dv ' e i 0.01 10 4
Wi 0
2 v'

e W0 0 E 02 4R 2 dR 4.5 10 3 J
2 0

Boundary conditions for current densities:

Governing Equations for Steady Current Density
Differential Form

Integral Form


J 0

J 0 J 1n J 2 n

J J1t 1
0 J
2t 2

s J ds 0
c

1
J d 0

Eg. Two lossy dielectric media with permittivities and conductivities (1, 1) and
(2, 2) are in contact. An electric field with a magnitude E is incident from
medium 1 upon the interface at an angle 1 and measured from the common
normal, as in Figure.
(a) Find the magnitude and direction of E in medium 2.
(b) Find the surface charge density at the interface.
(Sol.)
(a) E1t E 2t => E1 sin E 2 sin , J 1n J 2 n => E1 cos E 2 cos
1

=>

1
2
2
E 2 E1 sin 1 ( cos 1 )

2
tan

2
tan 1

2 1 E cos
2

(b) D 2 n D1n s => 2 E 2 n 1E1n s , s=

Eg. Two conducting media with conductivities 1 and 2 are separated by an

interface. The steady current density in medium 1 at point P1 has a magnitude J1
and makes an angle 1 with the normal. Determine the magnitude and direction
of the current density at point P 2 in Medium 2. []
(Sol.)

J 1 cos 1 J 2 cos 2 , 2 J 1 sin 1 1 J 2 sin 2

J2

J J
2
2t

2
2n

J 2 sin 2

J 2 cos 2

J1n J2n 1E1n 2E2n 2 1

s 1 2 E2n 1 2 E1n

D1n D2n s 1E1n 2E2n s 1 2

tan 2 2

tan 1 1

2 J 1 sin 1
1

1 2

J 1 cos 1
2

. If 2 1 s 1 E1n D1n .

2-4 Maxwells Equations and Plane EM Waves


D
Note:
is equivalent to a current density, called the displacement current density.
t

Eg. A voltage source V0sin(t), is connected across a parallel-plate capacitor C.

Find the displacement current in the capacitor.
(Sol.) iC C

dvC
A
CV0 cos t V0 cos t
dt
d

V
D
A
dS V0 cos t iC
D E D 0 sin t , i D

t
d
d
A

V
Lorentz condition: A
=0
t

A
V
2
B J
A J
( V
) ( A) 2 A J (
)
t
t
t
t
t

A
V
2 A
J ( A
)
2
t
t

2 A
2
If Lorentz Condition holds, we have A 2 J
t

D E (V
) 2V
( A) 2V
(
)
t
t
t
t

2V

t
Effective permittivity:

2V

E

H J
E jE j (
) E j C E
t
j

C j

' j ' ' '' . Similarly, ' j ' '

Loss tangent: tan C

''

'

Eg. A sinusoidal electric intensity of amplitude 250V/m and frequency 1GHz

exists in a lossy dielectric medium that has a relative permittivity of 2.5 and loss
tangent of 0.001. Find the average power dissipated in the medium per cubic
meter.
(Sol.)
tan 0.001

,
0 r

10 9
0.001(2 10 9 )(
)(2.5) 1.39 10 4 ( S / m)
36
1
1
1
p JE E 2 (1.39 10 4 ) 250 2 4.34(W / m 3 )
2
2
2

Maxwells Equations in the source-free regions:

H
E
E
, H
, E 0, H 0
t
t

Phasor representations: Eg. xAe j ( z ) , ( x

3
4
y ) e j ( z ) , etc.
5
5

Instantaneous representations: Eg. xA cos(t z ) Re[ xAe j ( z ) e jt ] ,

etc.

In case E and H are proportional to ejt, we have E

H
jH
t

E
jE .
t

Eg. Given that H y 2 cos(15x ) sin(6 10 9 t z ) in air, find E and .

(Sol.) Phasor: H y 2 cos(15x)e jz , (15 ) 2 2 2 0 0 400 2 13.2

and H

1
H [ x158 cos(15x ) zj180 sin(15x )]e jz
j 0

E ( x, z , t ) Re[ E ( x, z )e jt ]

Eg. Given that E y 0.1 cos(10x ) sin(6 10 9 t z ) in air, find H and .

E y 0.1 cos(10x )e jz ,
(Sol.)
Phasor:
(10 ) 2 2 2 0 0 400 2 10 3

1
j
E
[ x 0.1 cos(10x ) z0.1(10 ) cos(10x )]e jz
j 0
0

H ( x, z , t ) Re[ H ( x, z )e jt ]

Eg. The electric field intensity of a spherical wave in free space is

E
E a R 0 sin cos(t kR) .
Determine the magnetic field intensity.
R

E
(Sol.) Phasor: E a R 0 sin e jkR
R

E
E
1
j 0 H E a
( RE 0 ) a ( jk ) 0 sin e jkR H a 0
R R
R
R

0
sin e jkR
0

Plane EM waves excited by a current sheet:

Given J (t ) xJ (t ) at z=0, the field components of the EM plane wave excited by

the current density are E ( z , t ) x 2 J (t v ) and H ( z , t ) y 2 J (t v ) ,

p
p

respectively. If it is a sinusoidal EM plane wave, J (t ) xJ 0 cos(t ) at z=0.

J
J
We have E ( z , t ) x 0 cos(t kz ) , H ( z , t ) y 0 cos(t kz ) .
2
2
Electromagnetic wave spectrum:

2-5 Plane EM waves in a simple, nonconducting and source-free region

In a simple, nonconducting and source-free region:

H
E
E
, H
, E 0, H 0
t
t

2E
2
2
( H )

E
)

E
t
t 2

2E
2
E 2 0 .
t
E

Velocity of the plane EM wave: v=

In vacuum, 0=410-7, 0=

1
10-9 c
36

Wave number: k=/v=

0 0

3 10 8 (m / s ) .

2
2

v/ f

Assume E e jt 2 E k 2 E 0 (drop ejt factor)

d 2 E ( z)
2
Suppose E E ( z )

k
E

E
( z ) E 0 e jkz E 0 e jkz
dz 2
Traveling wave in +z-direction:
E0 ( z , t ) Re[ E0 e jkz e jt ] E0 cos(t kz )
Let t-kz=constant Phase velocity: vp=

dz

dt
k

If E xE x ( z ), E j ( xH x y H y zH z )

H x H z 0, H y ( z )

1
1
( jk ) E x ( z ) E x ( z ) , where =
j

and 0=120 377 in free space.

TEM waves (Transverse electromagnetic waves): E and H direction of

propagation ( a n )

jk x jk y jk z

E ( R) E ( x, y, z ) E 0 e x y z E 0 e jk R E 0 e jka n R ,
where

x y
y zz
R x

2
2
2
2
, k a n k , and k x k y k z

n R
E 0 ( E 0 e jka
) e

n R
k x y
k y z
k z ) e jk a
E0 j( x

E 0 E 0 ( e

n
n ) e jk a
jk ( E 0 a

n R
jk a

a n E 0 0 E 0 a n (TE). Similarly, H 0 H 0 a n (TM)

Relation between E-field and H-field of the plane EM wave:

E ( R)

1
j

H ( R)

1
j

( jk )a n H ( R) E ( R ) a n H ( R ) , where =

H ( R)

1
1
E ( R ) a n E ( R ) H ( R ) a n E ( R) H a n
j

Eg. The instantaneous expression for the magnetic field intensity of a uniform
plane wave propagating in the +y direction in air is given by

H z 4 10 6 cos(10 7 t k 0 y ) A/m. (a) Determine k0 and the location where

4

H z vanishes at t=3ms. (b) Write the instantaneous expression for E .

(Sol.) 10 7 k 0

10 7
a y
, n

8
c 3 10
30
cos[(2n 1)

(a)
10 7 3 10 3

] =0
2

2n 1
1
y
y 30(3 10 4 n)
30
4
2
4

(b) E ( z , t ) 0 a n H ( z , t ) , E ( z , t ) x 480 10 6 cos(10 7 t

y )
30
4

Eg. A 100MHz uniform plane wave E xE x propagates in the +z direction.

Suppose r=4, r=1, =0, and it has a maximum value of 10-4V/m at t =0 and

z=0.125m. (a) Write the instantaneous expressions for E and H . (b) Determine

the location where E is a positive maximum when t=10-8sec.

(Sol.) k 0 r 0 r

4
, a n z ,
3

0 r
60
0 r

(a) E ( z , t ) xE x x10 4 cos(2 10 8 t kz ) has the maximum in case of

2 10 8 t kz 0

E ( z , t ) x10 4 cos(2 10 8 t
z ),
6
3
6

1
10 4
4

H ( z , t ) a n E ( z , t ) y
cos( 2 10 8 t
z )

60
3
6

(b) cos( 2n ) 1 , 2 10 8 (10 8 )

13 3n
z max 2n z max

3
6
8
2

Polarization of the EM wave: The direction of electric field of the EM wave.

In the following text, we assume all EM waves to be z-propagated if we do not
specify them.
Linear polarizations in the x and the y-direction,

j ( kz )
respectively: E xE x e j ( kz ) , E y E y e
Linear

polarization

in

general

case:

E xE x e j ( kz ) y E y e j ( kz ) , where Ex and Ey are

in phase (we can assume the both to be real).

Righthand
circular

E xE 0 e j ( kz ) y jE 0 e j ( kz )

polarization:

Lefthand
circular

E xE 0 e j ( kz ) y jE 0 e j ( kz )

polarization:

Righthand
elliptical
polarization:

E xE10 e j ( kz ) y jE 20 e j ( kz )
(
E10 E 20 )

Lefthand
elliptical
polarization:

E xE10 e j ( kz ) y jE 20 e j ( kz )
(
E10 E 20 )

We can receive/transmit linearly-polarized EM waves by a linear

dipole antenna.

We can receive/transmit circularly-polarized EM waves by a

circular reflector antenna.

Instantaneous Expression for E of righthand ellipticalpolarization (drop

phase factor e-j):

E ( z , t ) Re [ xE10 e jkz y jE 20 e jkz ]e jt xE10 cos(t kz ) y E 20 sin(t kz )

xE1 ( z , t ) y E 2 ( z , t )
cos(t )

t tan 1
1. xE x

E1 (0, t )
,
E10

sin(t )

E 2 (0, t )
E (0, t ) 2
E (0, t ) 2
[ 1
] [ 2
] 1,
E 20
E10
E 20

E 2 (0, t )
E1 (0, t )

1
1
( xE x y jE y ) ( xE x y jE y ) : A linearly polarized plane wave can be
2
2

resolved into a right hand and lefthand elliptically- or circularly-polarized waves.

2. xE0 y jE0 ( x

E.0 E1
E E0
E E1
E E1
y j 1
) ( x 0
y j 0
):
2
2
2
2

A circularlypolarized plane wave can be resolved into two opposite elliptically

polarized waves.
3. xE1 yjE 2 ( x

E.1 E 2
E E2
E E2
E E2
y j 1
) ( x 1
y j 1
):
2
2
2
2

An ellipticallypolarized plane wave can be resolved into two opposite circularly

polarized waves.

Eg. The E field of a uniform plane wave propagating in a dielectric medium is

8
given by E (t , z ) x 2 cos(10 t

z
3

) y sin(10 8 t

z
3

) V/m. (a) Determine the

frequency and wavelength of the wave. (b) What is the dielectric constant of the
medium? (c) Describe the polarization of the wave. (d) Find the corresponding

H field.

(Sol.) Phasor: E x 2e jz / 3 y je jz / 3
(a) 10 8 f 1.59 10 7 Hz , k
(b) v

1
3

2
2 3
k

3 108 1 / 0 0 r r 3

(c) It is the lefthand elliptically-polarized wave propagating along +z direction.

(d)

0
120

, a n z
0 r
3

1
1
H a n E z ( x 2e jz /

y je jz /

3
( y 2e jz /
120

xje jz /

H ( z , t ) Re[ H ( z )e jt ]

3
z
z
[ x sin(10 8 t
) y cos(10 8 t
)]
120
3
3

Eg. Write down the instantaneous expression for the electric- and magnetic-field
intensities of sinusoidal time-varying uniform plane wave propagating in free
space and having the following characteristics: (1) f=10GHz; (2) direction of
propagation is the +z direction; (3) left-hand circular polarization; (4) the initial
condition is the electric field in the z=0 plane and t=0 having an x-component
equal to E0 and a y-component equal to 3E0. []
(Sol.) 2 1010 , v

2
c 3 10 8 k
10 2
k
3

Phasor: E xAe j ( kz ) y jAe j ( kz ) for the left-hand circular polarization

E ( z , t ) Re[ xAe ( jkz ) yjAe j ( kz ) ]e jt xA cos(t kz ) y A sin(t kz )

z=0 and t=0,
A=2E0

A sin( ) = xE 0 y 3 E 0
E (0,0) xA cos( ) y

=tan-1(- 3),

2
2
E ( z , t ) x 2 E 0 cos[2 10 10 t
10 2 z tan 1 ( 3 )] y 2 E 0 sin( 2 10 10 t
10 2 z tan 1 ( 3 )]
3
3

2E0
1
1
H
a n E
z [ xAe j ( kz ) y jAe j ( kz ) ]
[ y e j ( kz ) xje j ( kz ) ]
0
0
120

H ( z , t ) Re[ H ( z )e jt ]

Application of polarization: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

The polarizations of incident lights are synchronized by the rotations of molecules of
liquid crystal, which were controlled by an AC voltage. And then the output polarizer
can block the orthogonally-polarized lights to control the output optical intensities.

Poynting vector: P E H

B
E
,
t

D
H J
t

B D
( E H ) H ( E ) E ( H ) H
E
EJ
t
t

( H ) (E )
2
2
1
1 2
H
E
E J ( H ) ( E ) E
t
t
t 2
t 2

2 2
( E H ) dS ( E H )dv t ( 2 E 2 H )dv E dv
s
v
v
v

P EH

is the electromagnetic power flow per unit area.

Instantaneous power density: P( z, t ) Re[ E ( z )e jt ] Re[ H ( z )e jt ]

j ( z )
( j ) z
H ( z ) [a n E ( z )] y 0 e z e
Set E ( z ) xE x ( z ) xE0 e
,

j t
z
E ( z, t ) Re[ E ( z )e ] xE 0 e cos(t z )

jt
z
0
and H ( z , t ) Re[ H ( z )e ] y e cos(t z )

P ( z , t ) E ( z , t ) H ( z , t ) Re[ E ( z )e jt ] Re[ H ( z )e jt ]
z

E0

e 2z [cos cos( 2t 2 z )] E 0

Average power density: Pav

1
Pav
T

that Pav

1
Re( E H * )
2

E
P ( z , t ) dt z 0 e 2z cos , where
2

T is the period. And it can be proved

1
Re( E H * ) .
2

Eg. Show that P ( z , t ) of a circularlypolarized plane wave propagating in a

lossless medium is a constant.
(Sol.) Assuming righthand circularlypolarized plane wave, a n z

E ( z , t ) E 0 [ x cos(t z ) y sin(t z )]

E
1
H ( z , t ) (a n E ) 0 [ x sin(t z ) y cos(t z )]

E
P ( z , t ) E ( z , t ) H ( z , t ) z 0

Eg. The radiation electric field intensity of an antenna system is E a E

find the expression for the average outward power flow per unit area.

(Sol.) a n a r , H

a E ,

E
E
1
( a n E ) ( a
a )

* 1
E *
2
E
1
1
2
Pav Re( E H ) Re[(a E a E ) (a
a
)] a r ( E E )
2
2

Eg. Find P on the surface of a long, straight conducting wire of radius b and
conductivity that carries a direct current I. Verify Poyntings theorem.

J
I
I2
I
I

(Sol.) J z 2 E z
,
H

b
b 2
2b
2 2 b 3

P dS P a r dS
s

I2

2b I 2 (
) I 2R
2 2 b 2
b 2

2-6 Plane EM Wave in a Lossy Media

H J jE E jE j ( j ) E j c E ,

c j

' j '' .

Similarly, c ' j ''

Complex wave number: k c c . Loss tangent: tan c '' '

Propagation constant: jk c j c j j (1

12
)
j

E e z e jkc z e z e jz
If the medium is lossless, =0; else if the medium is lossy, >0.
Phase constant:

1
1

[ 1 ( ) 2 1] 2 ,
[ 1 ( ) 2 1] 2
2

Case 1 Low-loss Dielectric:

Phase velocity: v p

and c

, [(1 ( ) 2 ]
8

(1 j
)

Intrinsic impedance: c

Case 2 Good Conductor:

1
[1 ( ) 2 ]
8

1
f ,

j
f

(
) (1 j )
(1 j )
c

Phase velocity: v p

Skin Depth (depth of penetration): f .

For a good conductor,

1
1

Eg. E (t , z ) x100 cos(10 7 t ) V/m at z=0 in seawater: r=72, r=1, =4S/m. (a)
Determine , , vp, and c. (b) Find the distance at which the amplitude of E is
1% of its value at z=0. (c) Write E(z,t) and H(z,t) at z=0.8m, suppose it propagates
in the +z direction.
(Sol.) 107 , f=5106Hz, /0r=200>>1, Seawater is a good conductor in
this case.
(a)

vp

f 8.89 Np / m

, c (1 j )

2
1
3.53 10 6 m / s ,
0.707 m ,
0.112 m

(b) e z 0.01 z

1
ln(100) 0.518m

(c) E ( z, t ) Re[ E ( z )e jt ] x100e z cos(t z )

z 0.8m E (0.8, t ) x100e 0.8 cos(t 0.8 ) x 0.082 cos(10 7 t 7.11)

1
H (0.8, t ) a n E (0.8, t ) ,

H (0.8, t ) y Re[

E x (0.8) jt
e ] y 0.026 cos(10 7 t 1.61)
c

Eg. The magnetic field intensity of a linearly polarized uniform plane wave
propagating in the +y direction in seawater r=80, r=1, =4S/m is

H x 0.1sin(1010 t ) A/m. (a) Determine the attenuation constant, the phase

3

constant, the intrinsic impedance, the phase velocity, the wavelength, and the
skin depth. (b) Find the location at which the amplitude of H is 0.01 A/m. (c)
Write the expressions for E(y,t) and H(y,t) at y=0.5m as function of t.
(Sol.) (a) /=0.18<<1, Seawater is a low-loss dielectric in this case.

83.96 Np / m

(1 j
) 41.8e j 0.0283

1
1
[(1 ( ) 2 ] 300 , v p 3.33 107 m / s , 1.19 10 2 m ,

6.67 10 3 m

(b) e y

0.01
1
y ln 10 2.74 10 2 m
0.1

(c) H ( y, t ) x 0.1e y sin(1010 t y

) , y 0.5, 300
3

H (0.5, t ) x 5.75 10 20 sin(1010 t )

3

a n y E (0.5, t ) c a n H ( 0.5, t ) z 2.41 10 18 sin(1010 t 0.0283 )

3

Eg. Given that the skin depth for graphite at 100 MHz is 0.16mm, determine (a)
the conductivity of graphite, and (b) the distance that a 1GHz wave travels in
graphite such that its field intensity is reduced by 30dB.
1

3
5
(Sol.) (a) f 0.16 10 0.99 10 S / m

(b) At f=109Hz,

f 1.98 10 4 Np / m

30(dB ) 20 log10 e z z

1.5
1.75 10 4 m
log10 e

Eg. Determine and compare the intrinsic impedance, attenuation constant, and
skin depth of copper cu=5.8107S/m, silver ag=6.15107S/m, and brass
br=1.59107S/m at following frequencies: 60Hz and 1GHz.
(Sol.)

, f , c (1 j )

Copper: 60Hz c 2.02(1 j ) 10 6 , 1.17 10 2 Np / m , 8.53 10 3 m

1GHz c 8.25(1 j ) 10 3 , 4.79 10 5 Np / m , 2.09 10 6 m

Group velocity: v g

d
1

d
d / d

E (t , z ) E 0 cos[( )t ( ) z ] E 0 cos[( )t ( ) z ]

2 E 0 cos(t z ) cos(t z )

Let t z =constant v g
Eg. Show that v g v p
(Proof) v p

dv p
d

dz
1
d
1

dt

/
d
d / d

and v g v p

dv p
d

dv p

d
vp
, v p , vg

d
d

dv

, 2 , d d 0
, vg v p p
d
d

An example of longitudinal vp>0 but longitudinal vg=0 in barbers pole.

Eg. A 3GHz, y-polarized uniform plane wave propagates in the +x direction in a

nonmagnetic medium having a dielectric constant 2.5 and a loss tangent 10 -2. (a)
Determine the distance over which the amplitude of the propagating wave will be
cut in half. (b) Determine the intrinsic impedance, the wavelength, the phase
velocity, and the group velocity of the wave in the medium. (c) Assuming

E y 50 sin(6 10 9 t ) V/m at x=0, write the instantaneous expression for H

3

for all t and x.

(Sol.) 10 2

1
1 10 2 2 3 10 9
10 9 2.5 4.166 10 3

36
1 2
) ] 99.34rad / m
8

It is a lowloss dielectric material: [1 (

c

(a)

(b) v p

(1 j
) = 2380.29

=0.497, e 0.497 d d 1.395m

2

d
1

1.8973 10 8 m / s , v g

1.8975 10 8 m / s

d
(d / d )

j
j ( 0.0016 )
1
0.497 x
0.497 x
3

e H
a n E z 0.21e
e 3
(c) E y50e
t

H ( x, t ) z 0.21e 0.497 x sin(6 10 9 t 31.6x 0.332 ) A/m

Plasma: Ionized gasses with equal electron and ion densities.

Ionosphere: 50~500 Km in altitude

Simple model of plasma: An electron of charge e, mass m, position x

d 2x
e

e2

Electric
dipole
eE m 2 m 2 x x
E
p

e
x

E
dt
m 2
m 2

Ne 2

Total electric dipole moment: P Np

E
m 2
2

p
Ne 2
Ne 2

D 0 E P 0 (1
) E 0 (1 2 ) E , where p
m 0
m 2 0

is the plasma

angular frequency.

0 (1

) 0 (1

fp
f

).

Propagation constant: j 0 1 (

Intrinsic impedance of the plasma:

fp
f

0
fp
where 0 120 ()
1 ( )2
f

Case 1 f<fp: is real, c is pure imaginary Attenuation EM wave is in cutoff.

Case 2 f>fp: is pure imaginary, c is real EM wave can propagate through the
plasma.