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direction of illumination on the task area, appropriate colour rendering, the absence of
discomfort and, in addition, a satisfying variety in lighting quality and intensity from
place to place and over time. </li></ul><ul><li>Peoples lighting preferences vary with
age, gender, time and season. The activity to be performed is critically important.
</li></ul><ul><li>Various agencies (ASHRAE, CIBSE, etc.) and text books list optimal
illuminances for different activities. These are generally based on uniform and constant
levels of artificial light falling on the working plane. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings
Technology
16. 16. <ul><li>Visual Comfort Illuminance levels </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings
Technology
17. 17. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Natural light is a fluctuating source of
light. It depends on the hour of the day, the season, the climate and the latitude of the
location. </li></ul><ul><li>The objective of a daylight technique consists of providing
the best possible indoor luminous environment as often as possible. </li></ul><ul><li>A
luminous environment should be appropriate to the function of the room: there should be
enough light for reading, writing, or filing documents. </li></ul><ul><li>Illuminance of
300 to 400 lux on a desk are often considered as minimum required levels for most of
office tasks. Hallways might require lower levels, 100 lux, and commercial centres higher
levels, 700 lux. These requirements are defined by CIE. </li></ul><ul><li>Performance
does not depend only on these illuminance levels. The location of the source of light with
respect to the direction of observation may require higher illuminance, for instant when
the observer faces a window. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
18. 18. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>The luminous environment should be
comfortable, which means that sources of glare should be avoided.
</li></ul><ul><li>Oversized glazed windows with clear glazing are sources of glare, and
this can be fought in using multiple apertures, if possible on different walls.
</li></ul><ul><li>Glossy materials and inappropriate shading devices might bring
excessive amount of light in the field of vision. </li></ul><ul><li>Also, psychological
aspects such as the quality of the vision to the outside, the beauty of the design and the
attractiveness of the space are very important. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
19. 19. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Natural light comes from three
directions: </li></ul><ul><li>Direct Sunlight </li></ul><ul><li>Diffuse light from the
sky, and </li></ul><ul><li>Light Reflections from the Environment </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology
20. 20. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>The daylight factor is a measure of the
daylight level at any position indoors as a percentage of the luminance levels outdoors.
The daylight factor at any point on a working plane is calculated in terms of light coming
directly from the sky (the sky component), light reflected from outdoor surfaces (the
externally reflected component) and light reflected form surfaces within the room (the
internally reflected component). The average daylight factor in a space can be calculated
from: </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
buildings HVAC system which heats, cools, mixes and filters the air being supplied to the
building. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
26. 26. Intelligent Buildings Technology Climate
27. 27. <ul><li>Climate </li></ul><ul><li>Climate responsive design in buildings takes into
account the following climatic parameters which have direct influence on indoor thermal
comfort and energy consumption in buildings: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>The air
temperature, </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The humidity,
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The prevailing wind direction and speed,
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The amount of solar radiation and the solar path.
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Long wave radiation between other buildings and the
surrounding environment and sky also plays a major role in building performance.
</li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
28. 28. <ul><li>Climate </li></ul><ul><li>The outdoor air temperature has a significant
effect on building thermal losses due to conduction through the walls and roof of the
building, as well as affecting ventilation and infiltration losses due to either desirable or
undesirable air changes. </li></ul><ul><li>In warm climates the relative humidity plays
an important role in determining thermal comfort levels, since during warm weather the
high pressure of water vapour prevents the evaporation of perspiration from the body
thereby inhibiting the body from being maintained at a comfortable temperature .
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
29. 29. <ul><li>Climate </li></ul><ul><li>Prevailing wind speed and direction affect
significantly the building thermal losses during the heating season, increasing both
convection at exposed surfaces and hence encouraging envelope losses and also by
increasing the air change rate due to natural ventilation and infiltration. During the
cooling season, the knowledge of both the direction and wind speed permits the design of
the building to facilitate passive cooling. </li></ul><ul><li>The sun-path and the cloud
cover determine the amount of solar radiation impinging on differently inclined surfaces
and since the sun-path changes from season to season, so does the amount of direct solar
radiation impinging on these different surfaces. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings
Technology
30. 30. Building Climate interaction Intelligent Buildings Technology
31. 31. <ul><li>Building Envelope </li></ul><ul><li>The building envelope responds
dynamically to the impact of the outdoor climate on the envelope exterior and the effect
of the occupancy pattern and building usage on the interior. </li></ul><ul><li>However,
the performance of the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, artificial
lighting, fenestration opening and shading can be harmonized and optimized in response
to occupancy needs and climatic conditions through a building energy management
system which allows direct control of the necessary actuators either manually or
automatically. </li></ul><ul><li>In this manner the individual components of the
building can be controlled to produce the best possible indoor environment with
minimum energy consumption. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
32. 32. Heat Movement <ul><li>3 ways heat can move: </li></ul><ul><li>Conduction
</li></ul><ul><li>Convection </li></ul><ul><li>Radiation </li></ul>
33. 33. Heat Conduction Heat transfer through a material, from one molecule to the next is
called conduction. The heat entering this metal rod is flowing to the ends.
34. 34. Convection When we move heat by circulating a medium like air or water, we call the
process: convection. The coolant circulating in the cooling system transfers heat from the
engine to the radiator and the warm or cool air circulating through the vehicle are both
examples of convection.
35. 35. Radiation The heat transfer from the Sun to the Earth is an example of radiation. Heat
is transferred, but it does not warm the medium (space) through which it passes. Radiant
heat will warm the interior and exterior of a vehicle that is parked in the sun.
36. 36. <ul><li>Heat transfer </li></ul><ul><li>Conduction - C
</li></ul><ul><li>Radiation - R </li></ul><ul><li>Convection - C </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology
37. 37. <ul><li>Intelligent B uilding-Definitions </li></ul><ul><li>An Intelligent Building
is one that: </li></ul><ul><li>Provides a productive and cost-effective built environment
through optimization of its four basic components - structure, systems, services and
management - and the interrelationships between them. (focused on the benefit of the
Owners)Creating Desired indoor environment) </li></ul><ul><li>So as to maximize the
efficiency of its occupants (focused on the benefit of the Users) (Influence of creating
desired indoor environment on occupants) </li></ul><ul><li>And to allow effective
management of resource with minimum life costs (focused on the benefit of the
Managers) (Environmental and economic impact of creating desired indoor environment)
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
38. 38. <ul><li>B uilding E nergy M anagement S ystems-Definitions </li></ul><ul><li>B
uilding E nergy M anagement S ystems aim to optimise the use of energy in buildings by
maintaining at the same time the indoor environment under comfort conditions
</li></ul><ul><li>Practically, a BEMS is a computerised system that attempts to
control all or some of the energy consuming operations in a building:
</li></ul><ul><ul><li>HVAC systems (Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning)
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Lighting systems (natural and artificial)
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Indoor climate </li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings
Technology
39. 39. <ul><li>B uilding E nergy M anagement S ystems-Definitions
</li></ul><ul><li>BEMS are now available with a wide range of building automation
facilities and i n many installations BEMS have replaced hardwired controls, with control
program that schedules the on/off time of lights for a building or zone to coincide with
the occupancy schedules </li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
44. 44. BEM Systems Architecture [1] <ul><li>General Architecture </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology Central Unit Sensors Actuators
45. 45. BEM Systems Architecture [2] <ul><li>General Architecture </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology Central Unit Local Controller Local Controller Local Controller
Actuators Sensors Actuators Sensors Actuators Sensors
46. 46. <ul><li>BEM Systems Architecture [3] </li></ul><ul><li>The structures of BEMS
change with evolution of technologies and products. </li></ul><ul><li>Early BEMS
were centralized energy management systems and first appeared in the 1970s, having
been developed in the USA. The central station was based on a minicomputer, which
contained the only computing power or "intelligence" in the system, with
"dumb" or unintelligent outstations which were boxes or cabinets for relays
and connections to sensors and actuators. </li></ul><ul><li>Since about 1980, with the
rapid development of technologies, the outstations became as powerful as the previous
minicomputer, if not more so. </li></ul><ul><li>Also, the outstations have gained
considerably in processing power giving them "intelligence".
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology