Roads Bridges Specification 2008 June 9 BUN PDF

GENERAL SPECIFICATION
FOR
ROADS AND BRIDGES
VOLUME II
June 2008
FOR
ROADS AND BRIDGES
VOLUME II
June 2008
ROADS AND BRIDGES
CONTENTS
Page
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Definition of Engineering Terms
Alignment
The Carriageway
Horizontal Curves and Super Elevation
Office for Engineers Representative
Assistance for Engineers Representative
Name Boards
Datum
Taking Over Of Site By Contractor
Contractor Not To Enter Neighbouring Land
Notice Of Operations
Weather Conditions
Precautions Against Pollution Of Streams
Copies Of Orders
Work During Period Of Maintenance
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
SITE CLEARANCE
Clearance Of Trees, Bushes And Vegetation
Limits of Clearance For Road Works
Removal Of Top Soil and Unsuitable Materials
6
6
6
6
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
ROAD MATERIALS
Quality of Materials
Supply of Materials
Defective Materials
Handling and Storage of Materials
Liquid Limit, Plasticity Index and Linear Shrinkage
Local Materials Naturally Occurring Materials
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
MANUFACTURED MATERIALS
Cement
Lime for Base-Course Stabilization
Bitumen
Steel Reinforcement
Structural Steel Work
Bolts and Washers
Steel Tubing
Galvanised Corrugated Metal Pipe
Mould Oil
Expansion Joint Filler
Expansion Joint Sealing Compound
Concrete Admixtures
Water Bars
Flexible Bridge Bearings
Pile Shoes
Road Marking Materials
Road Signs
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
TESTS FOR MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

Sampling of Materials Trial Pits
Sampling of Materials Stockpiles
Borrow Pits
Tests for the Selection of Road Materials
20
20
20
20
20
ROADS AND BRIDGES
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
Test for the Selection of Cement Content in Base-Course and Sub-Base

Tests for Selection of Lime Content in Base-Course and Sub-Base
Tests for Selection of Sand Content in Base-Course and Sub-Base
Tests for Selecting Methods and Conditions for Compaction
Tests For The Control of Compaction
Field Control For Soil Cement
22
22
23
23
23
24
6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
EARTHWORKS AND DRAINAGE

General
Sandfill
Formation Where There Is No Imported Base
Formation Where There Is Imported Base
Cuttings
Embankments
Widening of Embankments
Embankments In Bad Ground
Tolerances Allowable on Formation
Soiling of Side Slopes
Side Drains
Scour of Drains and Verges
Interceptor Drains
Turnouts
Laying of Pitching
26
26
26
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
BASE-COURSE AND SUB-BASE

Sub-Base
Tolerance on Sub-Base
Base-Course Natural Material
Base-Course Sand Stabilised
Base-Course Cement Stabilised
Base-Course Lime Stabilised
Base-Course Width on Curves
Tolerance on Base-Course
Hard Shoulders and Verges
32
32
32
32
32
32
33
33
33
33
8.
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
CONCRETE
Fixings and Cavities
Gauge Boxes
Proportions of Concrete Mix
Water Cement Ratio
Preliminary Testing of Concrete
Concrete Test Cubes
Standard of Acceptance for Cube Tests
Unsatisfactory Test Results
Consistency of Concrete Slump Test
Mixing Concrete
Transport and Placing of Concrete
Compaction of Concrete
Construction Joints
Curing of Concrete
Removal of Shuttering
Finishes
Defects in Concrete
Termination of Concrete Pour
Approval Before Concreting
Placing Under Water
Mass Concrete Backing to Masonry or Brickwork
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
36
37
37
37
38
39
40
40
41
41
41
42
42
42
ROADS AND BRIDGES
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
Displacers
Delays Due To Defective Concrete
Cement Mortar Mixing
Cement Mortar Proportions
Concrete Mixes for Different Types of Construction
Precast Concrete Units
42
42
42
43
44
46
9.
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Cement
Aggregates
Water
Untensioned Reinforcement
Pre-Stressing Steel
Sheathing
Concrete Proportions
Field Tests
Batching and Mixing
Placing of Concrete
Curing of Concrete
Surface Finish
Tolerances
Pre-stressing
Tensioning
Grouting
Pre-Tensioning
Transverse Pre-Stressing
Additional Requirements
Lifting and Handling
Concrete Mixes
48
48
48
49
49
49
51
51
52
52
53
53
53
53
54
54
55
56
56
57
57
58
59
10.
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
CONCRETE PILES
Pre-Cast Concrete Piles
Shuttering for Pre-Cast Piles
Test Piles
Procedure for Testing Piles
Stripping Heads of Piles
Splicing of Piles
Pile Shoes
Cased Piles (British Steel Piling or other approved)
60
60
61
61
61
62
62
62
62
11.
11.1
CULVERTS AND BRIDGES

Minor Culverts
64
64
12.
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
STEEL REINFORCEMENT AND SHUTTERING

Bending Reinforcement
Fixing Reinforcement
Concrete Cover to Reinforcement
Spacing of Bars
Construction of Shuttering
Erection of Shuttering
69
69
70
70
70
71
71
71
13.
13.1
13.2
13.3
STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
Supply, Transport and Erection of Structural Steelwork
Steel Sheet Piling
Hand Railing
72
72
74
75
ROADS AND BRIDGES
14.
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
BITUMINOUS SURFACING
Prime Coat
Seal Coat Surface Dressing
Heating of Cutback Bitumen
Spraying of Cut-Back Bitumen
Spreading of Blinding Material
Take of Blinding Aggregate
Rain Damage
Tolerance of Finished Surface
76
76
77
78
78
79
79
79
79
15.
15.1
15.2
15.3
MISCELLANEOUS
Grassing
Removal of Concrete in Existing Structures
Tree Planting
80
80
80
80
ROADS AND BRIDGES
1.
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
1.1
Definition of Engineering Terms

All terms and expressions referred to in this Specification shall have the meaning assigned to
them in B.S. 892, unless the context clearly indicates a different meaning. Some of these
terms are repeated below, amplified where necessary:
1.2
a]
Carriageway: the portion of the road surface which is formed for the use of
vehicles. It includes the pavement and hard shoulders.
b]
Pavement: A term applied specifically to the whole construction of the central

strip of the road, on which vehicles normally run, and includes all materials above
the formation.
c]
Hard Shoulders: The paved or unpaved portions of the outer edge of the
carriageway, which are designed to contain the pavement and for the occasional
use of vehicles.
d]
Formation: The surface of the ground in its final shape after the completion of the
earthworks, immediately below the base-course (or sub-base if any).
e]
Formation Level: The level of the formation along the centre line of the road.
f]
Formation Profile: The cross section profile of the formation at any particular
point along the road.
g]
Sub-Grade: The natural foundation or the fill, which directly receives the loads
from the pavement.
h]
Sub-base: A layer of material sometime provided between the formation and the
base to aid strength to the formation or to reduce the cost of the base.
i]
Base-course: (Or base). The layer in a road construction, which provides the
principal support to the surfacing.
Alignment
In the case of reconstruction of an existing road and where the contract drawings do not show
the plan of the new alignment of the reconstructed road, the contractor must allow in this
Tender for the expenses incurred in eliminating kinks or bends in the road as shown in the
Schedule of Works. Except where otherwise directed, on the drawing, or by Engineers
Representative, no horizontal curve on a reconstructed road will have radius less than 350
metres.
1.3
The Carriageway
The carriageway shall conform, in cross-section to the drawings. Horizontal curves shall be
circular. On curves of less than 350 metres radius, the pavement shall be widened by 600mm.
Where such curves are in cutting or on embankment this shall be increased by 600mm. The
increase of width on curves shall be applied uniformly over a distance of 30 meters on the
straight road at each end of the curve, and shall be applied to the inner edge of the curve only.
Horizontal curves of 3 000 metres radius or less shall be super elevated at the rates shown
below. The inner edge of the pavement will follow the grade line. Super elevation will be
constant throughout the circular curve and will be applied uniformly from zero to maximum
throughout the transition lengths shown below:
C:\USERS\PATRICK.KOLAWOLE\DESKTOP\POK
SPECIFICATION\CODES\ROADS BRIDGES SPECIFICATION 2008 JUNE 9
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1.4
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Horizontal Curves and Super Elevation

The radii of Horizontal curves and Super Elevation rates shall comply with the following
formula:
E = V2
226.9R
Where V = Design speed in km/hr
R = Radius of circular curve in metres
E = Super Elevation rate in metres/metre subject to a maximum of 0.08m/m and a
minimum of 0.025m/m
Design Speed km/hr
100
80
65
Maximum Gradient of Super elevation run-off

relative to centre line of road (percent)
0.45
0.50
0.58
55
45
40
Minimum length of Super Elevation run-off

(in metres)
Rate of Super Elevation run-off within the
curve (circular)
1.5
20%
33%
Office for Engineers Representative

The Contractor shall, if instructed, provide a suitable office for the sole use of the Engineers
Representative and his staff. If in the opinion of the Engineer the office can conveniently and
subsequently be sued as a road camp, it shall consist of 4 rooms, built to the Federal Ministry
of Works approved standard design. Otherwise it shall be of a temporary nature and on the
completion the contraction and be at least 12.00 metres long and 4 500 metres wide, with 2.4
metre headroom internally, partitioned so as to provide two rooms of equal size, and with a
1.800 metre wide covered varandah. The building shall be waterproof, with adequate light,
and ventilation, secure against burglary, and shall have a smooth concrete or timber floor.
The Contractor shall supply for the duration of the Contract the following furniture for the
offices, all to approved design:
Office desk, 1.800m x 1.500m with lockable drawers
Plan table, 2.700m x 0.900m x 0.825m internal measurements, with stool and footrest.
Lockable cupboard.
Table, 1.800m x 0.900m.
Office chair with arms.
4 No. Office chairs, armless.
Typist table, 1.050m x 0.600m.
Steel filing cabinet.
Two drawing boards complete with tables.
Two T-squares, two sets of setsquares, and one set of railway curves.
Washbasin, stand and towel.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
The Contractor shall supply for the duration of the Contract, suitable separate latrines for the
Engineers Representative and for this office staff, constructed to the satisfaction of the
Engineers Representative, and shall ensure adequate clearing and cleaning of the latrines.
1.6
Assistance for Engineers Representative

The Contractor shall provide at all times during the continuance of the Contract all such
workmen and instruments, etc. for the exclusive use of the Engineers Representative as the
latter may deem to be necessary for the carrying out of his duties in connection with the
Contract. The instruments shall be kept in good working order.
The items to be provided shall include the following:
1.7
1 x Theodolite and tripod
2 x Levels and tripods
2 x Levelling staffs
2 x Surveyors 30 metre steel tapes
4 x Plumb bobs
An adequate number of ranging rods and drop arrows
2 Surveyors 100 metre steel bands
An adequate number of cross fall templates and straight edges
Name Boards
At the commencement of the work two name boards shall be erected, one at either end of the
length of road under construction. These boards shall be moved and re-erected as directed in
order that they are in close proximity to the site of the work under construction. The boards
shall be painted with 2 coats of approved weatherproof paint and shall be maintained in good
condition for the period of the contract. The boards shall be removed by the end of the period
of maintenance.
The letters shall be black on a yellow background and the wording shall be Ministry of
Works in 100mm high letters with the contract title in 75mm high letters, and the Contractor
may place his name and address below the job title in 50mm high letters.
The cost of such boards shall be included in the contract rates.
1.8
Datum
The Datum on which the various levels are based shall be the Nigerian National datum as
established by the Federal Surveys. The concrete beacons at the intersection points of curves
are to be used as Temporary Bench Marks during the progress of the contract. Values for the
Temporary Bench Marks are shown on the drawings but the Contractor at the commencement
of the contract must check the Employer will take these values and no responsibility for the
accuracy of the levels of Temporary Bench Marks given on the drawings.
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1.9
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Taking Over Of Site By Contractor

The date on which the site is handed over to the Contractor shall be recorded and certified in
writing by both the Engineer and the Contractors Agent and from the date on which the site is
taken over the Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining that portion of road in good
condition and for repairing damage of an kind to the road culverts or bridges from whatever
cause arising whether caused by constructional traffic or not.
1.10
Contractor Not To Enter Neighbouring Land

Where it is necessary to enter onto land during the course of construction or maintenance for
the purpose of making temporary road diversions, winning construction or maintenance
materials or for any other reason, the landowner or occupier shall first be consulted by the
Contractors, and his written permission obtained. In the event of the owner of occupier
withholding his permission full circumstances of the case shall be referred to the Engineer and
no further action shall be taken until his instructions are received.
Under no circumstances is land to be interfered with until the compensation, if any, has been
paid by the Contractors.
When permission has been obtained and work is carried out, care shall be taken to ensure that
no unnecessary damage is caused to the land and that all reasonable precautions are taken to
prevent soil erosion, and mosquito breeding. On completion of the work, all land shall be left
in a tidy condition with the sides of all borrow pits battered down to a reasonable slope as
directed by the Engineers Representative. All borrow pits shall be adequately drained to as to
prevent storm water collecting in them. No compensation will be paid to the Contractors for
any delays due to negotiations with the owners of the land. Any costs incurred in complying
with the requirements of this Item shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates and
prices.
1.11
Notice Of Operations
No important operation and particularly no blocking or cutting of any road, water pipe or
other services shall be carried out without the consent in writing of the Engineer no without
full and complete notice being given to him also in writing, sufficiently in advance of the time
of operation so as to enable him to make such arrangements as may be deemed necessary for
its inspection and the provision of all relevant safety precautions.
1.12
Weather Conditions
The Contractor shall be deemed to have taken weather conditions into account when preparing
his Tender and he shall not be entitled to extension of time by reason of the occurrence of
delays due to weather unless he can show that such conditions could not have been reasonably
foreseen in the area of the site.
1.13
Precautions Against Pollution Of Streams

The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to secure the efficient protection of all
ditches, streams and waterways against pollution.
1.14
Copies Of Orders
The Contractor and Sub-contractors shall provide the Engineers Representative with copies
of all order, which they may place for the supply of materials or goods required in connection
with the Works.
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1.15
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Work During Period Of Maintenance

After the commencement of the period of maintenance the Contractor shall do nothing, which
might endanger the safety of the public, and he shall obey all instructions of the Engineer or
other duly authorised person or authority in this regard.
Throughout the Period of Maintenance the Contractor shall notify the Engineers
Representative what work or operations it is intended to carry out on the Site, and he shall
obey any instructions which the Engineers Representative may give as to times and manner
of working so that any inconvenience to the Public is kept to a minimum.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
2.
SITE CLEARANCE
2.1
Clearance Of Trees, Bushes And Vegetation

This work shall consist of clearing of grubbing necessary for the performance of work covered
by the Contract, in accordance with these specifications. The area to be cleared and/or
grubbed, shall be staked, shown on the plan or designated by the Engineers Representative
and as outlined below.
The clearing and grubbing shall consist of clearing the designated area of all trees of girths not
exceeding 1.00m. logs, stumps, bushes, vegetation, topsoil, rubbish and all object ional
materials and shall include digging up of stumps and roots, and disposal of all spoil materials
resulting from the clearing and grubbing for the width as detailed in Item 2.2 or as directed by
the Engineers Representative.
The girth of trees shall be measured 1 metre above ground level, or in the case of buttressed
trees, immediately above the buttress.
In areas under roadway embankments from which topsoil or unsuitable materials are
designated to be compacted, all stumps and roots shall be removed to a depth of at least
150mm below the original ground surface.
Holes made by any of these operations, shall be filled in with approved material which shall
be laid in layers not exceeding 300mm and thoroughly compacted to 100% M.D.D./W.A.S.C.
2.2
Limits of Clearance For Road Works

Clearance shall normally be within the limits of the areas as defined hereunder:
Between the top of the side drains and 1 metre outside the drain on both sides
1 metre beyond the top edges of cuttings
Between the toes of embankments
Clearance shall also be carried out over the top width of cut-off drains and turnouts, plus
450mm on either side of such drain or turnout. Clearance shall also be carried out beyond the
limits denoted above, on the inside of bends, in order to obtain and unobstructed sight distance
of 150 metres.
The cost of all operations in Item 2.1 and 2.2 shall be included in the rate for site clearance
and shall be measured in hectares of cleared area.
2.3
Removal Of Top Soil and Unsuitable Materials

Topsoil is defined as any layer of soil adjacent to the existing surface, which contains or is
discoloured by roots or other organic matter, which in the opinion of the Engineer will affect
the stability of any super, imposed construction.
Topsoil shall be removed to a depth of 300mm or such depth as may be directed, within the
limits of the side drains, toes of embankments or such limits as be directed by the Engineer
except over embankments area where the height of the embankment exceeds 1 metre.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
The excavated soil shall either be stacked for re-use on side slopes or margins when so
directed, or shall be deposited and spread evenly not less than the clearance limits defined in
Item 2.2
Whether stacked for re-use or deposited outside the drains measurement for this item shall be
in cubic meters of material measured in-situ before excavation by means of cross-sections
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3.
ROAD MATERIALS
3.1
Quality of Materials
ROADS AND BRIDGES
All materials used in the Works shall be new and have the quality and kind specified. They
shall comply with the requirements, unless modified herein, of the current amended editions,
at the date of invitation to tender, of the British Standards (hereinafter abbreviated to B.S.)
published by the British Standards Institution, or any other recognised Standards, which may
be quoted. All materials may be checked at both the source and on site and approval of any
material at its source does not necessarily imply that it will be approved on site.
3.2
Supply of Materials
The Suppliers of all manufactured materials shall be subject to approval and wherever
possible such materials shall be manufactured in Nigeria. All imported materials shall be
shipped wherever possible to Nigeria in Nigerian ships.
3.3
Defective Materials
All materials, which do not comply with the requirements of this Specification, shall be
rejected and the Contractor, at his expense, whether in place or not, shall immediately remove
all such materials, from site.
3.4
Handling and Storage of Materials

a. The Contractor shall make his own arrangements for storage space or yards and shall not
make use of Government or Local Government facilities.
b. All materials for use in the Works shall be handled with due care and whenever not for
immediate use, shall, subject to (d) and (e) below, be stored in well ventilated, water-tight
buildings with raised floors. In the case of cement and hydrated line, each consignment
shall be kept separately and the Contractor shall use the consignments in the order in
which they are received. The siting of these buildings shall be approved before
construction commences and on completion of the Works they shall be removed.
c. All store buildings shall be adequate for the complete protection of the materials to be
kept therein and precautions shall be taken against damage by fire, particularly in the case
of inflammable materials.
d. Approved materials may be stockpiled at approved locations and prior to stockpiling, the
site shall be cleared, cleaned and levelled by the Contractor who shall, if required, also lay
suitable hard surfacing or racks, depending on the type of materials to be stored.
e. The Contractor may use bulk storage for bitumen, cement and lime provided he could
satisfy the Engineers Representative that adequate suppliers are available and also that
suitable bulk storage facilities can be provided on site.
3.5
Liquid Limit, Plasticity Index and Linear Shrinkage

Wherever a Liquid Limit, Plasticity Index or Linear Shrinkage requirement is specified
hereinafter, it shall refer to the property of the fraction of the material passing the No. 36
Sieve.
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3.6
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Local Materials Naturally Occurring Materials

3.6.1
Fill Materials
All fill material shall be obtained from sites approved by the Engineers Representative, after
the satisfactory completion of the following tests:
Maximum Dry Density
Greater than 1.500kg / cm3
Optimum Moisture Content
Less than 18%
Liquid Limit
Less than 40%
Plasticity Index
Less than 20%
C.B.R. value at O.M.C/W.A.S.

Compaction after soaking
Minimum of 15%
The material shall be capable of being readily compacted, shall be without pockets of clay or
sand, and shall be free from trees, stumps, standing or matted bush, roots, rubbish or large
stones. Stones larger than 150mm in greatest dimension may be required to be removed.
3.6.2
Sub-Base Material
Sub-base material shall be the nearest approved available material which complies with the
following tests:
Liquid Limit
Less than 35%
Plasticity Index
Less than 16%

Compaction after soaking
Minimum of 25%
The material shall be free from all deleterious matter as in Item 3.6.1 above and stones with
any larger dimensions than 50mm shall be removed.
3.6.3
Verges, Side Slopes and Margins Surface Material
Surfacing material for side slopes and margins shall consist of the nearest approved material,
which complies with the following tests:
Liquid Limit
20 - 50%
Plasticity Index
10 - 20%
The material shall be free from logs or stones of more than 50mm greatest dimension. A
small amount of vegetation matter will be accepted, so long as the amount is approved.
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3.6.4
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Base Course Material
a. Granular Base Course

This may be gravel, gravel-sand-clay or crushed stone or gravel or any
combination thereof, which shall have a uniform grade lying within and
approximately parallel to the limits shown in the appropriate column of the
following table:
Granular Base
Grading (Metric
equivalent of
Imperial B.S.
Sieves
38.10mm max
size
25.40mm max
size
19.05mm max
size
38.10mm
100
25.40mm
70 100
100
19.05mm
60 100
70 100
100
12.70mm
60 100
9.52mm
45 80
50 90
60 100
4.76mm
37 60
35 70
40 75
No.7 (2.40mm)
23 50
25 55
27 60
36
10 50
15 35
15 35
200
5 - 15
5 - 15
5 15
This material shall be either in-situ material or soil imported from the nearest
available source, which shall be approved by the Engineer and comply with
the following tests:
Grading
As above
Liquid Limit
Not exceeding 30%
Plasticity Index
Not exceeding 10%
Minimum of 80%
b. Sand-Clay Base Course

The sand-clay material shall have a uniform grade, lying within and
approximately parallel to the limits shown in the following table:
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Percentage Passing
Sieve Size
Nominal Max 9.52mm
Nominal Max 4.76mm
9.52mm
100
4.76mm
80 100
100
No. 7 (2.40mm)
50 100
80 100
No. 14
35 90
40 90
No. 36
24 70
25 70
No. 200
5 - 25
7 25
The material shall comply with the following tests and requirements:
Grading
As above
Liquid Limit
Not exceeding 25%
Plasticity Index
Not exceeding 5%
Minimum of 80%
In certain areas, where the sand-clay material to be used is detailed by the

Engineer, the C.B.R. value may be reduced as directed.
c. Sand Stabilised Base Course
The material used for this shall be the nearest available material, which when
mixed with 0-80% of approved coarse sand, shall comply with the following
tests and requirements.
Grading
As in (a) or (b)
Liquid Limit
Not exceeding 30%
Plasticity Index
Not exceeding 10%
Minimum of 80%
d. Cement Stabilised Base Course

Material for use in cement stabilised base-course, shall contain not more than
2% of organic matter. It shall be the nearest such available material which,
when stabilised with 6.81kg 22.72kg of cement per square metre/150mm
compacted depth, meets the following cylinder penetration ratio specification:
Mix in Place
Plant Mix
Laboratory tests on material mixed

in laboratory
140%
120%
Laboratory or field control test on

material mixed each in field
(average)
80%
80%
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
This specification shall be obtained on samples tested after six days curing
followed by 24 hours soaking.
With silt and clay soils, further samples will be tested at 7 days and 14 days
soaking, to examine the resistance to weathering. There should not be any
more than 5% drop in C.B.R. value.
e. Lime Stabilised Base Course
As for (d) with Lime instead of cement.
f.
General
Base-course material shall be free from logs, or stones more than 50mm
greatest dimension, vegetation or any other deleterious matter.
3.6.5
Sand for Sand Bitumen Carpet
The sand shall consist of hard, durable, rough surfaced grains, free from lumps of clay, loam,
and other foreign matter for from a coating of any injurious material, which will prevent
adhesion of the bitumen. The sand shall comply with the following:
Clay content
Not exceeding 5%
Amount passing 200 sieve
Between 3% and 10%
When mixed with the specified grade of bitumen, the minimum acceptable stability of the
sand-asphalt as given by the Hubbard-Field test, shall be decided by the Engineer, but shall
not be less than 400kg.
3.6.6
Blinding for Prime Coat
The blinding material shall consist of clear, granular material matter, free from all vegetation
matter, and shall comply with the following gradation:
Maximum size
6.35mm
Passing No. 200 sieve
0-20%
3.6.7
Coarse Aggregate for Seal Coat
It shall consist of screened, washed natural gravel or crushed stone chipping, clean and free
from dust and from vegetation matter, or any other matter, which will prevent the adhesion of
the bitumen to the aggregate.
The aggregate shall comply with the following requirements:
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Gradation Single Size (B.S. 1984)
Percentage Passing
B.S. Sieve
Nominal Single Size

19.05mm
12.70mm
9.52mm
25.40mm
100
19.05mm
85 100
100
12.70mm
0 35
85 100
100
9.52mm
07
0 45
85 100
6.35mm
07
0 40
4.76mm
02
No. 7 (2.04mm)
0-2
0-2
0-2
Aggregate crushing value not exceeding 25%.

3.6.8
Aggregate for Concrete
a. All aggregates, either fine or coarse, shall be free from loam, vegetable matter, dust or any
other impurity that will adversely affect the strength of the concrete or attack the
reinforcement (if present). If required by the Engineers Representative, the Contractor
shall wash the aggregate at his own expenses.
b. Fine Aggregate
Fine Aggregate shall consist of natural sand, crushed stone or gravel sand and shall be
clean and sharp and as in (a) above. It shall comply with the requirements of B.S. 882,
particularly in regard to the grading prescribed in Zones 1, 2 or 3 of the Table of the 1973
edition and B.S. 182.
c. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate shall consist of natural gravel, crushed gravel or crushed stone and shall
be clean, angular or rounded in shape, and shall have granular, crystalline or smooth (but
not glassy) non-powdery surfaces.
Friable, flaky or laminated pieces of mica and shale shall only be present in such
quantities as not to adversely affect the strength and durability of the concrete. The coarse
aggregate shall meet with the requirements of B.S. 882 and 812 and the test cubes be as
specified in B.S. 1881. The aggregate crushing value shall not exceed 25 percent.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
d. Combined Aggregate
The combined coarse and fine aggregate shall have a grading within the limits given in the
following table:
B.S. Sieve
Max. 9.52mm
Max. 19.05mm
Max. 38.10mm
38.10mm
100
100
97 100
19.05mm
100
97 100
50 75
9.52mm
95 100
45 75
36 60
4.76mm
30 60
30 48
24 47
No. 7
20 46
23 42
18 38
No. 14
16 37
16 24
12 30
No. 25
12 28
9 27
7 23
No. 52
4 14
2 12
3 15
No. 100
0-3
0 - 15
25
The grading of the combined aggregate shall be parallel to the above limits and be nearer
the lower limit than the higher.
The combined grading can be obtained by the use of two parts of coarse aggregate with
one part of the fine aggregate.
3.6.9
Pitching (of Embankments etc.)
If of concrete blocks, the concrete shall be 1:3:6 in accordance with Specification Item 8.3 and
8.26. If of stone, this shall be durable stone of approved quality, sound, hard and free from
seams, cracks or other structural defects.
80% Of the blocks or stones shall be approximately 300mm x 300mm x 225mm thick, but in
no case shall a surface dimension be less than 200mm or a surface area less than 500 square
metre nor the weight of each stone less than 30kg.
At least one stone per square metre shall be 450mm thick.
3.6.10
Rubble Filling
It shall consist of broken stone, concrete or well-burned brick, of a quality approved by the
Engineers Representative. The rubble shall be graded 150mm to 50mm and shall be rejected
if it contains more than 20% of material by volume passing a 50mm square sieve.
3.6.11
Water
Water used in the works shall be clean and fresh and free from any matter injurious to the
works, and shall only be used with the approval of Engineers Representative. If required, the
Contractor will arrange for an approved tester to analyse samples of water.
Water used for concrete, grout, mortar or cement stabilization shall comply with the
requirements of B.S. 3148 and shall be tested if necessary.
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3.6.12
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Grass
The grass used for sowing verges, margins and slopes of embankments and cuttings etc., shall
be approved Dhub or Bahama grass. Tall, quick grown or tussock grasses shall not be used
unless specified.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
4.
MANUFACTURED MATERIALS
4.1
Cement
Cement shall be delivered to the site in the manufacturers original bags with unbroken seal,
or, if in bulk, in approved tankers. Each variety of cement used on a site, shall be kept
separate and no mixing will be allowed.
Any bag, package or container that has been damaged, or any container of cement that shows
signs of deteriorated, shall be rejected.
The cement shall be of normal Portland type and shall comply in every respect with B.S. 12 of
1971 Rapid Hardening Cement and cements other than normal Portland, shall only be used
when specifically required or permitted by the Engineer.
Note The Contractors attention is drawn to the fact that Nigercem cement usually has the
qualities of both Ordinary and Rapid Hardening Portland Cement, as required by B.S. 12 and
if this is so, may be used where either type is specified.
4.2
Lime for Base-Course Stabilization

Lime shall be hydrated lime as specified in B.S. 890, and shall be delivered in the
manufacturers original bags with unbroken seals, or if in bulk, in approved tankers.
4.3
Bitumen
a. For Prime Coats
The bituminous binder shall e a cut-back of approved manufacture and having viscosity
measured by the Furol Viscometer as shown in the following table.
The symbols M.C.O., M.C.1 and M.C.2 are those of the American Asphalt Institute
Specifications.
Grade
Viscosity
M.C.O.
75/150 seconds at 77F
M.C.1
M.C.2
b. For Seal Coats

With crushed stone or gravel, cutback bitumen of approved manufacture, having a
viscosity of 100/150 seconds at 40C, measured by the standard Tar Viscometer shall be
used.
4.4
Steel Reinforcement
Steel for normal reinforced concrete shall be free from oil, paint, grease, excessive rust and
scale, or any other coating that may damage its bond with the concrete. It shall comply with
the following specifications:
Hot rolled steel bars B.S. 4449.
Cold worked steel bards B.S. 4461
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Steel fabric B.S. 4483
Structural use of concrete, Code of Practice 110 of 1972.
For each consignment of steel reinforcement used in the work, the Contractor shall supply a
certificate giving ultimate strength, yield stress and elongation and the result of the cold bend
test described in the appropriate B.S. If no test data are supplied by the Contractor, the
Engineer reserves the right to select pieces of steel for testing at the Contractors expense.
4.5
Structural Steel Work

Structural steel shall comply with B.S. 4360 of 1972.
All sections shall comply with B.S. dimensions and weights and the Contractor must supply
the manufacturers certificate that the steel complies with all the appropriate tests for the
particular type of steel.
4.6
Bolts and Washers

All bolts shall be supplied with washers and in the case of high strength friction grip bolts;
washers shall be placed under the head and above the nut. The bolts shall comply with the
following specifications.
4.7
Black bolts B.S. 916
Turned bolts shall be made from steel complying with B.S. 4360 and shall be finished
to provide a driving fit.
High Strength Friction Bolts, B.S. 4395.
Steel Tubing
Steel tubes for hand railing, drains through concrete and toggle holes for precast pipes, shall
be made form Heavy tube that complies with the requirements of B.S. 1387. The galvanising
shall comply with the appropriate tests in B.S. 729. If required the Contractor shall provide
manufacturers certificates to this effect.
4.8
Galvanised Corrugated Metal Pipe

Galvanised corrugated metal pipes shall be supplied by the Contractor, to the specified
dimensions and gauges, as shown on the drawing and in the Bill of Quantities. They shall be
of nestable or multi-plate type of construction and shall be of Armco or other manufacture,
approved by the Engineer. They shall be supplied on site complete with all necessary bolts
etc. for fixing and painted in accordance with the Engineers instructions.
4.8.1
Galvanised Corrugated Metal Arch
These shall be of multi-plate type, otherwise as per Item 4.8.

4.8.2
Painting of Structural Steel
All exposed structural steel work shall be painted every five years. All the paint used on the
work shall be ready mixed in sealed drums. The primer shall be Lexide Penetrating Primer or
similar paint approved by the Engineers. The finishing paint shall be a heat and exposure
resistant aluminium paints. The paint shall be used exactly as received from the manufacturer
and without any admixture whatsoever. Before the paint drums are opened, they shall be
inverted for the purpose of loosening the deposit at the bottom, and the paint shall be
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
thoroughly stirred before pouring into smaller containers for use. During the application, the
paint shall be kept thoroughly stirred.
4.8.3
Painting of Hand Rails
This shall be as per Item 4.8.2.
4.9
Mould Oil
All faces of shuttering and moulds in contact with wet concrete shall be treated with mould oil
or other approved coating, to prevent adherence of the concrete. Such coatings shall be
insoluble in water, non-staining, not injurious to the concrete and shall not become flaky nor
be removable by rain or wash water.
4.10
Expansion Joint Filler

Performed joint filler to expansion joints in concrete, shall be Flexcell or other approved
impregnated fibreboard. The filler shall be compressible, elastic, durable, rot-proof and
sufficiently rigid to facilitate its support during construction.
4.11
Expansion Joint Sealing Compound

Compound the sealing expansion joints in concrete shall be a rubber bitumen compound of
approved make. The compound shall have a good adhesion to concrete, be readily extensible
without fracture, and be durable and resistant to the ingress of grit. The compound shall not
flow either into or along the joint in the normal high temperatures on site. The Contractor
must if required produce a certificate to this effect from the manufacturer of the compound.
4.12
Concrete Admixtures
Admixtures of any kind for accelerating the setting of cement, plasticisers, waterproofing
agents, retarders etc. shall not be used except with the written permission of the Engineer.
Samples of the proposed admixture shall, if required, be submitted to an approved testing
authority by the Contractor, to ascertain its suitability for use of the works.
4.13
Water Bars
Water bars shall be as specified on the drawings. Samples shall be submitted for approval by
the Engineer.
4.14
Flexible Bridge Bearings

These shall be of the type shown on the drawings and shall be supplied by an approved
manufacturer.
4.15
Pile Shoes
The Contractor shall submit for the approval of the Engineer, his pattern for pile shoes made
to the dimensions shown on the drawings.
4.16
Road Marking Materials

a. White Line Paint
It shall be of an approved manufacture and comply with B.S. 2086.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
b. Thermoplastic Materials
They shall be of an approved manufacture and comply with B.S. 3262.
4.17
Road Signs
All road signs shall be in accordance with the approved International Signs, as modified for
use in Nigeria.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
5.
TESTS FOR MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
5.1
Sampling of Materials Trial Pits

Trial pits shall be at least 1.00 metre square, dug to such a depth that the full extent of the
material intended for corporation in the works is exposed to view.
Materials for testing shall not be taken from the spoil of the trial pit but shall be made up of
increments taken from each side of the pit. The four increments shall be taken from different
levels of the trail pit, and the resulting large sample shall be thoroughly mixed by hand before
being quartered or riffled down to the size required for testing.
5.2
Sampling of Materials Stockpiles

The surface material of a stockpile shall be removed before sampling. At least twelve samples
shall be taken from different parts of the stockpile and the resulting large sample shall be
thoroughly mixed by hand before being quartered down to the required size.
5.3
Borrow Pits
The Contractor shall be fully responsible for obtaining and working his own borrow pits, and
shall not use existing Ministry of Works borrow pits without the approval of the Engineer or
his Representative.
Borrow pits shall be excavated to a regular shape only on that side of the road where the
natural slope of the ground is away from the road and the nearest edge of the pit shall be not
less than 15.00 metres from the central line of the new road nor less than 5.00 metres from any
side drain or toe of a embankment, whichever is the greater distance.
The Contractor may be allowed to form side borrow pits for fill material providing such pits
are self-draining having a minimum fall along the line of the road of 1:120 and maximum
depth as directed by the Engineers Representative. All pits shall be properly drained to the
satisfaction of the Engineers Representative by the construction of turnouts or other approved
methods.
No borrow pits shall be abandoned until the sides have been battered to a slope of 1:1 so that
animals may not be trapped.
The Contractor must observe regulations under the Mineral Ordinances.
Government shall make no payment for clearing overburden, or for compensating owners for
the use of or for making access roads to borrow pits.
5.4
Tests for the Selection of Road Materials

The Contractor shall carry out the following tests on materials proposed for use as fill or subbase or base-course or verge materials:
Plasticity Test
Grading Test
Density/Moisture Content Compaction Test
Laboratory C.B.R. Test
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5.4.1
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Plasticity Test
This test shall be carried out in accordance with B.S. 1377 of 1975 with the following
modifications:
a. Materials for testing shall be moisturised and sealed in an airtight tin or jar for a minimum
period of twelve hours before testing.
b. For the method of determining the Liquid Limit as laid down in B.S. 1377 of 1975 tests,
at least five points in the range 10-50 blows, evenly distributed when plotted on a
logarithmic scale, shall be made. Consecutive tests with respect to moisture content shall
form a drying and not a wetting curve.
c. The one point method of determining the Liquid Limit shall not be used.
d. The Plastic Limit of material shall be taken as the mean of at least three tests carried out
in accordance with B.S. 1377 of 1975.
5.4.2
Grading Test
modifications:
a. Of the material passing the 4.76mm sieve, a representative portion shall be obtained of
approximately 250 300 grams. This portion shall be oven-dried to constant weight, and
a portion of exactly 200 grams will then be weighed from this dry material. This will be
placed in a mortar and a small quantity of water shall be added. This mixture shall then
pestle, after which the whole shall be transferred to a No. 200 sieve.
The material on the sieve shall be thoroughly washed through with a moderate jet of
water, until the water passing though the sieve is clean. The washing shall take not less
than five minutes. The material remaining on No. 200 sieve shall be dried and reweighed, and the loss in weight shall be recorded as the portion passing the No. 200 sieve
shall be dry sieved through the following sieves, Nos 7, 14, 25, 36, 52, 72 and 100 and
each increment shall be separately weighed.
b. Material retained on the 4.76mm B.S. sieve shall also be wet-sieve as described in the
paragraph above, full allowance being made for the air-dry moisture content.
c. Pre-treatment and the analysis of the fraction passing No. 200 sieve may be omitted.
5.4.3
modifications:
a. A fresh sample of material shall be taken at each moisture content.
b. Tests shall be made for at least five moisture contents and the material for testing shall be
moisturised and sealed in airtight tins for a minimum period of 12 hours before testing.
c. The test shall be carried out in a mould of 150mm internal diameter and 1250mm internal
height. The material shall be compacted in five layers, each layer being subjected to 25
blows of a 4.45kg hammer falling freely through 450mm (West African Standard
Compaction).
d. At least three moisture contents shall be taken from the mould after each test and a mean
moisture content calculated. Where the terms maximum dry density (M.D.D.) and
Optimum moisture content are used in this specification, they shall mean the maximum
dry density and optimum moisture content as determined by the above test.
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5.4.4
ROADS AND BRIDGES
This test shall be carried out in accordance with the California Bearing Ratio test as outlined
in B.S. 1377 of 1975, subject to the following modifications:
a. The samples shall be prepared by dynamic compaction to optimum moisture content and
maximum dry density.
b. The material for test shall be moisturised and sealed in an airtight tin for a minimum
period of 12 hours before testing.
c. The compacted sample for fill material shall be totally immersed in water for the specified
period of soaking, following by 15 minutes draining before testing. Sub-base, base and
verge materials, which are normally 1 metre above flood or water table level, will not be
immersed or soaked before testing.
The Contractor shall ensure that the results of the selection tests for road materials are
submitted to the Engineer in good time and the cost of any delay to the works caused by late
submission of test results will be borne by the Contractor. No material shall be used for fill or
sub-base or base-course or verges, without the prior approval of the Engineers
Representative.
5.5
Test for the Selection of Cement Content in Base-Course and Sub-Base

The Contractor shall provide equipment, labour and such assistance as may be required by the
Engineers Representative for him to carry out the following tests for the selection and control
of the cement content necessary to stabilise the base-course material:
Grading
Samples of any material proposed by the Contractor for stabilization to form the base-course,
together with a copy of the road materials selection test results shall be submitted to the
Engineer for determination of the cement content at least six weeks before the material is
required for incorporation in the works.
Test No. 1 and 2 shall be carried out in accordance with Item 5.4.4 with paragraph (b) of the
Density/Moisture Content Compaction Test deemed to read:
Tests shall be made at least five moisture contents and the material for testing shall be
moisturised, mixed and sealed in airtight tins for a minimum period of 12 hours. The
required proportion of cement is then added and mixed thoroughly before testing.
Test No. 3 shall be carried out in accordance with B.S. 1924 of 1967 with the following
modifications:
a. For selection purposes all stabilised soil samples for testing shall be compacted at the
optimum moisture content to the maximum dry density. Samples shall be cured by
coating with wax. The Contractor should allow for the provision of 100m x 50mm and
150mm x 125mm moulds and the provision of a 3000kg compression-testing machine.
5.6
Tests for Selection of Lime Content in Base-Course and Sub-Base

As Item 5.5, except that lime will be used as the stabilising agent.
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5.7
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Tests for Selection of Sand Content in Base-Course and Sub-Base

Where a sand stabilised base-course is to be constructed, the Contractor shall submit the
preliminary roads materials selection test results to the Engineers Representative for
determination of the required sand content, at least 4 weeks before the material is required in
the works.
The Contractor shall provide such samples of materials and such equipment, labour and
assistance as may be required by the Engineers Representative for him to carry out the tests
detailed in Item 5.4 for the determination of the sand content necessary.
5.8
Tests for Selecting Methods and Conditions for Compaction

The degree of compaction shall be measured by expressing the in-situ dry density of the
compacted materials as a percentage of the maximum dry density, as calculated at West
African Standards Compaction (M.D.D./W.A.S.C.) for natural materials and at B.S.
Compaction for stabilised materials.
Before any road material may be incorporated in the works, tests will be carried out by the
Contractor, under the supervision of the Engineers Representative, to select the most suitable
method of compacting the soil. For each material, three test areas each 10.0 metre long by
8.25 metre wide, will be prepared on the actual site of construction, from which the top soil
has been removed. The material to be used will be spread over one area, in three strips 2.75
metre wide, the depth of the loose material in the strips varying from 150mm to 300mm. The
moisture content of the material tested shall be its natural moisture content.
The test area shall be compacted with the plant which the Contractor intends to use on the
works, and the mean dry density of the full depth of each strip determined after 4, 8 and 12
passes for all types of plant, except for sheep foot rollers, for which the measurements of dry
density shall be made after 4, 8 and 16 passes. The dry densities of the soil shall be
determined by the sand replacement method, and the mean of five determinations shall be
taken for each soil condition.
The tests will be repeated at the other areas, the materials in the second are being at optimum
moisture content, and in the third area at moisture content intermediate between this value and
the natural moisture content of the soil.
The tests will determine the most economical combination of type of plant, soil moisture
content, number of passes and thickness of layer for obtaining the required compaction, and
the Contractor shall carry out the work in accordance with the test results.
Tests for the control of compaction shall be carried out by the Engineers Representative, on a
basis of 1 test (the average of 5 test results staggered over the area) for each 1000 square
metre. The dry densities as determined by the tests shall not be less than the M.D.D. of the
material at its optimum moisture content.
Where tests carried out by the Engineers Representative show an unsatisfactory degree of
compaction, the Contractor shall, at this own expense, scarify the re-compact the area to the
satisfaction of the Engineers Representative.
The Contractor shall allow in his construction programme, time for all tests and it is assumed
that his tender rates reflect the cost of tests.
5.9
Tests For The Control of Compaction

The Contractor shall provide equipment, labour and such assistance as may be required by the
Engineers Representative for him to carry out the following tests on materials used in filling,
sub-base, base-course and on verges, including existing sub-grade material:
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
1. Laboratory C.B.R. tests (stabilised material).

2. Moisture Content Test (all materials).
3. In-Situ Dry Density Test (all materials).
All tests will be carried out in accordance with B.S. 1377 of 1975, with such modifications as
may appertain to this Province. Measurement of the in-situ dry density shall be by the sand
replacement method and moisture content of soil cement (or lime) mix before rolling shall be
determined by means of a Speedy Moisture Tester or any other method the Engineer
approves.
No layer of compacted materials may be sealed, or covered by a succeeding layer until the
Engineers Representative has approved the degree to which it has been compacted.
5.10
Field Control For Soil Cement

The following list of check items is given as a guide in obtaining the best results in soil
cement construction.
1. Inspection of formation for correct shape and compaction.
2. Inspection of Base-course material for correct type of soil (as tested) and correct shape.
3. Adequate pulverisation.
4. Checking cement spread.
5. Correct moisture content.
6. Uniformity of mix.
7. Correct depth and width of stabilisation.
8. Degree of compaction
9. Proper finishing
10. Adequate curing.
The following are details of the above items 1 10
1. It is essential that all soft spots in the formation are correct and that the specified
compaction is obtained over the whole area.
2. After the base-course material has been tested for amount of cement required for
stabilisation, it is essential that the same type of material be used, so far as it is available.
3. To obtain an even mix of the required strength it is essential that the plant available gives
adequate pulverisation of the soil cement mix before compaction. 80% of the mix should
pass a 4.76mm sieve and 100% pass the 25.40mm sieve.
4. After the amount of cement per square yard for the required depth, has been decided, it is
essential to keep a constant check on cement spreading operations, on a square yard basis,
or on the area covered by a truckload or know number of bags of cement.
5. Correct moisture content is one of the basic control factors and it is essential that frequent
moisture content tests be taken from before stabilisation commences, until final
compaction is obtained. Generally optimum moisture plus 2% is satisfactory for
commencing the operation. Should there be noticeable evaporation losses, additional
moisture should be added.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
6. Uniformity of mix can be checked by digging short trenches at regular intervals, to the
full depth of the stabilised mix. When the mixture is of uniform colour over the whole
exposed face, the mix is satisfactory. When the mixture has a streaky or patched
appearance, more mixing is required.
7. This can be checked while carrying out the examination for uniformity.
8. Compaction will be checked in accordance with Item 5.9.
9. A satisfactory finish must be smooth, dense and free of ridges, cracks and surface
compaction planes. It is essential that satisfactory compaction and surface finish must be
obtained in as short a time as possible, as detailed in Item 7.3. Allowance should be
made, sot that the finished smooth and correctly shaped base-course if of the required
depth.
10. Adequate curing of the soil-cement base, as detailed in Item 7.5 is essential.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
6.
EARTHWORKS AND DRAINAGE
6.1
General
The materials used in the works shall be new and / or of the qualities and kinds specified, and
no materials shall be used in the works unless approved. Materials delivered to the works
shall be equal to the approved samples. Deliveries shall be made sufficiently in advance of
constructional requirements to enable samples to be selected by the Engineers Representative
for testing before using the materials in the Works. Materials failing to comply with the
Specification shall be immediately removed from the Works at the Contractors expense.
These Specifications on materials shall be read in conjunction with latest amended report of
The Lagos Materials Testing Conference , a copy of which will be made available to the
Contractor on request.
No material shall be used until it has been approved by the Engineer or his Representative.
Permission to use any material shall not be construed as an approval of its source nor any
acceptance as continued acceptance.
In no case will material which contains organic matter or other deleterious substance be used.
Material for filling in the embankment shall be obtained from sources approved by the
Engineers Representative and no slurry, mud or soft or otherwise unsuitable materials shall
on any account or under any circumstances be placed in embankments. Large pieces of rock,
clay or other materials shall be properly broken up and beaten down and no accumulation at
the foot of side slopes of embankments of boulders or lumps having no cohesion will under
any circumstances be permitted. The Engineers decision regarding the suitability of any
material shall be final, and any material of which more than 35% passes the No. 200 B.S.
sieve may be rejected depending on the plasticity characteristics of this material and its
disposition within the Works.
6.2
Sandfill
Where sand fill, either hydraulic or otherwise, is specified, it shall be obtained from a source
or sources approved by the Engineer. Where such sources occur in waters or areas under the
jurisdiction o the Nigerian Ports Authority or the Inland Waterway Department of the Federal
Ministry of Transport or other appropriate Authority, then the Contractor shall first obtain
written permission to remove material from the Authority concerned and shall comply, in all
respects with all regulations laid down by such an Authority.
The quality of the material intended for use as sand fill shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer. For hydraulic sand fill the grading of the material shall be such that not more than
15% passes the No. 200 B.S. sieve, and in no case will isolated pockets or layers of silt, clay
or other organic impurities be accepted. For sand fill placed by any method other than the
hydraulic, the grading shall be such that not more than 30% passes the No. 200 B.S. sieve and
in no case will isolated pockets or layers of silt, clay or other organic impurities be accepted.
The relative density of hydraulic sand fill placed in embankment shall be as follows:
(A)
Top 600mm
90%
(B)
Next 600mm
80%
(C)
Below the top 1200mm
70%
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Sand fill placed by any method other than the hydraulic shall be compacted in layers by a
method approved by the Engineers Representative to a density of not less than 100% of the
maximum dry density obtained in the British Standard Compaction Test.
In the case of hydraulic sand fill the Contractor shall construct all drains, ditches, spillways,
marginal bunds necessary for the proper protection of the Works. Such drains, marginal
bunds etc., shall be constructed sufficiently in advance of the deposit of the sand fill so as to
effectively drain and retain the sand fill and to prevent any of the material from flowing into
any harbours, creeks, canals, drains etc., or from causing any damage or nuisance to persons
or property. The Contractor shall be responsible for any slips or settlements which may occur
during the construction of the sand fill or the bunds, drains, etc., and shall also be responsible
for same during the maintenance period. The Contractor shall make good such slips and
settlements to the satisfaction of the Engineers Representative. The Contractor shall be
responsible for the full and efficient drainage of water resulting from the hydraulic sand fill
operation and shall construct such open drains as may be necessary to drain all surface and
rainwater, so as to avoid all ponding. The Contractor shall make due allowance for settlement
and drying-out of the sand fill and for the making good of same.
Before any hydraulic sand fill is commenced, the Contractor shall, in conjunction with the
Engineers Representative, survey the Site and mutually agree the surface levels, and such
agreement shall be recorded in writing by both parties.
The levels shall be taken on a grid with points at not exceeding 15 metre centres and the
Contractor shall construct concrete pilot-pillars to the satisfaction of the Engineers
Representative to enable the grid lines to be located during the filling operations. The
Contractor shall construct sufficient tell-tales, consisting of a 50.8 x 50.9.4 mm angle of
adequate length with a flange of 1 metre in diameter fixed at one end, all in non-corrosive
metal, to the satisfaction of the Engineers Representative, to enable any subsidence of the
original ground level to be measured. The method of measurement of hydraulic sand fill shall
be on the basis of the volume of material placed as determined from the area filled and the
depth of fill to the finished level from the original ground level for the subsided original
ground level, as applicable. Should any dispute arise as to the subsided original ground level,
as indicated by the tell-tales, then the same shall be determined by the taking of borings or by
the digging of trial pits.
Hydraulic sand fill shall be deposited in layers as directed by the Engineer, but in any case the
thickness of such layers shall not exceed the limits stipulated as follows:
(A)
First layer - not exceeding 450mm in thickness
(B)
Second layer - not exceeding 750mm in thickness
(C)
All Subsequent Layers - not exceeding 1 metre in thickness
The finished level shall be as shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer, and shall
be agreed as the result of a joint survey carried out by the Contractor and the Engineers
Representative. A tolerance of 75mm above or below the finished level may be permitted
during pumping operations, but the same shall be made good by subsequent grading or dozing
to the satisfaction of the Engineers Representative and to the tolerances stipulated for the subgrade. Without limiting his commitments under the terms of the Contract the contractor shall
not be required to make good any normal expected settlement of the original ground level after
completion of the sand fill. The contractor shall be deemed to have allowed for all the
foregoing provisions in his rates and prices for sand filling. Should the Engineer so desire the
Contractor shall place stock-piles of material in quantities and areas as directed. Payment for
these stockpiles shall be made at the Tendered Rates and Prices for Hydraulic Sand fill.
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6.3
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Formation Where There Is No Imported Base

After site clearance, removal of unsuitable soil, and filling of holes with suitable material in
accordance with Item 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, the existing sub-grade shall be shaped to give a
formation profile as shown in the drawings and compacted in 150m layers to 100%
M.D.D./W.A.S.C. in accordance with provisions of Item 5.8, over the formation width, to a
minimum depth of 450mm or the depth stated in the Bill of Quantities. Any compaction
required beyond a depth of 450mm would be in 225mm layers and to 95% M.D.D./W.A.S.C.
to the depth stated in the Bill of Quantities.
6.4
Formation Where There Is Imported Base

1. After site clearance, removal of unsuitable soil and filling of holes with suitable material
in accordance with Item 2.1 and 2.2, the existing sub-grade shall be scarified for a least
the top 150mm and re-compacted to refusal at natural moisture content of sub-grade soil
to a cross-section profile as shown on the drawings.
2. Where fill material is required, it shall be spread, shaped and compacted to the same
profile as above. The maximum depth of any layer of fill shall be 225mm (compacted)
and every effort must be made to ensure that the fill material is spread in layers over the
full width of the formation.
3. Every layer of material shall be adequately keyed into the layer above.
4. The depth of fill that when added to any base or sub-base will total 450mm, shall be
compacted to 100% M.D.D./W.A.S.C., over the formation width and 95% below that
depth, all in accordance with provisions of Item 5.8.
5. Including the imported base and sub-base depths, a minimum depth of 450mm will be
compacted to at least 100% M.D.D./W.A.S.C.
6.5
Cuttings
The bottom width of cuttings shall be as shown on the drawings.
The normal side slopes of cuttings shall be 1 to 2 but may be either increased or decreased, as
directed by the Engineers Representative.
6.6
Embankments
Selected fill materials, as specified in Item 3.6.1 shall be spread evenly in horizontal layers of
not more than 225mm compacted over the full width of the embankment, and compacted in
accordance with the results obtained from the tests carried out under Item 5.8 of this
Specification, and in accordance with Item 6.4. The embankment shall be constructed as
shown in the drawings. The side slopes shall be 1 vertical to 2 horizontal, except where
otherwise directed y the Engineers Representative. Adequate bond shall be formed between
successive layers of fill material and between the existing sub-soil and the fill material.
6.7
Widening of Embankments
Where alignment permits, existing embankments shall be widened on one side only to the new
profile shown on the drawing by cutting out approved steps in the existing slope of by
levelling the existing embankment to fill the lower limits of the profile.
Selected fill material shall be placed and compacted within the profile. All exposed horizontal
surfaces, shall be compacted to 95% M.D.D./W.A.S.C. to a depth of 15cm. All new fill
material shall be spread in layers, adequately bonded to the previous layer, and compacted in
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
accordance with the results obtained from the tests carried out under Item 5.8 of this
Specification, and in accordance with Item 6.4.
6.8
Embankments In Bad Ground

The Contractor shall bring to the notice of the Engineers Representative cases where
embankments are required to be sited over swamp of unsuitable ground. Where such
conditions exist the Engineers Representative may direct that the first lift of fill material
before compaction shall be increased to 1m in order to establish firm ground for compacting
plant. This may not be done without the approval of the Engineers Representative and even
if such approval is given, the Contractor is not relieved of his responsibilities to provide a well
compacted stable embankment of the same standard as the rest of the works.
6.9
Tolerances Allowable on Formation

The finished surface of the sub-grade at formation level shall be left as smooth as possible,
and the accuracy of finish in the longitudinal direction, shall be such that there shall not be
any variation greater then 12mm from 3m straight edge, placed in any position on the finished
surface, parallel to the centre line.
The formation profile shall not vary more than 12mm from the edge of a correctly shaped
template placed across the road at right angles to the centre line.
The finished formation centre line levels shall not be less or more than 5cm for the levels
shown on the drawings or the levels as directed by the Engineers Representative.
6.10
Soiling of Side Slopes

Where it is directed that the side slopes of embankments or back slope of cuttings shall be
covered with a layer of topsoil, such topsoil shall be laid to a compacted thickness of 15cm. It
shall be compacted to 95% M.D.D./W.A.S.C.
6.11
Side Drains
Side drains shall normally be constructed on either side of the road expect where the road is
built on embankment or where the Engineers Representative directs that a drain is
unnecessary.
The drains shall be constructed in accordance with the types shown on the drawings, as
directed by the Engineers Representative. The side, shallow drain shall be excavated by
machine and the soil spread over the formation as directed. The narrow type drain shall be
construction either by manual excavation or by machine.
Drain inverts shall be finished smooth, and to a steady fall of not less than 1:120. This fall
shall, in all cases, be toward a culvert or turnout.
Material excavated from drains, if unsuitable for re-use as fill material, shall be deposited
away from the road, at least 1m clear of the drain, or of the top of cutting.
See Item 6.12 for the action required to obviate scouring in drains in cuttings.
6.12
Scour of Drains and Verges

Where the longitudinal gradient of the verge or drain exceeds 1:3313 and where directed by the
Engineers Representative the Contractor shall take steps to prevent scour by:
a. Paving the drain inverts and side slopes with 75mm thick concrete quality 6A.
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b. Constructing small weirs across the side drains as directed.

c. Extending the surface dressing over the full width between drains.
Such work will only be done on the instruction of the Engineers Representative.
6.13
Interceptor Drains
Where the road is in cutting and the natural fall of the adjacent ground is towards the road,
interceptor drains of type A shall be formed behind the top edge of the cutting and parallel to
the road to prevent run-off into the cutting. The top of the inside edge of the interceptor drain
shall be not less than 5m from the top of the cutting.
Where the adjacent ground has a cross-fall, interceptor drains shall be formed, as directed by
the Engineers Representative, on the high side of the road to prevent run-off into the road.
6.14
Turnouts
Turnout drains shall be constructed to discharge freely the water carried by the side drain on
to lower ground falling away from the road, so that the side drain water does not adversely
affect the road formation. As a guide, the spacing of such turnouts is found from the formula
3S where S is the distance in metres along the road in which it falls 1m. Normally the
maximum distance part of turnouts shall be 30m, but where due to the surrounding
topography this cannot be achieved, special consideration will be given to enlarging and/or
concreting the side drains or putting in additional culverts.
The minimum base width of a turnout drain shall be 300mm but they shall be constructed to
the width directed by the Engineer and the side slopes shall be 1 horizontal to 2 vertical. The
invert of a turnout shall fall away from the road, at a slope not less than 1:120 and not greater
then 1:20. The drain shall terminate where the invert coincides with the natural ground level,
but it is essential that the natural ground continue to fall away to avoid the drain backing up in
times of storms.
Turnouts must be constructed in such places where their discharge is not likely to cause land
erosion or harm to property, and in order to prevent such erosion or harm, the Engineer may
direct that open or covered concrete turnouts or other works be constructed.
6.15
Laying of Pitching
The pitching shall be in accordance with Item 3.6.9. The blocks or stones when laid shall be
clean and have no weak points, or projections more than 25mm beyond the expose surface
plans. Selected stones roughly squared, shall be used at the edges and ends of the pitching.
Stones shall be laid with the minimum practical amount of space between them in such a
manner as to break joints with those immediately below, and so that their weight is carried by
the embankment material as well as the adjacent stones.
No pitching shall be laid until the embankment has been properly compacted in accordance
with the specification and no pitching shall be laid at a steeper slope than 1 vertical or 1
horizontal. After the stones have been laid, the spaces between them may be filled with clean
rock fragments from the stone dressing that will not pass 18mm sieve.
Grout for grouted pitching shall be 1-part cement to 3-parts sand, with sufficient water to
ensure a good mix and the right consistency. The interstices between the stones shall be
completely fitted with grout through the entire thickness of the pitching after which the
surface shall be swept with a stiff broom.
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Grouting operations shall progress from the bottom of the slope towards the top.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
7.
BASE-COURSE AND SUB-BASE
7.1
Sub-Base
On completion and finishing of the formation, and if directed by the Engineers
Representative a sub-base of approved material shall be laid on the formation. The sub-base
material shall comply with the requirements of Item 3.6.2 and shall be provided and laid to the
dimensions on the drawings or as directed by the Engineers Representative.
The sub-base shall be compacted in accordance with the test results under Item 5.8 and shall
be compacted in 150mm (compacted) layers to 100% M.D.D./W/A.S.C. Adequate bond shall
be ensured between the sub-base and formation.
On curves of less than 300m radius, the width of the sub-base shall be increased by 600mm
such increase being applied to the inside of the curve, gradually over a distance of 30m on the
straight road at each end of the curve in accordance with Item 1.3.
7.2
Tolerance on Sub-Base
The finished surface of the sub-base shall meet the same tolerance requirements as stated in
Item 6.9 for the formation.
7.3
Base-Course Natural Material

The base-course shall be laid to width and depth as shown on the drawings or as directed, and
shall be compacted in accordance with tests carried out under Item 5.8 of this specification.
The material forming the base-course shall comply with the provisions of Item 3.6.4 (a) or (b)
and shall be compacted to 100% M.D.D./W.A.S.C. Adequate bond shall be ensured between
the base-course and the sub-base (if any) or formation.
7.4
Base-Course Sand Stabilised

Where sand stabilised base-course is specified, the materials used shall comply with the
provisions of Item 3.6.4. The Engineers Representative shall direct the width and depth of
the stabilised strip.
The selected base-course material shall be stabilised with a percentage of sand as directed by
the Engineers Representative, determined from the tests outlined in Item 5.7.
The stabilised material shall be brought to optimum moisture content and compacted to 100%
M.D.D./W.A.S.C.
The Engineers Representative in accordance with specification Item 5.9 and 5.10 will carry
out tests for control of mixing and compaction. The average of a series of control tests must
not be less than the laboratory tests results set out in Item 3.6.4 [c ] and the minimum test
result must be no more than 2% lower than the laboratory test and occur less frequently than
in 10 tests. If this average is not obtained the Contractor shall at his own expense, scarify, restabilise and re-compact the area from which the particular tests were made.
7.5
Base-Course Cement Stabilised

Where cement stabilised base-course is specified, the materials to be used shall comply with
the provisions of Item 3.6.4 (d) and 4.1. The width and depth of the stabilised strip shall be as
shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineers Representative.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
The selected base-course material shall be stabilised with a percentage of cement as directed
by the Engineers Representative, determined from the tests outlined in Item 5.5. The
stabilised material shall be compacted to 100% M.D.D./B.S.C. at O.M.C. The method
adopted and plant used must ensure an adequate mixture and compaction of the material, to
the satisfaction of the Engineers Representative and the maximum period between mixing in
of the cement and the completion of compaction of the stabilised material shall be 2 hours.
After compaction, the base-course shall be cured for 7 days and kept free of all traffic. It shall
be cured with M.C.1. or M.C.2 at the rate of approximately 5 square metre per 4.5 litre, the
type of bitumen to be as decided by the Engineer. Great care must be taken to remove all dirt
before applying the bitumen, and not to damage the surface. Alternatively if required, by the
Engineer, the clean surface may be covered with a 50mm layer of sand, kept moist for 7 days.
All transverse and longitudinal joints in the base-course shall be cut back to ensure that
adequate bond is obtained and uniformity of construction is maintained.
The Engineers Representative in accordance with Item 4.9 and 4.10 will carry out tests for
the control of mixing and compaction. The average of a series of control tests must not be
less than the laboratory tests results set out in Item 3.6.4 (d) and the minimum test result must
be no more than 2% lower than the laboratory test and occur less frequently than 1 in 10 tests.
If this average is not obtained by the Contractor he shall, at his own expense, scarify and
remove the unsatisfactory stabilised base, re-shape and re-compact the sub-base or formation,
supply, spread and compact the new base-course material and stabilise and compact as before.
If conditions are suitable, the Engineer may agree to 100mm stabilised base on top of the substandard stabilised base instead of replacing the original base.
7.6
Base-Course Lime Stabilised

Where a lime-stabilised base is used, the material to be used shall comply with Item 3.6.4 (e)
and 4.2. The specification for a cement-stabilised base shall apply except that the maximum
time between mixing in of the lime and completion of the compaction of the stabilised
material shall be 24 hours.
7.7
Base-Course Width on Curves

On curves of less than 300mm radius, the width of the base-course material shall be increased
by 600mm such increase being applied to the inside of the curve and being applied gradually
over a distance of 30m on the straight road at each end of the curve in accordance with Item
1.3.
7.8
Tolerance on Base-Course
The finished surface of the base-course shall conform to the same accuracy as required for the
formation profile (Item 6.9) except that the limit of tolerance shall be 10mm.
7.9
Hard Shoulders and Verges

On roads with a minimum pavement width of 5.4m material as per Item 3.6.3 shall be spread
across the shoulders and verges and compacted to 100% M.D.D./W.A.S.C. The cross falls of
the shoulders and verges shall be the same as the base-course i.e. 1:32. In urban areas or
roads with a high traffic intensity, 1m wide reinforced concrete shoulders or reinforced
concrete kerbing as shown on the drawings shall be used where directed by the Engineers
Representative.
See Item 6.12 regarding action to be taken to prevent scour where the longitudinal gradient is
excessive.
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8.
CONCRETE
8.1
Fixings and Cavities
ROADS AND BRIDGES
No holes or other cavities shall be cut in any concrete work unless approved. The Contractor
shall ascertain from the drawings or from sub-contractors or from elsewhere particulars of all
bolts and other fixings, and of all openings, holes, pockets, chases, recesses and bolts and
fixings shall be in position, and the cores, gas-pipe, or other approved ferrules, or any other
inserts necessary for forming all holes and other cavities, shall be fixed to the shutter.
8.2
Gauge Boxes
Boxes of the size corresponding with the proper quantities of the aggregates as determined
from time to time shall be used for gauging the materials and in such a way that the control
exercised over the proportions of the ingredients can be easily verified.
Boxes shall be proportioned so that the heights are large compared with the widths, the cross
sectional area being correspondingly small. The height shall be between 1 and 2 times the
width.
Weigh-batching machines of types approved by the Engineer may be used for charging the
hoppers of the mixer. They shall be maintained in a clean condition and in full working order
and shall be calibrated regularly as directed by the Engineers Representative to ensure that
their accuracy is maintained.
The quantity of one mixing shall be so arranged to use one or more whole bags of cement.
8.3
Proportions of Concrete Mix

Concrete mixes shall be of the Class shown on the drawings and described in the Bill of
Quantities. The total volume of dry aggregates (measured separately) to 50kg of cement shall
be set out in Column 3, Item 8.26. The proportions of fine and coarse dry aggregates shall be
approximately those set out in Column 4 Clause 8.26 but the Engineer, according to the types
of aggregates used, may vary the proportions. The total volume of dry aggregates (measures
separately) to cement (column 3) shall however remain unchanged. The proportions of moist
aggregates to be used shall be determined by making the necessary allowance for the bulking
of the sand, according to its moisture content as delivered to the mixer, and these proportions
shall be varied from time to time to allow for the variation in moisture content.
For batching by weight, the proportions of aggregates by dry volume to cement shall be
converted to proportions by weight, based on the actual weights of the aggregates used and
corrected to allow for the moisture contents of the aggregates as delivered to the measuring
hoppers.
Adjustment of the weights shall be made from time to time as necessary to allow for the
varying moisture contents of the aggregates.
If satisfactory workability cannot be obtained without exceeding the specified maximum
water-cement ratio the volumes or weights of materials used per batch shall be amended as
directed by the Engineer.
Sample loads of the aggregates proposed to be used shall be delivered to site in sufficient time
to enable the trial concrete mixes and preliminary tests cubes to be made so that they 28 day
strength tests can be ascertained before the actual concrete construction is commenced, as
specified in Item 8.5. The Contractor shall include in his concrete prices for all work and
material in connection with the making of trial mixes.
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Cement, fine and coarse aggregates shall be as specified in Item 4.1 and 3.6.8 respectively.
8.4
Water Cement Ratio

The water-cement ratio shall not exceed the value given in Clause 8.26 for each class of
concrete. The amount of water specified for each 50 kilos of cement shall include the water in
the aggregates and the amount of added water shall be varied as necessary to allow for the
varying moisture contents of the aggregates. A test of the moisture contents of the aggregates
shall be made each morning and afternoon, or oftener if required by the Engineers
Representative.
8.5
Preliminary Testing of Concrete

As soon as possible after receiving the order to commence the Works and before commencing
any concreting with the classes of concrete for which preliminary tests are required, the
Contractor shall have delivered upon the site sample loads of cement, sand and aggregate
representative of what he proposes to use for the Contract Works. Provided the approval of
the Engineers Representative is given to the use of the materials, the Contractor shall carry
out trial mixes to determine the relative proportions of sand and aggregate to produce a
satisfactory workability, as agreed by the Engineers Representative. At least two sets of three
150mm test cubes shall e made according to the method of compaction to be used on the
concrete and according to B.S. 1881. One set of three cubes shall be tested for strength at 7
days; the other set of three shall be tested at 28 days at a laboratory approved by the Engineer.
The 7 days test shall be taken as a guide only as to what may be expected at the 28-day tests.
The test at 28 days shall be the deciding factor as to whether the quality of the concrete called
for in the specification is likely to be attained. The strength required to be reached in the
Preliminary tests is given for certain of the classes of concrete in Item 8.26 Column 7. No
concrete construction shall be commenced until the results of the 7 day and 28 day tests on the
cubes are known and have been found to comply with the strengths specified in Items 8.26
Column No. 7 of this specification.
8.6
Concrete Test Cubes

When directed by the Engineers Representative, test cubes shall be made under the
supervision of the Engineers Representative and where possible in the presence of the Site
Agent or his Representative.
All test cubes shall be manufactured, cured and tested as detailed in B.S. 882 (1973) and B.S.
1881.
The Contractor shall provide at his own expense all the necessary labour, equipment, moulds,
etc required to manufacture the test cubes, but all test cubes ordered to be made by the
Engineers Representative shall be tested at a laboratory selected by the Engineer. Should the
Contractor require independent tests, the results of such test shall not be valid unless
manufactured in the presence of the Engineers Representative and tested by an approved
agency and to the requirements in all details of the B.S. mentioned above.
The test cubes shall actually be manufactured by the Contractors personnel under the
supervision of the Engineers Representative, but if either party disagrees with the method of
sampling of concrete, manufacturing, curing or testing, the party concerned must make such
objection in writing at the time.
A record of all tests cubes shall be made and kept in the Site Office.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
A least three specimens of 150mm test cubes, preferably from different batches shall be made
for testing at each selected age, and the precise location of the concrete and the time of placing
noted.
Should the concrete in the work be compacted by hand, the test cubes shall be compacted by
hand as specified in Clause 53 (a) (i) of B.S. 1881. Should the concrete in the work be
compacted by machine vibration as specified in Clause 53 (a) (ii) B.S. 1881 the test cube shall
also be compacted by machine vibration. The Engineers Representative may make test cubes
in the Laboratory for any purposes from site materials, and the Contractor shall supply such
materials as required free of charge.
The test cubes shall be stored at the site of construction at a place free from vibration, under
damp sacks for 24 hours (plus or minus hour) after which time they shall be removed from
their moulds, market and buried in damp sand until the time fro sending to the testing
laboratory. They shall then be packed in damp sand or other suitable damp material and sent
to the testing laboratory, where they shall be similarly stored until the date of test. Test cubes
shall be kept on the site for as long as practicable, but at least three-fourths of the period
before test, except for tests at ages less than seven days.
The Contractor shall bear the cost of carrying out and supplying all labour, materials and
equipment for the sieve, silt, organic impurities, bulking compacting required by the Engineer
or the Engineers Representative to ensure proper quality control of the concrete. The
Contractor shall also bear the cost of supplying all labour, materials and equipment necessary
for the preparation of the compression test cubes and their subsequent storing, curing,
packing, transportation and testing. All costs arising out of modifications to the concrete
mixes, cutting out and replacing of defective concrete and all other work carried out in
accordance with this clause shall be borne by the Contractor.
8.7
Standard of Acceptance for Cube Tests

The result of all cube tests, as given by the laboratory selected by the Engineer, shall be
accepted by the Contractor and the Engineer as true results of the crushing strength of the
cubes. The cube strength shall be calculated from the maximum load sustained by the cube at
failure. The appropriate strength requirement may be considered to be satisfied strength as
given in Item 8.26, or if the average at strength of the three cubes is not less than the specified
cube strength and the difference between the greatest and the least strengths is not ore than
20% of that average.
8.8
Unsatisfactory Test Results

a. Should in the opinion of the Engineer, any of the results of the specified tests of concrete
or materials be unsatisfactory, the Engineer may order the work to be stopped pending his
further instruction. Executed work for which test results are unsatisfactory, shall be liable
to rejection and if re-directed by the Engineer, the work represented by the tests shall be
cut out and re-executed at the Contractors expense.
b. In the case of 7 days Works cube tests proving unsatisfactory, the work may be stopped
but shall not be liable to rejection until the result of the 28 days test is known.
c. In the event f the results of 28 days Works cube tests proving unsatisfactory, the work
represented shall be immediately liable to rejection. The Contractor may, however, be
given the option of cutting three specimens from the completed work subject to the
direction of the Engineer and preparing there from test cubes or cores which shall be sent
to the Tester for testing as for work test cubes. Should the average strength of these
specimens attain the specified minimum 28 day strength, the work will, subject to the
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Engineers discretion, be accepted but otherwise the work will remain liable to rejection
as above.
The cost of all such cutting, preparation of specimens, testing and of making good the
portions of the structure affected shall be borne by the Contractor.
8.9
Consistency of Concrete Slump Test

As often as is required by the Engineers Representative, but not less than twice per day
(morning and afternoon), the consistency of the concrete shall be checked by means of the
slump test, as specified in B.S. 1881:1970 9171. The maximum slumps allowable for
different grades of concrete are:
8.10
Mass concrete
Reinforced concrete
50mm
Heavy sections
50mm
Thin, vertical and horizontal sections
125mm
Mixing Concrete
Concrete shall be mixed for not less than 2 minutes in a power driven mixer. The mixer shall
be fitted with adequate water storage tanks and accurate water measuring devices designed to
that no unauthorised person could vary the quantity discharged into the mix. Mixers shall be
maintained in first-class condition throughout the contract and any mixer of plant, which is
faulty in any respect, shall not be used. The drums on all mixers shall revolve at the speed
recommended by the maker.
A mixer of any type, which has been out of use for more than 20 minutes, shall be thoroughly
cleaned out before any fresh concrete is mixed.
The Contractor shall provide a mixer of mixers of sufficient size and number than can
adequately deal with the volume of concrete to be placed. Where the exposed face of the
concrete is to be permanently visible, he shall satisfy the Engineers Representative that the
mixer output is sufficient to deal expeditiously with the volume required, in order that the face
of the concrete shall not be marred by joint lines due to one layer having set before another is
placed within the lifts approved.
8.11
Transport and Placing of Concrete

Concrete shall be taken from the place of mixing to the place of deposition by methods which
will prevent the drying out and consolidation of the concrete, the segregation and loss of the
ingredients, and which are sufficiently rapid to ensure that the concrete does not commence to
set before it is finally compacted in position. During transportation the concrete shall be
protected from any adverse effects of sun, wind and rain. The concrete shall be deposited as
near as possible to its final position in the works, and no concrete shall be dropped freely or
deposited by means of chutes through a depth exceeding 1.5m. All mixers, borrows, spades
and other mixing and distributing equipment shall be thoroughly clean before commencing
each period of use and shall be kept free of partly set concrete which shall not be used in the
works. No concrete shall be transported over or near to the new work that has insufficiently
hardened, in order to prevent harmful vibration of the new work and no planks or ways for
skips, etc shall be supported on either formwork or reinforcement for the same reason.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
No concrete shall be placed in any part of the works until written permission to do so have
been obtained from the Engineers Representative. Well in advance of the intention to place
concrete the Contractor shall forward to the Engineers Representative for his approval full
information about the order in which he proposed to place concrete in the various parts of the
works, the height of each lift of concrete, details of the shuttering which it is proposed to
employ with relevant calculations, and positions of all construction joints.
All construction joint shall be formed as specified in Item 8.13 and there shall be no stoppage
of the placing of concrete except at such proper construction joints.
The Contractor will be required to furnish the Engineers Representative with satisfactory
evidence that all preparations, precautions and provisions have been made to ensure that the
concrete shall be placed and compacted in accordance with this specification before the
Engineers Representative will give his permission for concreting to proceed.
For members involving vertical placing of the concrete (e.g. piers) each lift shall be
deposited in layers extending for the full width between the shuttering and of such dept that
each lay can be easily and effectively incorporated with the layer below by the means of
compaction being employed. The layers shall be placed horizontally, sloping bends not being
permitted unless particularly so specified.
For members involving horizontal placing of the concrete (e.g. deck slabs) the concrete
shall be placed along the line of the starting point in such quantities as will allow the member
to be cost to its full depth along the full width between side shuttering and then gradually
brought towards the finishing point along its entire front, parallel to the starting line, the
tampers for giving the required surface and compaction following as closely behind as
practicable.
All members shall be concreted at such a rate as will eliminate any possibility of fresh batched
of concrete being deposited immediately adjacent to batches which have commenced to site
and all members shall be poured in one continuous operation until completed, no interval
being allowed to lapse while the work is in hand.
Care shall be taken to ensure that the process of placing concrete does not cause any harmful
vibration to adjacent work that has insufficiently hardened.
Should any unforeseen occurrence result in a stoppage of concreting for such a time as might
allow the concrete already placed to being to set before the next batches can be compacted
into place the Contractor shall immediately insert, at his own cost, a proper end-shutter to
form a proper tongue and groove construction joint, as specified in Item 8.13 normal to the
work at that point which will ensure that the section already cast is formed completely in
accordance with this specification. The Contractor shall at this own expense provide any
additional reinforcement required as a result of the joint.
No concrete for work, which will present a large, exposed surface (e.g. deck slab) shall be
placed in the direct rays of the sun and the Contractor shall erect shades to protect such work
there from.
8.12
Compaction of Concrete
After concrete has been placed in position it shall be compacted in such a manner as to
produce a dense uniform mass, special car being exercised to ensure that the concrete between
and around the reinforcement and adjacent to the forms is free from voids and other
imperfections.
In the case of reinforced concrete, a competent steel fixer shall be in constant attendance
during the mixing of the concrete to adjust and correct the position of the reinforcement if
required, immediately before the concrete is placed.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Vibrators, preferably of the immersion type, and punners shall be used on conjunction for
compacting all classes of concrete both mass and reinforced, whose mix reference as shown in
the Bill of Quantities or drawings is suffixed with a V except that the written approval of
the Engineers Representative must be obtained before the use of vibrator is dispensed with.
This approval will normally be given only for compacting small-dispersed volumes of
concrete.
Vibrators shall be of a type approved by the Engineer and capable of producing vibrations of
not less than 3 000 cycles per minute with an acceleration of not less that 4G. In no
circumstances shall vibrators be attached to the reinforcement and every care shall be taken to
see that immersion vibrators avoid contact with the reinforcement.
Together with each immersion vibrator there shall be operated at least one hand punner of
weight not less than 3.2kg. With mould vibrators there shall be operated an adequate number
of 3.2kg hand punners. When hand compaction is sanctioned there shall be operated in
conjunction one 3.2kg hand punner and one pointed steel bar weighing not less than 4.53kg
and there shall be sufficient of these pairs to deal adequately with the volume of concrete.
Each freshly placed layer of concrete must be thoroughly compacted and worked into the
preceding one, but care shall be taken that no damage is done to previous work that has
already set.
Excessive compaction of concrete, whether by hand or mechanical means, shall be avoided.
8.13
Construction Joints
All construction joints in all classes of work shall be formed by inserting stopping-off boards
normally to the work to form a tongue and groove joint as detailed on the drawings and
against which the concrete can be properly compacted. They shall be formed in the position
shown on the drawings or as directed and approved by the Engineers Representative. There
shall be no construction joints in precast members nor in the reinforced concrete deck slabs of
minor spans. In the case of tee beams the rib and slab shall be cast together in one continuous
operation. In other work, construction joints shall be located at points where shear tresses or
tensile concrete stresses are a minimum and are placed whereby they will least affect the
appearance and properties of the finished works, but no construction joint may be inserted
without the written approval of the Engineers Representative. All reinforcement required by
the Engineers Representative as a consequence of the position selected for any proposed
construction joint shall be provided by the Contractor at this own expense, unless, in the
opinion of the Engineers Representative, the joint is absolutely necessary and there is no
alternative position for such joint.
When work is resumed against a horizontal surface, which has hardened or recently set, the
surface of the concrete shall be roughed by hacking and all laitance, loose and porous material
and poorly compacted concrete, shall be removed from it. Where reinforcement or fittings
project from the older concrete, these shall be carefully cleaned, utmost care being taken not
to break the bond, and freed from all adherent coatings of concrete and other matter likely to
reduce the bond between the steel and the concrete about to be poured. The surface of the
concrete (and steel if applicable) shall then be swept clean, brushed with a steel wire brush to
remove all loose material, saturated with water, thoroughly cleaned and all surplus water
removed. A 15mm layer of stiff, freshly mixed mortar containing the same proportions of
cement and fine aggregate as the grade of concrete used shall be applied to the damp surface
of the concrete immediately before concreting commences and the fresh concrete carefully
punned into it without delay.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
When work is to be resumed against a vertical face which has hardened or recently set, the
surface of the concrete (and projecting steel and fittings if any) shall be treated exactly as
described above for horizontal surfaces, but the application of the 15mm layer of mortar shall
be omitted and the fresh concrete shall be thoroughly compacted against the damp vertical
surfaces after the final saturation with water and the final thorough cleaning.
All costs incurred in complying with the requirements of this Item shall be deemed to be
included in the tendered rates for concrete.
Where it is specified on the drawings that a joint is to be inserted to prevent bonding between
two adjacent parts of the structure, the Contractor shall insert two layers of approved
waterproof building paper between those arts of the structure in the positions specified. The
paper shall be tailored to fit the surfaces accurately without any folding or wrinkling, and cut
overlapping edges shall be covered with adhesive tape to prevent any turning or movement
during concreting operations. Throughout the area of the joint there must be not less than two
thickness of approved waterproof building paper. Concreting operations and punning etc. shall
be carried out carefully to ensure that no damage shall be done to the paper.
8.14
Curing of Concrete
Freshly deposited concrete shall be protected from the sun, wind and rain until it has set
properly, and it shall also be prevented from drying too quickly by being kept covered with
constantly damp sacking or other approved means for a least 7 days after deposition.
Arrangements are to be made for a standby supply of water for curing purposes. The cost of
curing shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates for concrete.
8.15
Shuttering shall be removed by gradual easing without jarring, and only in the presence of a
competent supervisor. Before removal of the shuttering the concrete shall be examined and
removal shall only proceed if the concrete has attained sufficient strength to support its own
weight and any constructional or other loads likely to come upon it. If any loading is excess
of the design load be anticipated, approved props shall be provided after removal of the
shuttering. The Contractor shall record on the drawing or elsewhere the date upon which each
part of the work is concrete together with the date upon which the shuttering is removed.
No shuttering shall be removed until an approved period has elapsed since the last day on
which concrete was placed in the part of the works concerned. Notwithstanding the approval
of the Engineer, the assessment of the period that shall so elapse and any damage or other
consequences arising there from shall be the Contractors entire responsibility The following
schedule is a guide to the number of days shuttering must be left after casting concrete:
Sides of beams, walls, columns, piles,

Foundations, drainage channels and
Precast units
3 days
Soffits of slabs (props left in)
4 days
Soffits of beams (props left in)
7 days
Removal of props slabs
24 days
Removal of props beams
28 days
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8.16
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Finishes
All concrete surfaces not requiring shuttering shall be smooth finished with approved floats to
give a dense surface with a minimum of cement and fine materials being brought to the
surface.
The top surface of deck slab shall be tamped to a smooth finish, aided by floats if necessary,
to the levels falls and cambers shown on the drawings or as instructed. The tamping shall not
be done to the extent of brining an excess of fine materials to the surface.
Shuttered surfaces of work in mass concrete which will always be in contact with the ground
and more than two feed below finished ground level on the external surfaces of abutments and
piers may be cast against sawn timber shuttering. All other surfaces, including all reinforced
work and all precast and pre-stressed shall be cast against steel or planed timber formwork.
Any surfaces, irrespective of the shuttering employed, which show honeycombing or voids
shall be made good by cutting back the concrete to behind the reinforcement in the cast of
reinforced work or to such depth s the Engineers Representative may specify in the case of
mass work and in either case to sufficient dept to remove all defective concrete, but no repair
work shall be started until after the defective surfaces have inspected by the Engineers
Representative. The cut shall be slightly belled to ensure that the new surface will be cast in
accordance with the requirements of this specification and against shuttering which has been
carefully aligned with the sound concrete on either side and rightly secured in position by
wedging etc.
All exposed concrete surfaces shall be fair finished to the entire satisfaction of the Engineers
Representative.
All concrete surfaces shall be protected from damage and disfigurement due to the subsequent
pouting of concrete or the carrying out of other work in the vicinity or any cause whatsoever,
and the Contractor shall remove all blemishes and repair all such damages to the satisfaction
of the Engineers Representative.
All costs for making good honeycombed and defective concrete and repairing damaged
surfaces shall be deemed to be included in the rates for concrete and shuttering inserted in the
Bill of Quantities.
8.17
Defects in Concrete
a. Regardless of satisfactory test cube results, any concrete work which, in the opinion of the
Engineers Representative, is excessively honeycombed or in any other way defective,
shall be liable to rejection.
b. Minor surface defects apparent on stripping the shuttering must be made good at the
Contractors expense, but no such making good shall be carried out until after inspection
by the Engineer or his Representative, and his approval of the proposed treatment. Work
which has not been previously inspected but which shows signs of such treatment shall be
immediately liable to rejection as defective work.
8.18
Termination of Concrete Pour

Where it is necessary for any reason to terminate a concrete pour, it shall be done against
vertical forms, stepped as required by the Engineers Representative.
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8.19
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Approval Before Concreting

No concreting shall be commenced in any part of the work until the Engineers Representative
has approved the preparations and his authority to concrete the specific part has been
obtained.
8.20
Placing Under Water

As far as possible, all concrete shall be deposited on a dry bottom and the placing of concrete
under water will not be permitted except where agreed by the Engineer to be necessary. In
placing concrete under water, it shall not be dropped into the water but shall be carefully
placed in position by enclosing it in bags or by means of bottom dumping bucket or by
continuous discharge through pipes leading from the mixer. Whichever method it is proposed
to use, full details shall first be submitted to the Engineers Representative for his approval but
such approval will in no way relieve the Contractor of his responsibilities for the work.
The surface of the concrete, deposited under water, shall be kept as nearly as possible
horizontal, and no concrete shall be placed in running water or in water liable to disturbance
by pumping. Placing shall be such as to require the minimum amount of spreading and
excessive tamping shall be avoided. Sufficient time shall be allowed for the concrete to set
before it is subjected to any form of loading as also to ensure that it shall suffer no damage
from subsequent pumping or dewatering.
8.21
Mass Concrete Backing to Masonry or Brickwork

Mass concrete backing to masonry or brickwork facing shall be mixed slightly wetter than that
mixed for placing against timber forms. Before any concrete is placed, the mortar joints in the
facework shall have thoroughly hardened and the back of the facing must be thoroughly
wetted. The concrete shall be carefully tamped round any ties or bond stones and mortar from
the concrete shall be carefully worked into the open joints in the back of the facework.
8.22
Displacers
When permitted by the Engineers Representative, displacers or plums may be used in mass
concrete but they shall not be less than 0.2 cubic metre in volume and no displacer shall come
within 0.5m of any foundation or exposed face of concrete or be nearer any other displacer
than 150mm. Displacers shall consist of blocks of stone or P.C. concrete with no sharp
corners or soft seams and shall be thoroughly washed before being used in the work and shall
be well worked down into the concrete on which they are placed.
8.23
Delays Due To Defective Concrete

The cost of all delays on site due to concrete not attaining the desired strength or caused by
investigation of defects, cutting away and making good, shall be borne by the Contractor.
8.24
Cement Mortar Mixing

All cement and sand shall be mixed together thoroughly in the specified proportions in
approved mechanical mixers or alternatively mixed together by hand. The mortar shall be
made up in small quantities only as and when required. If a period of more than half an hour
has elapsed since the mixing of any mortar, or mortar has begun to set, it shall be rejected.
Knocking up of any cement mortar by the addition of fresh water will not be permitted.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
The cement and sand will be mixed until such time as a uniform colour shall have been
obtained and the mortar will be discharged onto clean boards or into clean barrows. Any mix
deemed unsatisfactory whether too wet or for any other reason shall be disposed of as directed
by the Engineers Representative and at the Contractors expense.
Where the cement mortar is mixed by hand then clean close-boarded platforms of adequate
size shall be provided and the material turned over dry and thoroughly mixed before the
admixture of water. Any completed road surface will not be used as a platform for mixing
mortar.
8.25
Cement Mortar Proportions

The cement and sand shall be measured by volume in gauge boxes of correct and approved
size. The gauge boxes shall be filled with the respective materials without compacting to a
predetermined uniform depth, accurate allowance being made for bulking due to moisture
content of the sand.
The proportion of the cement and sand shall be as shown in the following table for their
respective use:
Nominal Mix
Proportion By Volume
Cement
Purposes
Sand
1:1
1:2
Grouting and filling in.
1:3
Joints in pipes, culverts kerbs etc.
1:4
Stone Pitching
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8.26
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Concrete Mixes for Different Types of Construction
Class of
Concrete
Max size
of
Aggregate
Reinforced 9:38mm
for slabs
Total
volume
of DRY
aggregate
s
measured
separatel
y to 50kg
of
cement
cu. metre
0.1575
Volume of Dry fine

and coarse
aggregates to 50kg
of cement cu. metre
Fine
0.0525
Coarse
0.15
Max
water/
cement
ratio
Ratio
0.45
Works Tests Minimum
Preliminary Tests
Compressive strength in
kgs per sq. metre at
Minimum compressive
strength in kgs per sq.
metre at
7 days
28 days
7 days
28 days
2300x10
3150x10
3150x10
4200x10
Mix
Reference
3A or 3AV
Nominal
Mix
1:1 :3
3B or 3BV
18.75mm
elsewhere
Reinforced 9.38mm
for slabs
0.21
0.07
0.14
0.55
1580x10
2100x10
2100x10
2810x10
4A or 4AV
1:2:4
4B of 4BV
18.75mm
elsewhere
Mass
18.75mm
0.315
0.105
0.21
0.6
950x10
1260x10
6A or 6AV
1:3:6
Mass
18.75mm
0.42
0.14
0.28
0.65
700x10
1050x10
8A of 8AV
1:4:8
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Note : Water/Cement Ratio
Ratios given are for compaction without vibration and are the maximum allowable. Wherever justified ratio is to
be reduced to a minimum as agreed with the Engineer.
Proportions of Mix
The proportions given in the table are nominal and may be altered by the Engineer if the specified strengths are
not achieved of if the combined aggregate grading is unsatisfactory. The extra cost if any of such alterations
shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates and prices.
3A or 3B
3 Parts of coarse aggregate, max size 9.38m is 3A

3 Parts of coarse aggregate, max size 18.75mm is 3B
3A or 3AV
3 Parts of coarse aggregate, max size 9.38mm hand compaction is 3A

3 Parts of coarse aggregate, max size 9.38mm vibrator compaction is 3AV
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BUN.DOC
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8.27
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Precast Concrete Units

The requirements of the foregoing clauses for concrete will apply to all precast work where
applicable and in addition the following special clauses are to be observed. Rapid hardening
Portland cement shall conform to the requirements of B.S. No. 12 and may only be used with
the approval of the Engineer of his Representative.
All formwork is to be such as to ensure true arises and the Engineer will generally require
sound surfaces and metal linings for formwork.
Units are to be formed to the dimensions and tolerances shown on the drawings.
Units are to be made in strongly constructed moulds, which are closely jointed, perfectly
smooth and true in alignment. The moulds must be constructed so that no bulging or
distortion can occur during consolidation of the concrete, and should be fitted with suitable
fastenings to facilities easy removal without injury to the units.
The Contractor shall provide facilities for the Engineer or his Representative to carry out any
tests or inspection during all stages of manufacture as may be required to ensure the quality
and soundness of the units. The proposed method of manufacture is to be approved by the
Engineer before production of the units commences. All units shall have impressed upon
them in some convenient position the date of manufacture and such distinguishing letters as
the Engineer may direct.
The moulds will be struck at such a time so that the units are not subject to risk of damage or
distortion. All concrete shall be kept damp for seven days and protected from the direct rays
of the sun for a further period of 14 days.
All concrete surfaces and moulds shall be protected during casting and for 14 days thereafter
from the effects of the sun, wind and rain, etc., and the concrete shall be cured for a period of
7 days after casting, all to the satisfaction of the Engineers Representative. The striking of
moulds shall be without damage to or distortion of the concrete surfaces.
Units, which show signs of honeycombing or are badly pitted on any of the faces or are
otherwise defective will be rejected and must be immediately broken up.
Units are to be stacked to the approval of the Engineers Representative and arranged so that
they are available for use in order of age.
The methods of transport and delivery of the units to site must be such that the units are
protected from severe shock and any damage whatsoever. The Engineer or his Representative
must approve the proposed methods of loading, transport and off-loading before delivery
commences.
Precast concrete goods, whether they have been purchased for use in the works, or
manufactured by the Contractor shall be in accordance with the requirements of the following
British Standards, as applicable:
B.S. 340
1963
Precast Concrete Kerbs, Channels, Edgings and Quadrants
B.S. 368
1971
Precast Concrete Flags
B.S. 556
1972
Concrete Cylindrical Pipes and Fittings
B.S. 1194
1969
Concrete Porous Pipes
B.S.2028
1968
Precast Concrete Blocks
Should any portion of the work give evidence, in the opinion of the Engineer or his
Representative, that the concrete is of inferior quality, insufficiently compacted, segregated or
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
improperly deposited and rammed in the forms of that any of the reinforcement or fittings has
been omitted, incorrectly placed or subsequently displaced or that it suffers from any defects,
omission or injury from any cause whatsoever which may adversely affect the strength or
durability of the construction, the Contractor shall, on the written instructions of the Engineer,
remove and reconstruct that portion of the work in such a manner as the Engineer shall direct
or approve to ensure that the requirements of this specification are fulfilled.
No repairs shall be made to any faulty work until is has been inspected by the Engineers
Representative and his permission to proceed obtained. All costs involved in the
reconstruction of faulty work shall be borne by the Contractor.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
9.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
9.1
Cement
In additional to any relevant clause of this specification, the following shall be deemed to
apply in particular to prestressed concrete work, and shall be read in conjunction with all other
relevant clauses (especially those referring to mass and reinforced concrete) of the conditions
of contract and this specification.
a. The cements shall be rapid-hardening Portland cement in accordance with the latest B.S.
12 or other cement not labelled as such but having the same qualities. The use of high
alumina cement will not be permitted.
b. The cement is to be packed in waterproof steel drums and delivered to the site in first
class conditions. Each consignment is to be clearly marked with the date of manufacture
and the date of arrival. The drums of cement are to be lifted and handled with care so as
to avoid damage, and the sealed lids are to remain intact until ready for use.
c. Cement is to be stored on site under cover from the weather and is to be protected from
deterioration. Each drum is to be fully used up once opened, and no cement is to be
stored in drums, which have previously been opened.
9.2
Aggregates
All concrete aggregates to be used for prestressed concrete work shall be properly cleaned and
graded strictly to the requirements of the latest B.S. 882 to which end the Contractor shall
provide washing and grading equipment on the site.
Materials, which are rejected from the grading process, may be used up in 6A or 8A grade
concrete in other parts of the works at the discretion of the Engineers Representative. Any
rejected material is to be removed forthwith from the site by the Contractor at this own
expense.
Fine aggregate shall consist of naturally occurring sand obtained from fresh water river
deposits approved by the Engineers Representative. The grading of sand particles shall
satisfy the percentages stated for Zones 1 or 2 in B.S. 882, and given in the following table.
Coarse aggregate shall consist of natural gravel or of crushed granite rock obtained from a
source to be approved by the Engineer or his Representative. The grading of coarse aggregate
particles shall strictly satisfy the percentages for 19.05mm 4.76mm nominal size stated in
B.S. 882 as given in the following table with a content not exceeding 1% passing the B.S No.
7 sieve size.
Percentage Passing
Aggregate
Sieve Size
No.100
No.52
No. 25
No. 14
No. 7
4.76mm
9.52mm
19.05mm
38.1mm
Fine
aggregate
Zone 1
0-10
5-20
15-34
30-70
60-95
90-100
100
Fine
aggregate
Zone 2
0-10
8-30
35-59
55-90
75-100
90-100
100
0-1
0-10
25-55
95-100
100
Coarse
aggregate
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Samples of the chosen aggregates shall be delivered to site and prepared by the Contractor at
this own expense, using the methods proposed for the whole works.
Samples of each aggregate as it is to be used are to be submitted by the Contractor to a testing
authority approved by the Engineer or his Representative. Each sample should consist of not
less than 45kg weight of fine aggregate and 90kg weight of coarse aggregate, and are to be
tested to examine the compliance of the specified requirements. The Contractor shall obtain
from the Engineer or his Representative written approval of the tests and types of aggregates
chosen, together with the proposed arrangements for use on the works.
Washing of aggregates may only be carried out using clean fresh water, obtained from an
approved source. The Contractor is to provide adequate storage facilities and arrange to
obtain this water at times chosen so as to cause the minimum of inconvenience to other
consumers.
9.3
Water
The water to be used for concrete manufacture shall be clean fresh water taken from an
approved source and shall at all times be kept free from chemical or organic impurities and
dissolved salt solutions which may have a harmful effect on the concrete.
9.4
Untensioned Reinforcement
Such reinforcement is to be of mild steel or high tensile steel as specified in the drawings.
a. Mild steel reinforcement shall be rolled mild steel bars are for reinforced concrete works
and shall comply in all respects with the latest B.S. 4449 and 4482.
b. Untensioned high-tensile steel reinforcement shall be either hard drawn pre-stressing
wires as specified hereunder or shall be deformed bars of quality and manufacture
approved by the Engineer.
9.5
Pre-Stressing Steel
For the purpose of this specification, the term pre-stressing tendon or tendons shall mean
a single wire, bar or strand or a number of wires or strands grouped into a cable or a group of
bars.
Steel for the pre-stressing tendons shall be one of the following types as specified in the
drawings.
a. Hard drawn high tensile steel wires for pre-stressing, conforming to the requirements of
the latest B.S. 2691 (1969). The wire shall have a minimum ultimate tensile strength of
100 to 110 tons/sq in and a 0.2% proof stress of not less than 85% of the ultimate strength.
b. Open-hearth silicon-manganese steel bars to the latest B.S. 970 hot-rolled and
subsequently processed to give the required physical properties for use in pre-stressed
concrete. The bars shall have a minimum ultimate tensile strength range of 64-72 tons/sq.
in and a 0.2% proof stress being not less than 85% of the ultimate strength.
c. Pre-stressing strands produced from high tensile plain carbon steel wires of quality and
manufacture approved by the Engineer.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
These shall conform to the following minimum physical properties:
Type of
Strand
Nominal
Dia.
Min.
Breaking
Strength
Min.
Proportional limit
(0.01%
offset)
Min. load at
1.0%
extension
Min.
Elongation
to fracture in
610mm
Seven wire
pre-stressing
strand
12.5mm
37,000
22,200
31,450
Multi-layer
pre-stressing
strand
22.2mm
113,000
25.4mm
148,000
28.6mm
185,000
The mechanical properties, which are not specified in this table, shall be subject to the
approval of the Engineer.
a. The Engineer may permit the use of pre-stressing steel manufactured to standards
equivalent to those mentioned above provided that minimum strength requirements are
complied with, as indicated in this specification.
b. Copies of manufacturers test certificates and stress/strain diagrams shall be obtained by
the Contractor and given to the Engineer or his Representative for each consignment of
pre-stressing steel reinforcement. These certificates may be obtained and approved by the
Engineer or his Representative before the pre-stressing steel reinforcement is used in the
works.
c. Pre-stressing steel wires, strands or bars shall be delivered to the site in coils or in bundles
as specified by the manufacturers. If in coils, these shall be of such diameter as to be selfstraightening when unrolled. The coils shall be securely tied and fully wrapped in a
strong waterproof protective covering with the diameter and length of wire or strand
indicated on the outside.
d. Coils and bundles of pre-stressing steel shall be stored flat on a floor raised off the ground
and under full cover from the weather. They shall be protected from damage, oil,
corrosion or any deleterious matter, and shall not be opened until required. Before being
manufactured into pre-stressing cables the wire shall be cleaned free from loose rust and
any deleterious matter and inspected by the Engineers Representative for approval. Prestressing steel reinforcement which shows signs of pitting or has any surface defects such
as splits, roughness or necking is not to be used, and any lengths of wire or strand so
affected are to be cut out of the coil and rejected.
e. The Engineer may require tests on pre-stressing steel in addition to those of manufacture,
and the Contractor is to make all arrangements to supply samples for testing to a
nominated testing authority.
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9.6
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Sheathing
Sheathing to pre-stressing tendons is to be of corrugated type such as hydra rigid or similar
approved by the Engineer.
Corrugated sheathing is to be delivered to the site coiled onto large diameter wooden drums,
securely fastened and protected from damage.
Corrugated sheathing is to be stored on site under cover from the weather, and shall be
protected from rusting, damage, oil or any other deleterious matter and shall be clean and free
from all such matter before being used in the works.
Sheathing shall be carefully examined prior to use and any damaged lengths shall be cut away
and rejected.
Joints in corrugated sheathing shall be formed by the use of couplers and/or by wrapping the
joints with tape. They shall be so designed as to prevent the ingress of cement, concrete or
other material during casting. All joints in sheathing shall be approved by the Engineers
Representative.
9.7
Concrete Proportions
9.7.1
Preliminary Tests
Preliminary tests to determine the grade concrete mix proportions for pre-stressed work shall
be undertaken as soon as the sources and qualities of cement, water and aggregate have been
chosen.
The Contractor shall deliver to a testing authority to be approved by the Engineer, sufficient
quantity of cement and prepared aggregates to enable concrete cubes to be made. Such cubes
shall be manufactured under laboratory conditions, using dry aggregates and proportions
calculated to give the desired workability and 10% more than the average 28 days works cube
strength given in Table Item 9.22. At the same time, the Contractor shall arrange to make
two concrete mixes on site using the same proportions of cement, water and aggregates as
used in the laboratory tests, which the methods to be adopted for the whole of the works. Six
cubes shall be made from the second batch of concrete out the mixer, and subsequently tested
by the approved testing authority. The amount of water used for mixing under site conditions
shall take into account the weight of water contained in the wet aggregates used shall be
adjusted accordingly.
The results of these preliminary tests shall give cube strengths of not less than those stated in
the Table Item 9.22.
All cubes shall be 150 x 1 50 x 150mm and made in standard steel moulds according to the
procedures described in B.S. 1881 and shall be vibrated. As a result of these tests, the mix
proportions for the pre-stressed concrete work shall be chosen and approved by the Engineer.
Thereafter, these proportions shall be adhered to throughout the works and may be varied only
on instructions given by the Engineers Representative.
9.7.2
Water-Cement Ratio
The water-cement ratio shall be chosen from the laboratory tests, and shall be taken as the
total weight of water added to the mix using completely dry aggregates, divided by the total
weight of cement. The amount of water to be added to each batch of concrete under site
conditions, shall be calculated from the results of moisture tests on the aggregates and the
weight of cement used for each batch, using the same total water-cement ratio as used in the
laboratory tests. No deviation from this water-cement ratio shall be made except with the
written approval of the Engineers Representative.
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9.8
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Field Tests
The Contractor is to provide the following apparatus on site, for the testing of aggregates and
concrete mixes which, where applicable shall apply with the requirements of B.S. 1881 and
812.
a. Sampling pans for aggregate moisture tests.
b. Electric ovens for drying out samples of wet aggregates.
c. Accurate compensating balances weighing up to 10 kilograms with weights.
d. 12 No. Steel moulds for 6 cubes, with base plates.
e. Kango Hammer vibrator for making cubes.
f.
2 No. Slump cones with base plates and tamping rods.
g. 1 Compacting factor apparatus.

h. Water tank for curing concrete cubes.
i.
Concrete cube testing apparatus.
j.
Check weights for mixer weigh batchers.
k. Copper sampling tube for extracting cement samples.

l.
Apparatus for testing contents of silt, clay, organic impurities in fine aggregates.
m. Airtight tins or jars for despatch of cement samples.

n. Two sets of B.S. sieves Nos 100, 52, 25, 14, 7, 4.76, 9.52, 12.7, 19.05, 25.4, 38.1mm for
aggregate grading tests.
o. Complete apparatus for gamma-ray inspection of grout in ducts for pre-stressing tendons.
p. Cover-meter for inspection of concrete cover to reinforcement, pre-stressing steel or
ducts.
q. Load cell for directly reading tension in pre-stressing tendons during stressing.
All equipment listed above shall be supplied and maintained in perfect condition by the
Contractor at this own expense for the duration of the works. After completion of the works,
all equipment shall remain the property of the Contractor.
9.9
Batching and Mixing

All materials used for concrete manufacture shall be batched by weight.
Before the casting of each pre-stressed beam, the quantity of aggregates to be used shall be
separated from the stockpiles at the mixer and thoroughly turned over by hand. Samples shall
then be taken of each aggregate and moisture tests carried out to determine the percentage dry
weight water content of each aggregate.
From these results the weights of wet aggregates and water to be used in mixing shall be
calculated from the chosen quantity of cement to be used for each mix, using the dry weights
proportions determined from the preliminary concrete tests.
During the casting of each beam, strict control shall be maintained at the mixer to ensure that
the correct weights of materials are consistently used for each mix of concrete. The
workability of the concrete shall be frequently checked using the compacting factor test so
that the consistency of the concrete is kept uniform. Mixes, which show large variation from
the workability aimed at, due to varying aggregate conditions or errors in batching, will be
rejected and the necessary corrections are to be made to the mix immediately this is observed.
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Stockpiles of aggregates are led in while casting of the beams is taking place. The mixer and
adjacent aggregate stockpiles shall be placed under temporary roofing so as to be fully
protected from the direct rays of the sun and rain.
9.10
Placing of Concrete
Casting of pre-stressed beams shall be carried out on specially prepared casting beds, which
are to be constructed under a temporary roofing so as to be fully protected from the direct rays
of the sun and rain.
The methods of vibration to be used shall be carefully designed to ensure full compaction of
the concrete and first class appearance without subsequent patching of concrete faces. Full
details of the Contractors proposed methods of manufacturing the beams shall be submitted
to the Engineers Representative for approval.
The Contractor is to allow for a preliminary casting of a short length of beam complete with
pre-stressing cables and reinforcement, using the proposed methods of vibration for the whole
works, which shall show that full compaction is achieved and verify that adequate workability
is provided by the proposed concrete mix proportions.
Each pre-stressed component shall be cast in one continuous operation and no construction
joints will be allowed.
9.11
Curing of Concrete
Curing of the pre-stressed components shall ensure a slow heat evolution in the concrete and
that shrinkage cracks are avoided.
Pre-stressed components shall be completely covered with hessian, which shall be kept
continuously wet for a period of seven days. If tensioning of the pre-stressing tendons takes
place before this time, the hessian shall be retained in position until the period of seven days
has expired.
The pre-stressed components shall then be cured in air for a further period of seven days
before being erected into position on the bridge.
9.12
Subject to the approval of the Engineers Representative, stripping of side formwork may take
place as soon as is convenient after the concrete had reached its final set. Stripping of bottom
formwork shall not be carried out until after transfer of pre-stress to the pre-stressed
component.
Moulds shall be of such a nature as not to allow the concrete member to deform when the prestress is applied. The bottom portions of the moulds shall be prevented from adhering to the
concrete.
9.13
Surface Finish
Pre-stressed concrete work shall, unless otherwise specified, have a smooth finish on all
surfaces exposed in the completed work. Surfaces which will be contact with concrete cast in
place for form a composite construction shall be purposely left very rough, in order to provide
an adequate key. The valleys and ridges of a roughening system shall not be parallel with the
direction of stressing.
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9.14
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Tolerances
The Contractor shall provide continuous, experienced supervision during all mould-assembly
and concreting operations, in order to ensure that the tolerance in longitudinal dimensions for
all concrete work shall remain within the following limits:
a. For component about
9m long 6mm
b. For component about
18m long 10mm
c. For component about
36m long 12mm
The tolerance for lack o straightness on plan or variation in camber shall also be of the same
order as shown above for the respective lengths of the components.
The dimensional tolerances on web steel shall be of the order 3mm.
9.15
Pre-stressing
9.15.1
General
The pre-stressing force applied shall be that shown on the drawings.

In order that any applied force may be maintained after the tensioned tendons have been
anchored, an allowance must be made in assessing the value of the applied force for loss of
stress due to the yield in the anchorages and for slip when the tendon is wedged after
tensioning.
At transfer of the pre-stress, the concrete shall have the cube strengths as shown on the
drawing, or as specified. These requirements shall be ascertained from works tests on three
cubes manufactured and cured under the same conditions as the concrete member.
Sufficient cubes shall be made so that if the stipulated strength is not achieved, further cubes
will be available for such additional testing as may be required.
At transfer of pre-stress, the measured deflection of the beam shall not exceed the limits given
on the drawings, or as specified.
9.15.2
Post Tensioning
The system of pre-stressing and the magnitude of the post tension in a structural component
shall be as shown on the drawings.
Pre-stressing cables shall be manufactured on site from coils of wires or strands. The cable
consisting of a number of high tensile steel wires or strands shall be formed in the manner as
directed by the Engineer or his Representative. In estimating the length of all cables, extra
allowance must be made for attaching either one or two tensioning jacks as instructed by the
Engineer. The method of measurement for the purpose of payment shall be the length of the
finished cable placed, positioned, tensioned, anchored, cut and grouted complete as in the
finished structure.
Tendons shall be carefully handled so as to avoid sudden bends or kinks, and threaded into the
flexible sheathing before being placed into the beam formwork. The sheathing and the prestressing tendon shall be rigidly supported in the exact positions as shown on the drawings so
that no movement can take place during casting of the beams.
The anchorages shall be placed accurately in accordance with the drawings and firmly fixed to
resist displacement during vibration of the concrete. The anchorages shall be fixed so as to be
perfectly collinear with the axis of the tendons and to remain so throughout the casting of the
component.
An approved system of post-tensioning shall comply with the following requirements:
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a. The method of tensioning and final anchorage shall be of such a nature that the controlled
total force is imposed and maintained without slip relative to the concrete after the
application of pre-stress.
b. The tensioning apparatus shall efficiently transfer the force from the pre-stressing steel to
the concrete by means of the anchorage without inducing dangerous secondary stressed in
the steel, the anchorage, or the concrete.
c. The anchorage system shall be secure against both sustained and fluctuating load and
against the effect of shock.
d. The anchorage itself shall be adequately protected against corrosion following the
completion of the final stressing operation.
e. Tendons after being placed in ducts or sheaths shall be so arranged as to allow an
unrestricted flow of grout and it shall be ensured that tensioned tendons are completely
embedded and the ducts effectively filled, unless specific instructions are given on the
drawing that the tendons are to be left un-bonded. The treatment of un-bonded tendons
shall be as approved by the Engineer or his Representative.
Joints in the spaces between a series of precast concrete elements, which are to be prestressed together, shall be made precisely in accordance with the requirements shown on
the drawings.
Suitable extensions or connection of the ducts through the gaps shall be provided and
steps taken to ensure that the jointing material does not enter the duct or press against the
pre-stressing steel. The holes for the pre-stressing steel shall be accurately made and meet
one another in true alignment at the ends and shall permit unobstructed passage of the
grout.
9.16
Tensioning
a. No post-tensioning of pre-stressing tendons shall take place until the concrete has attained
the specified strength as ascertained from tests on cubes cured and hardened under the
same conditions as the concrete or the member. Before stressing, single wires or strands,
the wires or stands in each cable shall be of equal length and tension.
b. Tensioning shall be carried out with the approved type of jacks.
c. Before tensioning the anchorages shall be carefully cleaned on all surfaces.
d. The amount of tension given to the tendons shall conform to a schedule of tendon
tensions, to be supplied by the Engineer, and will be based on the test data for the prestressing steel.
e. Measurement of the force shall be by an accurate gauge indicating the force on the
hydraulic jack and also by the elongation of the steel, after allowing for any initial slip in
the wedges or jaws of the grips. The Engineer may also specify the use of a load cell to
determine the tendon tension directly.
f.
Approval shall be obtained from the Engineers Representative before each tendon is
anchored. The Contractor shall provide printed sheets and supply the Engineers
Representative with a record of all extensions and pressure readings for each tendon in
every pre-stressed structural component.
g. No tensioning of tendons can commence until permission is obtained to do so from the

Engineers Representative.
h. The order and sequence of tensioning shall be as specified on the drawings or as
instructed by the Engineers Representative.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
i.
The pre-stressing force should be applied from one or both ends as specified on the
drawings.
j.
Each wire, pair of wires, cables, stands or bar shall be attached in such a manner as to
ensure that the elongation is uniform throughout its length. Should any tensioned steel or
anchorage break or be damaged; it should be replaced if so ordered. Throughout all
tensioning operations, a spare jack capable of maintaining the designated load should be
available.
k. All tensioning shall be carried out in the order specified or approved. After tensioning,
the wires, strands or bars shall be secured in position and cut off as directed.
l.
9.17
The men employed shall be experienced in this class of work. Every precaution shall be
taken to ensure the safety of the workmen during the tensioning period.
Grouting
a. After tendons have been tensioned and anchored they shall be grouted up solid throughout
suitable outlets with plugs being provided to prevent air locks unless otherwise specified.
The Engineer shall approve the methods of mixing and injecting the grout before grouting
is commenced. The pressure at which the grouting is to be pumped into the duct shall be
approved by the Engineer and shall not normally exceed 80lbs per square inch.
b. Grout shall be either a neat cement grout with a water-cement ratio not exceeding 0.4 or
cement mortar (1:1 by weight). An expanding plasticising admixture should be used. All
ducts and holes shall be thoroughly washed out with water immediately before grouting
and after the stressing operation has been completed. Grouting is to be carried out
continuously, the discharge from consecutive air holes being observed throughout. The
mixer shall be thoroughly cleaned before grouting is commenced. A complete squaregrouting plan for immediate use in case of emergency or breakdown of the equipment in
operation shall be available.
c. Care shall be taken to avoid lumps in the cement, and sieving shall be carried out before
mixing the grout. It is essential to mix up a quantity of grout sufficient for a particular
duct immediately prior to its injection and to use only this batch on the duct.
d. During the grouting operation, grout shall be continuously added to the bucket from
which the grout is being pumped and bucket shall not be changed, otherwise air may enter
the sheathing with the grout.
e. Before the commencement of grouting and after the completion of it, reports shall be
made to the Engineers Representative in writing. The duct shall be plugged when grout
is issuing freely from the outlet end, and once plugged the pressure shall be gradually
reduced to prevent blowbacks or air pockets.
After grouting, the ends of the anchorages and any projecting ends of cut-off tendons shall
be covered over by a 1:1 mix mortar packed hard into the recesses on the beam.
9.18
Pre-Tensioning
In long line beds for pre-tensioning due consideration shall be given to the friction caused by
the varying shape and number of diaphragms which will affect the magnitude of the applied
pre-stressing force.
In order to obtain concrete of uniform strength where members are cast in a long-line bed, the
difference in strength at transfer between components of the same type cast in the same line
shall not exceed 15%. The Contractor shall satisfy the Engineers Representative by tests on
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
special cubes cured under the same conditions as the members that this condition is complied
with.
With pre-tensioning, the specified force shall be maintained by the use of approved fixing
devices at the ends of the tensioned steel during concreting and curing, until the concrete has
attained the strength specified. The tensioned steel shall then be released gradually and
uniformly.
9.19
Transverse Pre-Stressing
Transverse pre-stress shall be as specified and shown on the drawings.
Joints between precast concrete units are to be made in accordance with the drawings or
instructions from the Engineers Representative. They shall consist of dry or wet joints. In
the case of dry joints, they shall be filled with dry concrete quality (see Item 9.22), which shall
be mechanically rammed into position, and in the case of wet joints they shall be filled with
wet concrete quality (see Item 9.22) and fully vibrated into position. In both cases, joints shall
be finished flush with the pre-cast concrete faces. During jointing, protection and
continuation shall be given to the transverse cable holes, using a method to be approved by the
Engineers Representative.
Transverse pre-stressing tendons shall be as indicated on the respective drawing and threaded
through the transverse holes after the structural components are in position. Tensioning will
be carried out to a schedule of tendon tensions to be supplied by the Engineer, and must be
commenced at the centre working towards the ends symmetrically. The tendons are to be
grouted up in the same way as for the longitudinal pre-stressing.
Permission shall be obtained from the Engineers Representative prior to the commencement
of stressing and grouting and the completion of stressing and grouting shall be reported to the
Engineers Representative all as for the longitudinal pre-stressing.
9.20
Additional Requirements
The following additional requirements shall be complied with.
No cracks will be permitted on account if:
a. Shrinkage, settlement of formwork, or damage in handling before application of prestress.
b. Local weakness of concrete at or immediately following pre-stressing, or
c. Improper handling and transporting after application of pre-stress.
Where grooves are provided in which tendons have been placed, they shall be cleaned before
the mortar is inserted.
Mortar shall consist of one part by weight of cement to three parts of sand with a watercement ratio not exceeding 0.4 and shall be thoroughly compacted in the grooves, preferably
the use of vibrators, and subsequently cured.
Alternatively, mortar comprising one part of cement to one part by weight of sand together
with an approved expanding plasticising agent and less water may be used. External cables
shall be embedded in mortar of these proportions, an upper cover being placed over the cables
after vibration is completed to ensure the expansion occurs uniformly within the original
profile.
Any tension and retensioning procedure when allowed for offsetting losses shall be strictly in
accordance with the instructions of the Engineers Representative.
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The procedure to be adopted for all operations, using large diameter single strands used as
pre-stressing tendons shall be specifically approved by the Engineer.
9.21
Lifting and Handling

The Contractor shall furnish the Engineers Representative with full details of the proposed
method of transporting and erecting for his approval before commencing this work. Should
any cracking or other damage to components during transport or erection render the
components unfit for use, the Contractor shall replace the same at his own expense.
The method of lifting and handling pre-stressed beams is to ensure that the design dead weight
bending moment is not exceeded at any point in the beam throughout the whole operation.
Lifting from casting beds shall not take place until grouting is completed and at least 24 hours
old. Erection of the beams onto the bridge spans shall not take place until the concrete has
attained cube strength as specified on the respective drawings. The lifting of the beams shall
be made using temporary lifting devices provided by the Contractor the Engineers
Representatives approval. Initial lifting from casting beds and final lowering onto bearings
shall be carried out using hand operated chain blocks so as to avoid sudden shock in the
beams.
Beams shall only be stored on specially prepared temporary bearings, which must be such that
the design dead weight bending moment is not exceeded at any point. Beams shall only be
stored singly, and not on top of each other.
Transporting of beams from place of storage to be point of erection shall be carried out using
a purpose-made conveyance which will ensure that the design dead weight bending moment is
not exceeded at any point over the length of the beam, and shall be designed so as to avoid
winching or dragging the beams in a horizontal direction over rough ground. The transporting
of other structural components shall be as approved by the Engineer.
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9.22
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Concrete Mixes
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Class of
Concrete
Max. size of
Aggregate
Total volume of
Dry aggregates
measured
separately to
50kg of cement
cu. metre
Volume of dry
fine and coarse
aggregates to
50kg of cement
cu. metre
Maximu
m
water/
cement
ratio
Works Test Min.
Preliminary Tests
Compressive strength in
kgs per sq. metre at
Min. compressive strength

in kgs per sq. metre at
Fine
Pre-stressed
concrete
Note
8.38mm for slabs
0.128
0.0427
Coarse
0.0853
Ratio
0.4
7 days
3585 x 10
28 days
4220 x 10
7 days
3950 x 10
28 days
4645 x 10
18.75mm
elsewhere
Water/Cement Ratio
Ratios given are for compaction without vibration and are the maximum allowable.
Wherever justified, ratio is to be reduced to a minimum as agreed with the Engineer
Proportions of Mix
The proportions given in the table are nominal and may be altered by the Engineer if the specified strengths are
not achieved or if the combined aggregate grading is unsatisfactory. The extra cost if any of such alterations
shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates and prices.
C:\USERS\PATRICK.KOLAWOLE\DESKTOP\POK SPECIFICATION\CODES\ROADS BRIDGES SPECIFICATION 2008 JUNE 9 PAGE 59

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10.
CONCRETE PILES
10.1
Pre-Cast Concrete Piles
ROADS AND BRIDGES
The pre-cast reinforced concrete piles shall be manufactured on the site in lengths as directed.
The concrete shall be quality 3BV as hereinbefore specified.
Shoes, reinforcement, forks, links, toggle-hole tubes, and other fittings shall be fixed
accurately in the position shown on the drawings. Shoes shall be fitted with the point axial
with the pile. The lower ends of the reinforcement bars shall bear on the top of the shoe and
the upper ends of the bars shall not differ in level by more than 6mm.
The moulds shall be so supported that the pile is not distorted during casting or subsequently.
The sides of the moulds shall not be removed until three days after casting and the pile shall
not be disturbed for at least seven days after casting.
Notwithstanding the foregoing requirements, the Contractor shall be responsible for any
damage done to the pile due to the sides of the mould being removed or the pile being
removed from the mould bottom too soon or from any other cause, and all piles damaged
during manufacture, handling, driving, or at any other time, shall be replaced at the
Contractors expense.
The piles shall be removed from the mould bottom only by canting sideways and rolling to the
stacking ground for curing. The runners or other supports upon which the piles are canted or
rolled shall be not more than 3m apart and shall be level with each other.
The piles are to be kept continuously damp for a period of at least ten days after casting.
Otherwise than aforesaid the piles shall not be handled, slung, pitched or driven until six
weeks after casting, and shall be protected from damage by any cause. The pile shall only be
slung from the toggle-holes provided in the positions shown on the drawings.
The piles shall be driven with approval driving equipment operated from an approved type of
frame. Weight of hammer and length of drop shall be as directed or approved by the
Engineer. During driving, the pile head shall be fitted with an approved cast steel helmet with
a timber stub-dolly and packing shall be renewed as often as necessary to protect the pile head
from damage. When the driving of any pile commences, it shall continue without cessation
from any avoidable cause until the pile has been driven to an approved set to the satisfaction
of the Engineer. The Contractor will be informed by the Engineer of the set required after the
test piles have been driven.
The piles shall be driven in the position shown on the drawings or within 75mm thereof, ands
shall be at the inclination shown on the drawings or within 1 degree thereof. The sequence
of driving the piles shall be left to the discretion of the Contractor who shall be responsible in
the driving of a pile shall cause defects in position or inclination, except within the
aforementioned tolerances of piles already driven. If a pile is at any time out of position, or
inclination by more than the aforementioned tolerances, the Engineer shall direct that at the
Contractors expense, the pile be extracted and re-driven, or a new pile driven in lieu thereof
in conformity with this specification.
A record of the driving of each pile shall be kept in the form to be prescribed by the Engineer.
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10.2
ROADS AND BRIDGES

The shuttering for pre-cast piles shall be of such dimensions and construction and with such
bracings as to maintain the correct shape and produce clean finished units free from
distortions of any sort. The sides of the moulds shall be so bedded that cement grout shall not
leak from under the sides.
10.3
Test Piles
Before casting the bulk of the piles the Contractor shall, at the location of each bridge
requiring piling, manufacture cure and drive entirely in accordance with this specification and
in position as directed, two test piles of the same cross section as the remaining piles, each of
the maximum length which can be driven using the piling frame available, which shall remain
as two of the permanent piles. Records of the driving of the two tests piles shall be taken as
directed. The Contractor shall allow for the manufacture of the remaining piles to commence
only after these test piles have been driven and when so instructed by the Engineer.
Payment for the fabrication and driving of the test piles shall be made at the tendered rates and
prices for working piles of the working piles of the same type entered in the Bill of Quantities.
10.4
Procedure for Testing Piles

The following procedure shall be adopted for the testing of piles.
a. Piles shall be load tested to twice the design load with the test load applied in seven
increments equal to 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2.0 times the design load with a
minimum of two hours between the additions of load increments. Increments shall not be
added until the rate of settlement is less than 1/100th of an inch per hour, or if for each
increment thereafter, the test load shall remain in place until there is no settlement in a 2hour period.
b. If the full test load can be applied without failure of the pile, this load shall remain on the
pile for 48 hours, after which the test load shall be removed in four equal decrements with
a minimum of one hour between decrements.
c. Readings of settlement and rebounds shall be made with a minimum of two dial gauges
mounted on an independent framework and positioned on opposite corners of the test
plate. Readings shall be recorded of the test plate. Readings shall be made every 30
minutes during the loading cycle and every hour during the application of the full test
load. Readings of rebound shall be made before and after each decrement and 24 hours
after the entire load has been removed.
d. The load test shall be considered satisfactory provided that the net settlement (after
rebound) does not exceed 0.50
e. Piles to be load tested will be contract piles driven in their proper location. During the
load testing of piles, the driving of contract piles may be continued at the Contractors
option provided the testing process is not affected by the pile driving. Should the results
of the load test indicate that longer piles are necessary, the Contractor will be required to
further drive piles driven during the load testing operation without additional cost to the
Owner except for the added pile length. Piles driven during the testing operation shall not
be filled with concrete until the required length and/or resistance has been determined by
the load test.
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10.5
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Stripping Heads of Piles

After they are driven, the concrete shall be cut away from the portion of the piles extending
above a level 75mm over the bottom of the pile caps, without damaging the reinforcement.
The binders, links, forks and toggle hole tubes within this portion shall be removed, and the
main bar reinforcement shall then be bent into the body of the pile cape as shown in the
drawings or as directed by the Engineers Representative.
10.6
Splicing of Piles
Where a pile is to have another length cast onto it the reinforcement at the to of the lower part
should be exposed for a distance of not less than forty times the diameter of the longitudinal
reinforcement. The upper lengths of main reinforcement shall be butted against the lower, and
the butts overlapped by splice bars of the same diameter as the main reinforcement, and eighty
diameters long as shown on the drawings.
The extension should be truly in line with the remainder of the pile, and be cured and allowed
to harden sufficiently to develop the strength necessary for further driving.
If he wishes, the Contractor will be allowed to cast these extra lengths of piles using concrete
made with Rapid Hardening Portland Cement.
The period of delay between casting and driving shall be as follows for the different types of
concrete:
10.7
Normal Portland Cement Concrete
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement Concrete 10 days
28 days
Pile Shoes
See Item 4.15.
10.8
Cased Piles (British Steel Piling or other approved)

10.8.1
Design
The soil data well below the anticipated depth of pile, must be obtained, also the loading
details, information on possible length of pile, and conditions of driving. These details will be
forwarded to British Steel Piling for them to specify casing size and thickness and weight of
hammer, and final set.
10.8.2
Handling and Pitching Casing
The casings can be lifted by manilla rope slings and do not have any special lifting points.
In order to prevent denting, the casing should not be bumped violently against hard
projections and care should be taken to prevent damage to the ends of the casings.
10.8.3
Driving Casing
A special cylindrical internal drop hammer of the correct weight and diameter appropriate to
the casing diameter must be used. This will be as specified by British Steel Piling.
Immediately before driving is commenced, plugs of dry 1:2:4 concrete must be deposited at
the bottom of the casing. This plug should have a compacted height of not less than about 2
times the pile diameter; allowance must be made for diving compaction causing 20-25%
reduction in height of plug.
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The amount of water/cement ratio must not exceed about 0.25 by weight, less than half the
normal amount. The aggregate used should comply with the specification for aggregate,
maximum size 25mm.
At the start of driving, small hammer drops should be employed for a number of blows until
the concrete plug has been compacted. If additional plugs have to be added, the same should
be done. The drop thereafter, should not exceed the final set, i.e. usually between 1.2m 2m.
The hammer rope should not be snatched before the hammer has completed its full drop.
Driving on one plug should not continue more than 1 hour after the concrete was mixed; a
similar dry plug should be inserted and driving continued as on the first plug.
The internal drop hammer may be operated from the jib of a crane or from a pile frame with a
winch.
10.8.4
Shoes for Piles
Cast piles are normally provided with shoes consisting of a circular flat steel plate, welded to
the casing by means of a full strength butt weld, having a throat thickness not less than the
casing thickness; the plate diameter is approximately equal to the outside diameter of the
casing.
If the shoes are not fitted with the casing manufacturer, the following tale is a guide to the
thickness of plate to use:
10.8.5
Internal Diameter of Casing
Thickness of Plate Shoe
250mm
10mm
300mm
10mm
350mm
12.5mm
400mm
12.5mm
450mm
16mm
500mm
16mm
Cutting the Casings
Flame cutting can do this, but in order to produce a sound weld when subsequently joining the
cutting must be carefully carried out so that the whole cut is square across the pile width.
10.8.6
Site Joints
Welding an extension length by means of a full-strength butt weld, having a throat thickness
not less than the casing thickness, can carry these out. The detailed system of jointing is to be
that recommended by the manufacturer, as the joint will be subject to severe impact stresses
during subsequent pile driving.
10.8.7
Concrete Filling
Unless otherwise stated, the concrete filling shall be 4B concrete, dropped in fro the top. No
steel reinforcement is required in the main pile length unless the pile is subject to tension
loads. Short bounding or starter bars at the top of the piles, should be used to connect into pile
caps or beams etc. Reinforcement may also be required in the upper portions of piles, which
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project above ground level, as in a jetty. If this reinforcement is heavy, 4BV concrete may be
required.
11.
CULVERTS AND BRIDGES
11.1
Minor Culverts
11.1.1
Concrete Pipes
Concrete pipes for use in culverts, shall be constructed in 1:2:4 concrete (9mm maximum
coarse aggregate) and in maximum lengths of 1.2m. All pipes shall be circular in crosssection, with wall of uniform thickness throughout. The thickness of the walls of the pipes
may be as shown below, but shall comply with the requirements of B.S. 556. All exterior and
interior surfaces shall be smooth, even and have uniform texture.
Internal Diameter of Pipe
Thickness of Wall
600mm
80mm
750mm
80mm
800mm
85mm
900mm
85mm
1000mm
95mm
1200mm
120mm
Forms shall not be removed until the concrete is at least 12 hours old and pipes must be cured
for at least 7 days before removal from the place of manufacture.
11.1.2
Invert Level of Culverts
Inverts of culverts not built in existing streambeds, ditches, gullies, etc. shall be at the same
level as the surrounding ground. As an exception, the invert of a culvert may be placed lower
than the surrounding ground where it is possible for the outlet drain or ditch to be dug within
the building line. Inverts of culverts built in existing streambeds, ditches, gullies, etc. shall be
at the same level as the bed of the stream, ditch, gully, etc. The fall of the inverts shall
conform, as far as possible, to the natural fall of the surrounding ground, or bed of streams,
ditch, gully, etc.
11.1.3
Concrete Pipe Culverts
Concrete pipe culverts shall be constructed in accordance with the drawings. Excavations
shall be taken out to the required dimensions sufficient to allow a 150mm thickness of
concrete around the pipes. The pipes shall be laid on their prepared bed true to line and level
and jointed in 3:1 sand/cement mortar and the whole surrounded with a 150mm thickness of
1:3:6 mass concrete for the entire length of the piped culverts.
11.1.4
Extension of Existing Pipe Culverts
Where existing concrete pipe culverts are to be extended, the extension shall be carried out in
accordance with the provisions of Item 11.1.3. The existing culvert shall be given a 150mm
surround of 1:3:6 mass concrete. Where existing head walls occur within the formation width,
they shall be removed to a minimum depth of 300mm below the new road level.
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The exiting culvert and the new extensions shall be cleared out and flushed as necessary on
completion to clear all dirt, cement mortar and other obstructions to allow the free passage of
water through its full internal area.
11.1.5
Galvanised Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts
Galvanised corrugated metal pipe culverts shall be constructed strictly in accordance with the
makers instructions, and to the size shown on the drawings. They shall be laid to uniform
line and grade, on 150mm of packed gravel. The lower quarter of the circumference of the fill
material, which must comply with the provisions of Items 3.6.1, 3.6.3 and 3.6.4. The fill
material around the structure shall be placed in 150mm layers and compacted to 100%
M.D.D./W.A.S.C. and shall be brought up evenly both sides of the pipe. It is important that
the fill material is kept at substantially the same height on both sides of the structure at all
times. Fill over the pipe shall be placed and compacted in the same manner. The fill must be
placed and compacted before any lengthy period of heavy rain has elapsed.
11.1.6
Galvanised Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts
Multi-plate culvert shall be constructed in accordance with the drawings, and to the length and
depth shown on the detailed drawings. The base slab and buttress walls shall be constructed
in 1:3:6 concrete and the approved segmental section shall be jointed together with the
coupling supplied by the manufacturer. The junction of the approved segmental section with
the buttress wall shall suit the units involved and shall be to the approval of the Engineers
Representative.
11.1.7
Rectangular Culverts
Box culverts shall be constructed to the grades and dimensions shown on the drawing, or as
directed by the Engineers Representative, and the finished surface shall be smooth and
regular, free from flaws, air holes and excrescences with a constant grade.
The grades of concrete and quantity and size of reinforcement to be used shall be as shown on
the drawings and shall comply in all respects with the requirements stipulated for mass and
reinforced concrete.
Culvert construction shall comply in all respects with the requirements of this specification or
such modification thereof as the Engineer may decide.
Extensions to the existing rectangular culverts shall be constructed in the same manner and
standards as new rectangular culverts.
11.1.8
Backfilling to Culverts
All filling or backfilling shall be of materials approved by the Engineers Representative and
shall be free of boulders, large lump rocks, rubbish or other undesirable material. Materials
obtained from the adjacent excavation may be utilised if found satisfactory and approved by
the Engineers Representative.
Backfill at culverts shall be placed in layers and carefully compacted to the required density
conforming with Items 3.6.1, 3.6.3 and 3.6.4.
No backfilling shall be carried out until the Engineers Representative has inspected and
passed the culverts and other structures, which will be covered up.
11.1.9
Culvert Outlets
The positions, lengths, dimensions and levels of all culverts including aprons shall be as
shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineers Representative. The culvert shall be
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cleaned out and flushed as necessary on completion to clear all dirt and other obstructions to
allow the free flow of water through its full internal cross-sectional area.
The outlets of all culverts shall be protected from erosion by stone pitching or concrete to a
minimum length of 6 feet from its face. The width of the pitching or concrete shall be decided
by the Engineers Representative and a toe-wall 500mm deep shall be constructed at the edge
of such pitching or concrete. The inlets to culvert shall be similarly protected, only where
directed by the Engineers Representative.
Where the gradient of the roadside drainage ditch would be excessive if the ditch were graded
to the invert level of culverts, catch pits shall be construction as and where directed by the
Engineers Representative. The catch pits shall be constructed of mass concrete to such
dimensions as required by the Engineers Representative.
Before any drain or culvert is brought into use, the Contractor shall ensure to the satisfaction
of the Engineers Representative that it is free from all extraneous material, all such material
being completely removed from the site.
During the period of maintenance the Contractor shall ensure that the drains and culverts shall
be kept clear of all obstructions and before the maintenance certificate is granted all drains
and culverts must be cleaned out to the satisfaction of the Engineer. All costs incurred shall
be deemed to the included in the tendered rates and prices.
11.1.10
Pitching
Pitching will be provided where shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineers
Representative, and shall comply with Items 3.6.9 and 6.15.
11.1.11
Excavation for Foundations
Excavation for foundations shall be of the width and length necessary for the construction of
the foundations, and shall be taken out to the depth shown on the drawing or to such depth as
directed by the Engineers Representative. The Engineers Representative shall agree the
final levels and dimensions and the Contractors measurement shall be nett, no allowance
being made for working space.
The Contractor shall supply, maintain and remove on completion, any timbering, sheet piling,
cofferdams, or other temporary work necessary for the retention of the faces of the excavation,
and for the safety of the workmen engaged thereon, and shall be entirely responsible for the
sufficiency thereof. During work thereon the excavations shall be kept free from water, by
pumping or other approved means. The term timbering shall mean all planking strutting,
wedges, dogs, straps, bolts, spikes, rails and other fastening and fittings whatsoever and of any
material. No payment shall be made to the Contractor for any timbering left in position unless
so left in by instruction of the Engineers Representative.
Should any slips occur in the faces of the excavation, the cavities shall be filled with concrete,
dry stone, or other materials, as directed by the Engineers Representative, at the Contractors
expense. Any sumps dug in the bottom of an excavation shall be filled in the same way.
Excavations shall be left open for as short period as possible. Immediately before
construction work is started within an excavation, the sides of the latter shall be trimmed, if
necessary and if so required under Item11.1.13, a further 50mm excavated from the bottom to
allow for the concrete blinding layer as specified in Item 11.1.13 hereof.
Suitable earth and other material taken from an excavation shall be set aside for re-use as
filling material. Unsuitable material shall be disposed of by the Contractor at least 15m from
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the centre line of the road. Should any of the suitable material excavated from lost from any
cause, the Contractor shall replace it with an equal quantity of other approved material, at his
own expense.
Where excavations have to be made and foundations formed below water level, suitable
arrangements shall be made to exclude the water from the site, and the Contractor shall, when
tendering, submit a full and clear description, supported by drawings and sketches, of the
methods he proposed to use in respect of each foundation where these conditions will be
encountered. The methods proposed shall be directed in all cases to permit the execution of
the whole of the work in the dry unless this is shown in the method statement to be entirely
impracticable and uneconomical. The Contractor must satisfy himself absolutely as to what
levels may be experienced at and during the period of construction, whether such water levels
be above ground level or below and as to what flows and water levels will be attained during
flood and high tide periods and as to the condition of soils and subsoil and all other matters
pertaining to the adequacy of the temporary works and the efficient and proper construction of
the works themselves. The Contractor shall take all precautions to prevent flooding of the
works and shall make good any loss or damage to the temporary works and the works
themselves caused thereby at this own cost and to the satisfaction of the Engineers
Representative.
11.1.12
Backfilling to Large Box Culvert and Bridge Abutments
The Contractor shall re-fill large box culverts and bridge abutment excavations with approved
fill material (including selected material excavated at the site), taking the utmost care not to
damage or disturb the structure.
Special attention shall be paid to compaction of the filling material placed behind bridge
abutments, or large box culverts. Compaction shall be carried out in layers, and each layer
shall be compacted, by means of suitable punners, or other approved means to 100% M.D.D./
W.A.S.C. Full compaction shall be attained over a wedge of material, tapering from zero
distance at full depth of fill to a distance of 7m back (or a distance equal to twice the depth of
fill, which ever is the greater) at deck level over the whole width of the embankment.
Distances back shall be measured from the edge of the rubble-filling see Item 11.1.16.
11.1.13
Concrete Blinding
Immediately after the bottom 50mm of the excavation has been removed as specified in Item
10.11, the entire area of the bottom of the excavation shall, where shown on the drawing or
otherwise required by the Engineers Representative, be blinded with a 50mm (finished thick
layer of concrete quality 8A). The concrete shall be as dry as practicable and shall be well
tamped into the ground. Where plain concrete is to be deposited on the blinding layer the
surface of the latter shall be left roughly grooved. Where reinforced concrete is to be
constructed thereon the surface of the blinding layer shall be spade finished and the specified
cover of concrete under the reinforcement shall be provided entirely above the blinding layer.
11.1.14
Loading Test
The Engineer shall arrange that a loading test be made on the works or any part thereof if in
his opinion such a test be deemed necessary for one or more of the following reasons:
a. The site-made concrete test cubes failing to attain the specified strength.
b. The shuttering being prematurely removed.
c. Overloading during construction of the walls or part thereof.
d. Concrete improperly cured.
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e. Any other circumstances attributable to alleged negligence of the part of the Contractor,
which in the opinion of the Engineer results in the works, or part thereof being less than
the expected strength.
f.
Any reasons other than the foregoing.
If the loading test be instructed to be made solely or in part for the reasons (a), the test shall be
made at the Contractors own expense. If the test were instructed to be made for one or more
of the reasons (b) to (e) inclusive the Contractor shall be reimbursed for the cost of the test if
the result thereof were satisfactory. If the test be instructed to be made for reason (f) specified
above, the Contractor should be reimbursed for all costs relating thereto irrespective of the
result of the test.
The test load shall not be applied within eighty-four days of the completion of placing of the
concrete in the part of the works to be testing and the latter shall not be supported during the
test by the shuttering of other non-permanent support. Means shall however be taken to
ensure that in the event of failure under the test temporary support of the loaded member shall
be immediately available. The test shall proceed strictly as instructed.
If the result of the loading test is not satisfactory in the opinion of the Engineer, the Engineer
shall instruct that the part of the works concerned shall be taken down or cut out and
reconstructed to comply with this specification, or that other remedial measures shall be taken
to made the work secure. If the test be instructed to be made for one or more of the reasons
(a) to (e) inclusive and the work is found to be unsatisfactory, the Contractor shall take down
or cut out and reconstruct the defective work or shall take the remedial measures instructed at
his own cost.
The test load to be applied shall be a series of tractors, lorries, or road rollers equivalent to the
1.10 times the design load of the particular structure, disposed of in one or more arrangement
so that the maximum bending moments, thrusts tensions and shear forces due to the test load
are produced at the critical sections. During the test a record of the sequence of al cracks and
deflections at mid-span will be kept together with any other observations which the Engineer
may elect to record. The residual deflection if any shall be recorded and if required by the
Engineer the test will be repeated. The period of loading shall be one hour in any particular
case or as otherwise directed by the Engineer.
11.1.15
Removal of Existing Bridges
The Engineer may require the Contractor to remove all or part of existing bridges or box
culverts. The Contractor shall take every precaution to salvage all sound members of the
existing structure such a timber beams and decking, steel joints and hand railing. All such
members which in the opinion of the Engineer are suitable for re-use shall remain the property
of the Employer and shall be cleaned and transported by the Contractor at this own expense to
a Ministry of Works Yard as directed by the Engineer.
Where possible existing piles shall be withdrawn, failing which they shall be cut-off at a level
to be directed by the Engineer.
The Contractor may make use of any other materials resulting from the removal of the
existing structure subject to the approval of the Engineer.
11.1.16
Rubble Filling
Approved rubble filling shall be placed over a width of 300mm behind all bridge abutments
and outer walls and wing-walls to large box culverts.
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11.1.17
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Expansion Joints
Vertical expansion joints shall be formed in the positions shown on the drawings and at such
other positions at the Engineer may direct. The joints shall be formed for the full depth of the
slab or wall and shall be 12mm wide unless otherwise shown on the drawings. The joint shall
be filled with approved joint filler as specified in Item 4.10 and after the adjacent concrete has
been placed and cured, the exposed sides of the joint shall be cleaned out for a depth o 50mm
and sealed with approved sealing compound (Item 4.11).
12.
STEEL REINFORCEMENT AND SHUTTERING
12.1
Bending Reinforcement
Schedules of steel reinforcement giving the location, bending, diameter, length and number of
various bars may be incorporated in the drawings or prepared on separate sheets. These
schedules have been prepared for the convenience of the Contractor, but their accuracy is not
guaranteed. It will be the Contractors responsibility to check all the schedules against the
drawings and to satisfy him as to errors, omissions and all other things regarding their
suitability for the work before such work is put into operation. All discrepancies shall be
brought to the notice of the Engineers Representative immediately and well in advance of
placing the reinforcement in the works. Where new schedules are required or existing ones
required to be amended, the Contractor shall prepare such new or amended schedules in
accordance with B.S. 4466 (1969) and forward three copies of each to the Engineers
Representative well in advance of placing reinforcement in the works. The Contractor shall
be responsible for his own ordering sheets.
The cost of checking all new and amended schedules as specified above shall be deemed to be
included in the tendered rates for reinforcement.
Reinforcement bars shall be bent by machine or other approved means producing a gradual
and even motion. Bars shall be bent cold unless the Engineer shall approve bars of over
25mm in diameter being bent hot. Bars bent hot shall not be heated beyond cherry-red colour,
and after bending shall be allowed to cool slowly without quenching.
Bars incorrectly bent shall only be used if the means adopted for straightening and rebending
be such as shall not injure the material. Without approval no reinforcement shall be bent
when in position in the works whether or not partially embedded in hardened concrete.
Bends shall comply with the dimensions described in the bending schedules or elsewhere.
Overall dimensions shall not be exceed and shall not be less than 6mm below the required
dimension. The size of binders and the like shall be within a tolerance of 3mm under or over
the specified dimensions. Any tolerance in the total length of the bar as cut shall be taken up
in the end hooks or other approved portions of the bar. Any discrepancies found by the
Contractor in the bending schedules, on the drawing, or in other documents shall be
immediately reported to the Engineer whose interpretation and instructions relating thereto
shall be accepted.
The internal radius of a bend shall be not less than twice the diameter of the bar nor less than
the radius given on the bending schedule or elsewhere. A hook and other end anchorage shall
be bent to an internal radius of twice the diameter of the bar. The internal radius of the bends
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at corners of binders and the like shall equal half the diameter of the bar embraced by the
binder. All bending shall be in accordance with B.S. 4466.
12.2
Fixing Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be accurately fixed, and by approved means maintained in the position
shown on the drawings or elsewhere. Bars intended to be in contact where passing each other
shall be securely wired together at such points with No. 1 gauge annealed soft iron tying wire.
Binders and the like shall tightly embrace the bars with which they are intended to be in
contact, and shall be securely wired or if approved spot-welded, thereto. The ends of the wire
shall be bent into the body of the work and not left projecting towards the surface of the
concrete.
Reinforcement shall be lapped, joined or spliced only where shown on the drawings. If
splices and the like are necessary elsewhere they shall be formed only as directed by the
Engineer.
Where practicable, bars for each member shall be assembled and fixed in the form of a rigid
cage before placing in the mould or shuttering.
Immediately before concreting, the reinforcement should be checked for position, cleanliness,
freedom from rust, or retarding liquid. Means shall be taken to ensure that reinforcement
remains correctly in position during the placing and consolidation of the concrete.
Reinforcement projecting from work being concreted or already concreted shall not be bent
out of its correct position unless so approved and shall be protected from deformation or other
damage.
12.3
Concrete Cover to Reinforcement

Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, the cover of concrete over the reinforcement bars
shall be as follows:
Horizontal, vertical, or inclined slabs, wall, arch slab etc. 25mm or the size of the bar,
whichever is greater.
Beams, columns, piles, etc main bars 37mm or the size of the main bar whichever is
greater.
Binders and the like 19mm minimum.
The specified cover shall be provided and maintained within a tolerance 3mm under or over
(except where specified as a minimum) by means of accurately made cement mortar or other
approved non-corrosive distance pieces.
12.4
Spacing of Bars
The minimum clear horizontal distance between adjacent bars in any one layer in beams or
similar, shall be 25mm or the diameter of the bar, whichever is the greater. The minimum
clear vertical distance between successive layers of main bars in beams, or similar, shall be
25mm unless otherwise stated on the drawings. These vertical clearances shall be maintained
by the provision of mild steel spacer bars of the required diameter inserted at such intervals
that the main bars do not perceptibly sag between adjacent spacer bars.
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12.5
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Construction of Shuttering
Shuttering and moulds for concrete shall be substantially and rigidly constructed of timber or
steel or pre-case concrete or other approved material and shall be true to the shape and
dimensions shown on the drawings.
Timber shall be well seasoned, free from loose knots and for shuttering of exposed concrete
faces, wrought on all faces. Faces in contact with concrete shall be free from adhering grout,
projecting nails, splits, or other defects that will mar the concrete surface. Shuttering for
foundations and other concealed work may be of undressed or rough timber.
All joints, except as hereinafter specified, shall be sufficiently tight to prevent leakage of
cement grout and to avoid the formation of fins or other blemished, and all faulty joints shall
be caulked. If timber boarding be continuously wet throughout the period of use, allowance in
the joints shall be made for timber expansion, when the shuttering is first constructed. Where
the appearance of the concrete face is important, the position and direction of the joints shall
be as directed.
Unless described on the drawings or elsewhere to the contrary, fillets shall be fixed in the
shuttering to form a 25mm chamfer on all external corners of the concrete whether or not such
chamfers be shown on the drawings.
Openings for inspection of the inside of the shuttering for walls, beams and similar work and
for the escape of wash-water, shall be formed in such a way that they can be conveniently
closed before starting to place the concrete.
Connections shall be constructed to permit of easy removal of the shuttering and shall be
either nailed, screwed, bolted, clamped, braced or otherwise secured so as to be sufficiently
strong to retain the correct shape during consolidation of the concrete by tamping, ramming,
vibration or other means. Wire ties shall not be used. Boltholes in the concrete shall be made
good by plugging with cement mortar after the removal of the bolts.
Top shuttering shall be provided to concrete faces where the slope exceeds 1 vertical to 2
horizontal. Such shuttering shall be counter-weighted or otherwise anchored against floating.
12.6
Erection of Shuttering
Shuttering shall be erected true to line and traced and strutted to prevent deformation under
the weight and pressure of the wet concrete, construction loads, wind pressure, or other forces.
The deflection shall not exceed 12mm. Beam soffits shall be erected with an upward camber
of 6mm for each 3m of horizontal span. It so directed calculations of designs of the shuttering
shall be submitted to the Engineers Representative for approval before construction, but
irrespective of such approval, the Contractor shall be held responsible for the sufficiency and
strength of the shuttering, and all other false work.
Beam and slab shuttering shall be so erected that the shuttering on beam sides and slab soffit
can be removed without disturbing the beam bottom boards. Re-propping of beams shall not
be approved except when props are reinstated to relieve the beams of loads in excess of the
design load as hereinafter specified. Vertical props shall be supported on folding wedges on
soleplates, or other measures shall be taken whereby the props can be gently lowered
vertically when commencing to remove the shuttering.
12.7

See Item 10.2
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13.
STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
13.1
Supply, Transport and Erection of Structural Steelwork

13.1.1
General
All materials and workmanship involved in the fabrication of steelwork shall comply with the
requirements of B.S. 152 1972 together with the additional requirements and modifications
specified hereinafter. All materials and fittings shall be the best of their respective kinds and
free from defects. All works shall be neatly finished; open joints will not be accepted.
Accurate workmanship is essential to ensure easy erection.
13.1.2
Working Drawings
Before any part of the work is put in hand the Contractor shall prepare working drawings.
The working drawing shall be submitted as mechanically reproduced prints on medium weight
paper showing either black lines on a white background or white lines on a blue background,
and all costs involved in supplying them shall be deemed to be included in the rates for
steelwork.
As soon as possible after the placing of the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare schedules of
all parts which go to make up the work, including bought out material, and shall forward a
copy to the Engineers Representative duly authorised inspector for guidance during
inspection.
13.1.3
Holes for Bolts and Rivets
All holes for rivets and black bolts shall be 1.5mm larger than the nominal diameter of the
cold rivet or bolt as manufactured and all holes shall be drilled, or drilled small and reamered.
Punching and sub punching and reamering shall be permitted only for floor plates and
troughing and only when these do not exceed 12.5mm in thickness.
Holes for turned bolts shall first be drilled at least 3m small in diameter and afterwards when
the structure is assembled, they shall be reamered or drilled to the correct size through all
thicknesses in one operation. The turned bolts shall not be easier than a light push fit in the
holes. No sub-punching will be permitted.
Where required, the Engineers Representative shall cut out rivets for examination and
afterwards replaced free of charge.
13.1.4
Washers
All bolts shall be provided with washers, those for turned bolts being bright finished. Round
washers shall not be less than 6mm thick for turned bolts and not less than 3mm thick for
black bolts. Tapered washers of the correct angle of taper shall be provided under all heads
and nuts bearing of bevelled surfaces and where tapered washers are required for turned bolts,
round washers shall also be supplied. Tapered washers shall be not less than 5mm mean
thickness.
13.1.5
Welding
No welding of any description will be permitted except where shown on the drawings. Site
welding will be permitted only with the written permission of the Engineer and then carried
out to the Engineers specific requirements.
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13.1.6
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Joints
Joints shall not be made in any plate or section or in any part of the work, except shown on the
drawings.
13.1.7
Notching of Flanges and Webs
When the flanges or webs of any joint or channel have to be cut or notched to enable the
section to be trimmed into another member, a hole of suitable diameter shall first be drilled
through the flange or web so as to leave a fillet at the intersection of the cut lines.
13.1.8
Bending and Pressing
Troughing up to 8mm thick may be pressed cold. Over 8mm and up to 12.5mm thick cold
pressing shall be subject to the approval of the Engineers Representative.
13.1.9
Shop Assembly
Members shall not be riveted up until the parts have been thoroughly scraped, cleaned and
feed from all scale and other deleterious matter. Thereafter, surfaces, which will be in
permanent contact after shop assembly, shall be given one coat of priming paint on each face
and the parts drawn firmly together with bolts whilst the paint is still wet. All rivet holes shall
be thoroughly brushed out and all burrs and exuded paint removed before rivets are inserted
and riveting commenced. Surfaces not in contact but which will be inaccessible after shop
assembly shall receive the full protective painting treatment before assembly, viz., one coat of
priming paint, one undercoat and one finishing coat. All paint and painting shall be in
accordance with the requirements of this Clause. All reamering of holes shall be carried out
in the Manufacturers works and the edges of all holes on the outside faces of member shall be
slightly arrised.
13.1.10
Machining
The bearing surfaces of bearing plates etc. shall be planed level, the cut being made in the
direction of expansion of the girder. Surfaces, which require planing and other parts that
require machining, are generally indicated on the drawings.
13.1.11
Erection at Manufacturers Works and Marking up for Re-erection
Before being dispatched, all bridge spans shall be temporarily erected completed in the
Manufacturers works so that the inspection Engineer can be satisfied as to both the alignment
and fit all connections.
After the work has been passed by the inspection Engineer and before it is dismantled, each
part shall be stamped with the distinguishing mark assigned to it on the marking drawings, in
figures not less than 15mm high, in such a manner that the pieces may be readily identified on
arrival at site and put together in their proper positions. The marking shall also be stencilled
on each part in one or more places after it has received the first coat of priming paint and a
circle of white paint shall be placed round each stamped erection mark. No marking other
than that specified shall be put on the steel work.
13.1.12
Painting
All paint shall be in accordance with Item 4.8.2. All exposed structural steelwork shall only
be painted when dry. No outside paintwork shall be carried out during wet weather or in the
early morning when the dew is still lying.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
All points of contact of the steelwork before assembly shall be cleared from rust, scale, dirt,
grease etc., by scraping, or wire brushing and shall be given one coat of Lexide Primer. After
assembly, the whole of the steelwork shall be thoroughly cleaned as described above, and
given a coat of Lexide Primer.
The second coat of heat and exposure resistant Aluminium Paint shall be applied when the
first coat has dried satisfactorily, at least 12 hours after the first coat application.
The third coat shall be of the same Aluminium Paint and shall be applied when the second
coat has dried satisfactorily, at least 12 hours after the second coat application.
As soon as the painting is otherwise complete, the date on which the work was finished shall
be stencilled on the structure in an obvious position.
13.1.13
Site Painting
Surfaces, which will be in permanent contact after site assembly or erection, shall be
thoroughly cleaned and freed from all scale, loose paint, grease and other deleterious coatings.
Areas of rust shall be cleaned down to the bare metal. The surfaces shall be thoroughly dried
and one coat of priming paint applied to each face. The parts shall then be drawn firmly
together whilst the paint is still wet. All rivet holes shall be brushed out and exuded paint
removed before the rivets are inserted. Similarly for bolts and boltholes.
Surfaces, which will be inaccessible after site assembly or erection, shall be thoroughly
cleaned and freed from all scale, loose paint, grease and other deleterious coatings. Areas of
rust shall be cleaned down to the bare metal. The surfaces shall be thoroughly dried and then
give one priming coat, one undercoat and one finishing coat of paint.
Care shall be taken to ensure that no paint shall be applied to or allowed to foul any
reinforcement or other steel work which is to be embedded in concrete. In the case of steel
joists which will be so embedded and steel troughing which will be concrete filled, and all
other such surfaces, those surfaces which will be in contact with the concrete shall be
thoroughly cleaned and freed from all rust, scale, loose paint, grease and other deleterious
coatings before the concrete is poured against them.
Where concreting or any other operation likely to foul the steel work has to be carried out
(e.g. pouring of concrete deck slabs supported on R.S. J.S), preparation and painting of
surfaces shall not be undertaken until such time as the cause of likely fouling or damage no
longer exists.
All paint and painting shall be in accordance with Item 13.1 of this specification.
13.2
Steel Sheet Piling

The construction of cofferdams formed by steel sheet piling shall follow the recommendations
of the Civil Engineering Code of Practice No. 4 (1954), issued by the Institution of Civil
Engineers and the following clauses for the abovementioned Code shall be considered to be
clauses of this specification:
4.3309
Construction
4.3310
Extraction and Removal
Steel sheet piling, which is specifically order for permanent works by the Engineer, shall be
painted as specified for structural steel work above and paid for at the rate entered in the Bill
of Quantities. Otherwise, steel sheet piling left in by the Contractor if ordered by the Engineer
shall be so painted at the Contractors expense.
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13.3
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Hand Railing
The Contractor shall supply and fix all necessary hand railing as shown on the drawings, in
accordance with Item 4.36 of this specification. If required by the Engineer, the Contractor
shall paint all hand railing in accordance with Item 4.40 and 13.1.
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14.
BITUMINOUS SURFACING
14.1
Prime Coat
a
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Bitumen
The bitumen used shall be as specified in Item 4.32.
The following table is a guide for the type of bitumen to be used, but in all new works, or
where the nature of the base-course changes, 15m test sections using the possible
alternative grades of bitumen shall first be laid. The grade that gives the most satisfactory
penetration (between 6mm and 12mm as approved by the Engineer) will be used.
Type of Base-Course
Surface
Grades of Bitumen
Temperature of
Application
Tightly bonded
M.C.O.
38 0 66C
Fine Open
M.C.1.
54 - 80C
Coarse Open
M.C.2.
66 - 107C
If bitumen is specified for curing soil-cement or soil-lime roads, M.C.1 or M.C.2 will be
used (Item 7.5), as directed, spread at approximately 5 square metres per 4.5 litres.
b
Preparation of Surface
Immediately before applying the bituminous primer, the surface should be brushed free of
all dirt and loose dust to present a clean hard surface. The road shall be thoroughly dried
and the surface approved by the Engineers Representative before the primer is applied.
Should any weak areas be found they shall be cut out and replaced with approved material
property compacted.
Application
The spread of bitumen from the Distributor shall be checked by the Depot Tray Test,
carried out in accordance with any one of the methods laid down in B.S. 1707, 1959,
Appendix A.
The bitumen shall be heated so that the temperature at application shall be as specified in
Item 14.1. The bitumen shall be sprayed over the full width of the road surface at the rate
of approximately 1.00 litre per square metre of road surface by means of an approved
engine operated or hand sprayer or multiple distributor.
Only if approved by the Engineers Representative will the Contractor spray half the
width of the road at a time. Except with special approval and direction of the Engineers
Representative, the bituminous primer shall not be covered with sand or mineral
aggregate, but shall be left to soak into the road. Where absorption is not sufficiently
rapid or where it is necessary to permit traffic over the freshly primed surface within a
short time after spraying, a small amount of sand or mineral aggregate shall be lightly
spread as directed by the Engineers Representative but not within a shorter period than
seven hours after spraying. The quantities shown in the Bill of Quantities are based on a
rate of spread of bitumen of 1.00 litres per square meter and blinding at cubic metre per
320 square meter of surfacing. The material for blinding shall be as specified in Item
4.15.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Edges of Bituminous Surface

At the edges of the bituminous width specified where there is a natural base (not
stabilized), the prime coat bitumen shall extend an extra 300mm on both sides. No groove
shall be formed.
14.2
Seal Coat Surface Dressing

a. Bitumen
The bitumen used shall be as specified in Item 4.3. The temperature of application shall
be as follows:
S.125
132C - 160C
Esso 100/150
126C - 143C
Other makes
As directed by the Engineer
Preparation of Surface
The seal coat surface dressing shall not be laid until at least 10 days after the application
of the prime coat. During this period additional blinding sand shall be added if directed
and the blinding brushed over the surface to present damage by traffic. After such period
all damaged or weak spots shall be cut out, refilled, re-compacted flush with the existing
surface, primed and blinded as specified and re-rolled to the satisfaction of the Engineers
Representative.
After all repair work has been allowed sufficient time to harden, the surface shall be swept
clean of all loose material immediately prior to the application of the wearing coat.
Application
The seal coat surface dressing in (a) above shall be evenly applied to the clean, dry
surface, by means of an approved sprayer, the spread being checked by the Depot Tray
Test as in 14.1 (c). The first surface dressing shall have a spread of 1.0 to 1.4 litres per
square metre for 12mm sized aggregate. See Item 3.6.7 for details of single sized
aggregate.
With the Engineers approval 18mm single sized aggregate may be used. The second
surface dressing shall be done after approximately 12 months and will have a spread of
0.9 to 1.3 litres per square meter with 9mm sized aggregate or 1.0 to 1.4 litres per square
meter for 12mm sized aggregate. If the first surface dressing has 12mm sized aggregate
than a second shall be with 9mm sized aggregate.
The following table is a guide for the spread of bitumen and aggregate:
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Rates of Spread
Notes
Single Size
Aggregate
Aggregate
Bitumen
(Kg per square

metre)
(Litre per square

metre)
Normal 1st surface

dressing (allowed in Bill
of Quantities)
12m
17 20
1.0 1.4
Alternative 1st dressing
18mm
25 28
1.35 1.75
Normal 2nd surface

dressing (allowed in Bill
of Quantities)
9mm
13 16
0.9 1.3
Alternative 2nd dressing
12mm
17 - 20
1.0 1.4
The blinding material shall be applied immediately after spraying the bitumen, and
brushed to ensure even coverage.
d
Rolling
Immediately following the application of the blinding material, the whole area treated
shall be rolled with a light roller i.e. 3560kg or such weight that there is no excessive
crushing. Uniform traffic compaction shall be achieved by suitably placed drums or
barricades that the whole of the surface is covered by vehicles moving at reduced speeds,
and speed limit of 25km per hour shall be enforced by the Contractor. Traffic shall be
controlled for at least 48 hours after the dressing has been laid.
14.3
Heating of Cutback Bitumen

Cutback bitumen shall be heated in a bitumen heater complying with B.S. 1676, which shall
have a capacity commensurate with the output required. The heater shall be so operated that
the temperature of the bitumen applied to the road shall be within the specified range.
Accurate thermometers shall be incorporated in the heater to give a clear indication of the
bitumen temperature. Should the temperature be in excess of that specified the Engineers
Representative might direct that this over-heated bitumen be disposed of at the Contractors
expense.
14.4
Spraying of Cut-Back Bitumen

An approved properly calibrated, constant pressure or volume sprayer shall spray cutback
bitumen. No spraying of cutback bitumen shall be carried out when rain appears imminent,
during rain or after heavy rain until the surface has adequately dried out.
In the event of spraying being carried out by half widths the Contractor shall ensure that the
centre joint is straight and without deficiency in bitumen or without and excess of bitumen
such as would tend to result in bleeding at the joint. Care should also be taken to ensure that
bitumen is not sprayed onto the verges and to maintain a straight edge at the side of the
carriageway.
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14.5
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Spreading of Blinding Material

Blinding material for surface dressing shall be spread evenly at the rates directed, by means of
approved mechanical spreaders or attachments. Hand spreading will not be permitted on the
main carriageway, but may be permitted at road junctions and other places where irregular
shaped areas are required. The aggregate for blinding must be dry when spread, and the
pavement must also be dry.
14.6
Take of Blinding Aggregate

At any time after a sealed section of the road has been opened to traffic the road may be
examined for the take of aggregate, that is, the percentage of stones adhering to the surface.
It will be considered 100% take if the whole area of the road is covered by a layer of stones
in close contact, one stone thick, and firmly embedded in the bitumen. If on any portion of
the road the area covered by the aggregate in close contact is less than 95% of the area being
considered then the Contractor shall carry out such patching or resealing to the approval of the
Engineer as will ensure 100% of the area being covered by stones held firmly in position by
the bitumen. The take off aggregate shall be maintained to the standard of not less than
95% for the full maintenance period.
14.7
Rain Damage
If heavy rain occurs before the bitumen has been kneaded up sufficiently around the chips to
prevent whip-off, the road shall preferably be closed to all traffic until the surface dries out.
Where this is not possible every precaution by placed barricades and stationing flagman shall
be taken to ensure that all vehicles traverse the affected section at greatly reduced speed or not
more than 16km per hour. If chips or gravel are whipped off from the surface owing to heavy
rain, such material, if free from dirt, shall be broomed or shovelled back over the road and
thoroughly rolled during the hottest part of the day. Any area, which cannot be made good in
this way, shall be brought up to standard by ordinary patching or resealing. Any remedial
measures of repairs necessitated by the weather conditions will be entirely at the expense of
the Contractor.
14.8
Tolerance of Finished Surface

The finished surface of the seal coat shall be as smooth as possible, the accuracy of finish in
the longitudinal direction shall be such that there shall not be any variation (due allowance
being made for vertical curves) greater than 9mm from a 3m straight edge, placed in any
position on the finished surface, parallel to the centre line. The cross section of the finished
pavement at any point shall not vary more than 9mm from the edge of a correctly shaped
template placed across the road, at right angles to the centre line.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
15.
MISCELLANEOUS
15.1
Grassing
Areas as specified or directed to be grassed shall be sown broadcast with seed of an approved
type (See Item 3.6.12), or planted individually with approved plants at 0.25m centres running
parallel to the centre line of the road.
15.2
Removal of Concrete in Existing Structures

Removal of concrete in existing structures shall include the removal and disposal of all
materials in existing pipe or box culverts.
The surplus materials shall be disposed of at least 15m away from the centre line of the road.
15.3
Tree Planting
a. Seed Germination
Germination of seeds at the Lowland Rain Forest belt (e.g. Uyo to Calabar) shall be as
follows:
Spread fruits under the sun for 2 weeks, soak in warm water for 2 days and
after than sow broadcast. Germination occurs within 4 days with above
treatment.
b. Nursery Activities
Where direct sowing into pots is not practised, beds must be prepared. Seedlings of
chosen plant species shall be broadcast on a rectangular 900mm wide Seedbed with an
elevation of 40 to 80m higher in the middle than at the sides. The seedbed shall be
prepared by firstly pegging the area so that the dimensions of the beds and paths are
marked with pegs fixed at the required points. Strings shall then be tied to the pegs and
beds shaped. Bed shaping shall be done by removing soil from the paths and throwing in
into the adjacent supposed beds until the desired elevations are obtained. The seedbeds
shall have a fine tilt and in heavy rainfall regions such a Calabar and shall have ground
frames to check the seeds from being washed away by rain. These frames ma consist of
poles arranged end to end around the beds and supported by short stakes driven into the
soil at suitable intervals.
c. Transplanting
Depending on the nature of seeds, the method of sowing and density of sowing, seedlings
are transplanted directly from the seedbeds to the plantation. Often the seedlings shall be
first transferred to transplant beds and shall be maintained there for as long a period at it
will be necessary for them to attain the required sizes for planting out. The transplant
beds shall be prepared in the same way as the seedbeds except that they can be of any
dimension.
They could be 18m by 9m but in some areas could be 1.2m to 1.5m wide and 10m long.
The beds shall be slightly raised from the ground level and separated from each other by
paths about 40mm to 600mm wide.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
d. Sowing
i. Germination Beds
In broadcast sowing, the seeds are scattered over the bed as evenly as possible,
usually with hands. If the bed had been previously rolled, the topsoil shall be
slightly loosened by raking to prevent the seeds from moving when they strike the
soil and to give the surface of the bed a fine tilt.
ii. Sowing Boxes
Most species can only be raised successfully in a sowing mixture and to this end,
sowing boxes are recommended. Small seeds shall be sown in boxes of
convenient dimensions of say 600mm x 450mm x 80mm with bottom slates
10mm apart for drainage purposes.
iii. Pot Sowing
Sowing in pots is practiced when the soil is poor, and partly for ease of
conveyance to distant planting sites. In pot sowing the polythene pots shall be
filled with potting mixtures depending on the edaphic conditions of the place and
the species to be sown. Suitable mix shall have one of 4 parts of local sandy soil
to 3 parts of compost prepared thus:
Three pits each about 1.8m long x 1.2m wide x 90m deep are dug
close together. The first pit shall be filled full with vegetable
matter missed with cow dung and ammonium sulphate all arranged
in layers as follows:
First, a layer of vegetable matter fresh grasses and some green

leaves, then a layer of cow dung, shall be followed by a thin layer of
about 455gm of ammonium sulphate. After this whole arrangement
is repeated until the pit is full.
The materials shall then be kept moist and remain in the first pit for at least one
month before they are emptied into the second pit where it shall again remain for
about a month. From the second pit the material shall be moved into the third pit
and allowed to remain for at least one month to ensure complete decomposition of
the materials. The compost shall be available for use after three months. Where
these process conflicts with speedy planting schedule and/or lack of the above
mentioned essentials, a sandy loamy soil from refuse dumps may be used.
Sowing shall be carried out in standard polythene pots obtainable from the
Forestry Division of the Ministry of Agriculture of most of the States of the
Federation of Nigeria.
After the pots are filled with hand or metal scoops and arranged, they shall be
thoroughly watered before actual sowing is done. Only viable seeds shall be
sown direct into pots and the maximum number of seeds per pot shall be two.
Seeds shall not be buried too deep and shall be sown at the centre of the pots.
After sowing, the pots shall be watered once more. Watering and tending shall be
by trained hands using knapsack or pump sprayers. The amount of shade required
for good germination shall be regulated.
iv. Nursery Stock
The time, which plants shall remain in the nursery to mature for planting out,
depends of the species, the method of raising them and on whether such species
will be planted out as stumps or striplings. The Federal Forestry Department shall
be consulted on this aspect of the work.
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ROADS AND BRIDGES
Stumps
Only stout and vigorous plants shall be lifted up for use as stumps.
The plants shall be as thick as the middle finger, about .2 to 1.8m in
height and able to coppice well. Stumping shall be by cutting the
roots and shoots and trimming the side roots to at least 25cm long.
The shoot shall then be cut at slant so as to prevent water from
collecting on the surface of the stump when planted in the field.
Striplings
A stripling is an over-grown seedling about 1.8 2.4m high, which
is cut out in a plantation with the shoot stripped of leaves but
otherwise intact, and with as much of the main system as can
conveniently be lifted. The plants shall be lifted more carefully than
the stumps, and the leaves shall be removed without causing any
damage to the bark.
Puddling
Once the plants have been prepared either as stumps or striplings,
the exposed surface shall be protected from desiccation by coating
the roots with wet soils or mud.
e. Planting Programme
This shall be in conformity with the standard Silvicultural Forestry Practice in Nigeria
Lowland Rainforest Belt.
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PAGE 82

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION

ROADS AND BRIDGES

ROADS AND BRIDGES

TESTS FOR MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Test for the Selection of Cement Content in Base-Course and Sub-Base

EARTHWORKS AND DRAINAGE

BASE-COURSE AND SUB-BASE

ROADS AND BRIDGES

CULVERTS AND BRIDGES

STEEL REINFORCEMENT AND SHUTTERING

ROADS AND BRIDGES

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Definition of Engineering Terms

Pavement: A term applied specifically to the whole construction of the central

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Horizontal Curves and Super Elevation

Maximum Gradient of Super elevation run-off

Minimum length of Super Elevation run-off

Office for Engineers Representative

Office desk, 1.800m x 1.500m with lockable drawers

Table, 1.800m x 0.900m.

Office chair with arms.

4 No. Office chairs, armless.

Typist table, 1.050m x 0.600m.

Steel filing cabinet.

Two drawing boards complete with tables.

Washbasin, stand and towel.

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Assistance for Engineers Representative

1 x Theodolite and tripod

2 x Levels and tripods

2 x Surveyors 30 metre steel tapes

An adequate number of ranging rods and drop arrows

2 Surveyors 100 metre steel bands

An adequate number of cross fall templates and straight edges

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Taking Over Of Site By Contractor

Contractor Not To Enter Neighbouring Land

Precautions Against Pollution Of Streams

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Work During Period Of Maintenance

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Clearance Of Trees, Bushes And Vegetation

Limits of Clearance For Road Works

1 metre beyond the top edges of cuttings

Between the toes of embankments

Removal Of Top Soil and Unsuitable Materials

ROADS AND BRIDGES

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Handling and Storage of Materials

Liquid Limit, Plasticity Index and Linear Shrinkage

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Local Materials Naturally Occurring Materials

Maximum Dry Density

Greater than 1.500kg / cm3

Optimum Moisture Content

Less than 18%

Less than 40%

Less than 20%

C.B.R. value at O.M.C/W.A.S.

Less than 35%

Less than 16%