t

https://quizlet.com/60716086/mcs2020flashcards/alphabetical

https://quizlet.com/60171081/mcs2020finalexamprepflashcards/alphabeti
Practice
final:(noanswers)
https://o
neclass.com/embeds/494980/show_full_screen?content_id=U2FsdGVkX18Ya45hbm
DMhEZSLASH7rrGF4SomOzqdS3tSvg=NNNNNNNNNNNN&ampaccess_key=U2Fsd
GVkX1SLASHQvqQC0A0pEnPqsSLASHABn30qVPG9NNNNNNNHJKURpV2vS1IXIwz
2IVESd9z1XLNNNNNNNNNNNNweRONNNNNNNNNNNN
bless
^Isthisours?Oraprevious,anyoneknow?imconfuseddidsomeonemakethese
questions?wherearetheyfrom?
****^Personallyiwouldn'tstudyfromthat,it'sfromtheotherprofandfroma
completelydifferenttextbook.Thatmakessense,thatswhyiwasconfused,first
questiondoesntevencoverthingsinourtextbook!!!!
Hopeeverybodycanpasstheexam

andifallallelsefails,chooseC

LOOOL@Everyoneonherecheckingif
theygottheiranswersright

http://trialtestbank.com/freetestbankforexperiencingmis4theditionpart1bykro
enke/

http://trialtestbank.com/freetestbankforexperiencingmis4theditionpart2bykro
enke/

A(n)________DBMSisdesignedtoprocesslargeorganizationalandworkgroupdatabases.
A:itshouldbeEnterprisebutapparentlythecorrectanswerwasobjectoriented?
YOUFUCKINGBEAUTIESSSSSAllofyou
http://t.qkme.me/35psfe.jpg

Anyonehaveintermediatemicronotestopasson??lolmicroroflmicro

IfthereisanoptionforAlloftheAbove,itsprobablyAlloftheAbove

1InformationSystems


Q1WhatIsanInformationSystem

AnInformationsystem(IS)
isagroupofcomponentsthatinteracttoproduce
information.

AllInformationSystemsusea

fivecomponentframeworkofcomputer
hardware,software,data,proceduresandpeople.Allofthesearelinked
togetherbynetworks.

Theterm
Hardware
referstotheelectroniccomponentsandassociated
gadgetrythatconstituteacomputersystem.

Software
nowadaysisreferredtoas
programs
(or
applications
)
thatrun,or
operate,oncomputersystems.

Q2WhatIsMIS?

ManagementInformationSystems
or
MIS
,isadisciplinethatcomprisesthe
developmentanduseofinformationsystemtohelpanorganizationachieve
theirgoalsandobjectives.
ThedefinitionofMIShasthreekeyelements:
developmentanduse,
informationsystems,andgoalsandobjectives
.

DevelopmentandUseofInformationSystems
Informationsystemsaredesignedandcreatedattherequestofsenior
managersorentrepreneursinordertosolveaparticularproblemormeeta
perceivedneed.

Inordertohaveaninformationsystemthatmeetsyourneedsyouneedtotake
anactiveroleinitsdevelopment.

AchievingBusinessGoalsandObjectives
Everydayorganizationsacquireanddevelopinformationsystemsforthe
wrongreasons.
ButonemustlookatthevalueaddedandaskthemselvesiftheISisworththe
investment.

Q3HowDoesanISDifferfromIT?

Informationtechnology(IT)
referstomethods,inventions,standardsand
products.ITreferstotherawtechnologyandconcernsonlythehardware,
software,anddatacomponentsofaninformationsystemandhowtheyare
networkedtogether.

ISreferstoasystemofhardware,software,data,procedures,andpeoplewho
produceinformation.

Therealdifferencebetweenthetwoispeople(andprocedures),which
happenstobeallthedifference.

Q4HowImportantAreInformationSystemstoOurEconomy?
ThesectormostcloselyrelatedtotheuseofinformationsystemsinCanadais
the
InformationandCommunicationsTechnology(ICT)sector
.Itprovides
productsandservicesthatotherindustriesrelyontogettheirworkdone.
TheICTsectorisa"hidden"industrythatisgrowingrapidly,neartwiceas
highastheCanadianeconomy.
Thisisanindustrythatsuppliesservicesthatimprovebusinessprocesses,
ratherthanproducingaproduct.

Q5HowDoSuccessfulBusinessProfessionalsUseInformationSystems?
Thereisaneedforindividualswithcoresetofskillsincludingthefollowing:
technicalskills,specifictechnologyandindustryexperience,andsatisfactory
communicationandotherbusinessskills.

Organizationsgainacompetitiveadvantagebyaddingtechnicalknowledgeto
theirbusinessskills.

Q6WhatIstheShapeofThingstoCome?

Moore'sLaw
notedthatthedensityofcircuitsonanintegratedchipwas
doublingapproximatelyeverytwoyearsorso.Exponentialgrowth!

AmajorcharacteristicofITiswhateconomistscallnetworkeffectsandlockin
ofcertaintechnologies.Valueincreasessignificantlyasthenumberofusers
increases
(ex.Facebook).

Onceestablishednetworkeffectsandlockinmakeithardertoswitch
(ex.
QWERTYkeyboard)
thesheernumberofexistingdevicesandlargeinvestment
required(sunkcosts)tendtoprohibitadoption.
TodaythefinalfactorsaffectinginformationsystemsareMoore'slaw,the
tendencyofubiquity(accessisavailableanytime,anywhere),and
locationbasedservices.

DavidTicollsuggeststhatwithinthenextdecade,unlimitedstoragewillbe
almostfree,thatanalyticalsoftwarewillrevealhiddeninformationandthatthe
realworldandthevirtualworldwillcollideaswideareanetworks(WANs)
becomecheap`,reliable,andwidelyavailable.
Q7WhatIsThisCourseAbout?

Thefocusofthiscoursewillbeonlearninghowtouseinformationsystemsto
accomplishorganizationalgoals.

2BusinessProcessesandDecisionMaking

Q2WhatIsaBusinessProcess?

businessprocess
isaseriesofactivities,tasks,orstepsdesignedto
produceaproductorservice.Itisoftenreferredtoasa

businesssystem
.

Q3WhatAretheComponentsofaBusinessProcess?(F.A.I.R.)
Abusinessprocessconsistsof:
o
Activities

purelymanualactions(people),purelyauto/controlprocedures
(computers)oracombo
o
Resources

itemsofvalue.
Bothsuppliersandcustomersareresources
becausetheyhavevalueintheprocess.Howevertheydifferfromactivities
becauseresourcesareexternal.
o
Facilities

structuresusedwithinthebusinessprocess
(ex.Factories,filing
cabinets,etc.).Facilitiescanalsobeinventoriesanddatabases(digital
resources.)Resourcescanbestoredwithinfacilities.
o
Information

activitiesthatuseinfotodeterminehowtotransforminputs
receivedintooutputsproduced.
Astandardsetoftermsandgraphicalnotationsfordocumentingbusiness
processeswascreated.Thestandardwascalled
BusinessProcessModeling
Notation(BPMN)
.

Q4WhatIsInformation?
Themostcommondefinitionis
knowledgederivedfromdata
(recordedand
figures).Howeveritcanalsomean:
oDatapresentedinameaningfulcontext.
o
OR
processeddataobtainedthroughvariousoperations.

CharacteristicsofGoodInformation
Goodinformationis
accurateinformation
.
o
Accurateinformationisbasedoncorrectandcompletedatathathasbeen
processedcorrectlyandasexpected.

oAninformationsystemcandevelopabadrepifitisknowntoproduce
inaccurateinformation.
oOvertimeinformationlosesitslevelofaccuracy.
Goodinformationis
timelyinformation
.
o
Itmustbeprovidedintimeforitsintendeduse.
Goodinformationis
relevantinformation
.
o
Relevanttobothcontextandsubject
.
Goodinformationneedstobebarely
sufficient
forthepurposeitisgenerated.
Knowingwhatinformationtoignoreisdifficultbutimportant.
oThehigheryouriseinmanagementthemoreinformationyouaregoingto
needtoknowtoignore.
Goodinformationis
worthitscost
.

Q5WhatIstheRoleofInformationinBusinessProcesses?

Anytimethereisaphysicalflow,thereisanopportunitytocapture
information.
oEx.Aproductmaymovetoanotherlocationandbemodified(setsofdata),
whichcanbederivedintoknowledge(information).
Informationbecomesusefulwhenweuseittomanagebusinessprocesses.

BusinessProcessManagement

BusinessProcessManagement(BPM)
isafieldofmanagementpromotingthe
developmentofeffectiveandefficientprocessesthroughcontinuous
improvementandinnovation.
Manymethodshavebeendevelopedbyorganizationstosupporttheir
improvementsinbusinessprocesses,including
totalqualitymanagement
(TQM)
,
sixsigma
,and
leanproduction
.
Informationabouttheprocessprovidestheabilitytobettermanagethe
processitself.
Asamanageryouneedtoknowhowtouseinformationthatisgeneratedby
thebusinessprocesswithinyourorganization.

Q6HowDoInformationSystemsSupportBusinessProcesses?
Informationsystemsareusedbytheactivitiesinabusinessprocess.
Someactivitiesusemultipleinformationsystems,whilesometimesseveral
activitiesuseoneinformationsystem.

WhatDoesItMeantoAutomateaProcessActivity?


Softwareisinstructionsforhardware,andproceduresareinstructionsfor
people.Dataformsabridgebetweenthecomputersideontheleftandhuman
sideontheright.
Hardwareandpeopleareactors.

Anactivityinabusinessprocessthatishandledbyan

automatedsystem
meansthatworkcarriedoutbypeopleandproceduresisnowdoneby
computersthatfollowinstructionsinsoftware.
Automationmovesworkfromthehumansidetothecomputerside.

AnInformationSystemtoSupportCounterSales
DesignersofISdecidetofullyautomatethecountersalesprocessbecause
thecashiersjobisarelativelylowskilllevelpositionwithahighturnover(the
rateatwhichnewemployeesarriveandexistingonesdepart).

AnInformationSystemtoSupportPayment
TheISsupportingpaymentactivityisamostly
manualsystem
wheremostof
theworkisdonebyanAccountsPayableclerk.
Thisisbecauseprocessingexceptionsiscomplicated:therearesomany
differentexceptions,andeachrequiresadifferentresponse.
TheISwouldbeveryexpensiveandprobablynotbeveryeffective(
notworth
itscost
).

AnInformationSystemtoSupportPurchasing
Anevenbalancebetweenanautomatedandmanualsystem.
Searchinginventoryforitemsthatarelowinstockisperfectforacomputer,
whilefindingwhichsupplierstouserequireshumanjudgment.

Q7HowDoInformationSystemsSupportDecisionMaking?
Informationsystemssupportdecisionmakingbyprovidingtheinformationfor
manydecisions.

DecisionsVarybyLevel
Decisionsoccuratthreelevelsinorganizations:
1.
Operationaldecisions

concerndaytodayactivities.
(Howmanyitems
shouldweorder?)
InformationSystemsthatsupportoperationsdecision
makingarecalled

transactionprocessingsystems(TPS)
.
2.
Managerialdecisions

concerntheallocationandutilizationofresources.
(HowmanyengineersshouldweassigntoprojectA?)
Informationsystems

thatsupportmanagerialdecisionmakingarecalled

management
informationsystems(MIS)
.Thistermcanbeusedintwoways.
3.
Strategicdecisions

concernbroaderorganizationalissues
.Thereisalonger
timeframeandoutcomesofdecisionsmaynotberealizedforafewyearstime,
(Shouldweopenanewproductline?)

DecisionsVarybyStructure
A
structureddecision
isoneforwhichthereisanunderstoodandaccepted
methodformakingadecision
.(ex.Aformulaforcomputingthereorderquantity
ofanitemininventoryisanexampleofastructuredecisionprocess.)
An
unstructureddecision

processisonewherethereisnoagreedupon
decisionmakingmethod.
Thepredictionmethodisneitherstandardizednor
broadlyaccepted.(ex.Predictingthefuturedirectionoftheeconomyorthe
stockmarket.)
Whetherontheotherhandisastructureddecisionprocess,becauseeven
thoughweatheritselfisaunstructuredphenomenon,theprocesstomakethe
decisionisstandardizedbetweenforecasters.

SupportingDecisionMaking

Decisionsattheoperationalleveltendtobestructuredanddecisionsatthe
strategicleveltendtobeunstructured.Managerialdecisionstendtobeboth
structuredandunstructured
.

Thetypicalstepsinthedecisionmakingprocessinclude:
o
Intelligencegathering
whatistobedecided,whatthecriteriaforthe
decisionwillbe,andwhatdataisavailable.
o
Alternativesformulation
decisionmakerslayoutvariousalternatives.
Analyzethealternatives,thenselectoneduringthe
choice
stepandthen
implementthedecisioninthe
implementation
step.
oFinallytheorganizationreviewstheresultsinthe
review
step,whichmay
leadtoanotherdecision.

Eachdecisionmakingsteprequireadifferentinformationsystem.

Q8WhatIsYourRole?
Youareapartoftheinformationsystemyouuse.Infactyourmindand
thinkingaretheimportantcomponents.

Evenifyouhaveaflawlessinformationsystem,ifyoudonotknowhowtouse
theinformationproduced,thentheinformationsystemdoesntmatter
(ex.Walt
Disneycase).

3Productivity,Innovation,andStrategy

Q1WhyShouldICareAboutProductivityandInnovation?

Labourproductivityistheratioofthegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)ofa
countrydividedbythetotalpaidhoursworkedbypeopleinthecountry.Thisis
theprimaryindicatorofourpercapitaincome.
Increasingproductivityinourcurrentglobaleconomyisaboutourabilityto
innovateandadapttochangingeconomicconditions.
ToenhanceproductivityinCanadawemustfosteracultureofinnovation,
openourindustriestomorecompetition,andincreasetheamountofmachinery
andequipmentintheeconomy(particularlyinthe
Informationand
CommunicationsTechnology[ICT]sector
).

NobelPrizewinningeconomistRobertSolowcreatedthe
productivityparadox
withhisnowfamousstatement,"Weseecomputerseverywhereexceptin
productivitystatistics."
TherearethreewaysinwhichthevalueofITcanberealized:
1.
Productivitymoreand/orbetteroutputsgiventhesameinputs
(ex.
Accountingsoftware).
2.
Competitioninformationtechnologyaltersthewaythatcompanies
compete.
ForexamplethebattlebetweenNetflixandBlockbuster.
3.
Benefitsfortheendcustomercompetitiondrivesdownprices.Therefore
thefinalcustomeroftenendsupwithaproductofthesamequalityforless
money.

Q2WhatisBusinessTechnologyManagement(BTM),andHowIsitRelatedto
ProductivityandInnovation?

TheICTsectorisconsideredanimportantindustryforproductivityand
innovation
becauseitincludestechnologiesthatcanenhanceindividualand
organizationalproductivityacrossmanyindustries.
SuccessintheICTindustryusedtobedirectlyrelatedtoone'stechnological
skill.Nowbothtechnologyandtraditionalbusinessskillsarecoveted.


CanadianCoalitionforTomorrow'sICTSkills(CCICT)
wasfoundedasan
educationalprogramthatcombinesbusinessandtechnologytraining.
In2009aworkinggroupoftheCCICTdesignedasetoflearningoutcomesfor
anewprogramnamed
BusinessTechnologyManagement(BTM)
.These
learningoutcomesdrewonskillsframeworks,suchasthe
SkillsFrameworkfor
theInformationAge(SFIA).
BTMincludestopicssuchasbusinessandtechnicaltraining,financial
accounting,systemanalysisanddesign,projectmanagement,writingand
businesscommunication,organizationalbehaviour,andteamworkskills.

Q3HowdoInformationSystemsImproveProductivity?
Increasing
efficiency
meansthatbusinessprocessescanbeaccomplished
eithermorequicklyorwithfewerresources(orboth).
Whenorganizationsfocus
onefficiency,theyareworkingtowards"doingthingsright",whichmeansusing
therightamountofresources,facilities,andinformationtocompletethejob
satisfactorily.
Whencompaniesfocusonincreasing
effectiveness
theyareinterestedin
"doingtherightthings"(changingbusinessprocessestodeliversomething
newandimproved).
Companieswithlongtermsuccessunderstandthebalancebetween
effectivenessandefficiency.

BusinessProcessesandValueChains
A
valuechain
isanetworkofactivitiesthatimprovesthe
effectiveness
(or
value)ofagoodorservicemadeupofoneormorebusinessprocesses.
Forexamplerubberismanufacturedthensentofftoafactorywhereitis
turnedintohighqualitytiresthenispurchasedbyamechanicwhoinstallsthem
ontoyourcar.Eachofthesestepsaddsvaluetotheproduct.

Valuechainshavedirectionsupstreamanddownstream.

Movingclosertorawmaterialsismovingupstreamorbackwardsintegration.
(ex.Coffeeshopgrindingtheirowncoffeeinstore.)

Movingclosertoendcustomerismovingdownstreamorforwardintegration.
(ex.Aminingcompanythatcutstheirowndiamonds.)
Therearetwotypesofactivitiesthatsupportvaluechains
1.
Primaryactivities

addvaluedirectlytotheproduct
(paintingraw
furniture).
2.
Supportactivities

indirectlyaddvaluetotheproduct
(acompanyhaving
agreatpayrollsystem).(supporttheprimaryactivities)

Understandingvaluechainshelpstounderstandhowinformationsystems
increaseproductivity.

Q4HowAreOrganizationalStrategyandIndustryStructureRelated?

Onemodelusedtoassessthefundamentalcharacteristicsandstructureofan
industryisPorter's

fiveforcesmodel
,
usedtoassessindustrystructure.Five
forcesdetermineprofitability:
1.
Bargainingpowerofcustomers
2.
Threatofsubstitutions
3.
Bargainingpowerofsuppliers
4.
Threatofnewentrants
5.
Rivalryamongexistingfirms
Allindustrieshavedifferentstructures.

Anorganizationrespondstothestructureofitsindustrybychoosinga
competitivestrategy
.
AccordingtoPorter,tobeeffective,theorganization'sgoals,objectives,
culture,andactivitiesmustbeconsistentwiththeorganization'sstrategy.
Allinformationsystemsmustbefacilitateandbealignedwiththe
organization'scompetitivestrategy.

Q5WhatIstheRelationshipBetweenInnovationandInformationTechnology?
Therearetwotypesoftechnologicalinnovations:
1.
Sustainingtechnologies

maintaintherateofimprovementincustomer
value
(ex.Thevulcanizationofrubberimprovestiresandgivesthedrivera
smootherride).
2.
Disruptivetechnologies

anewpackageofattributestoaccepted
mainstreamproducts
(ex.Thenewmp3fileformatrevolutionizedthe
portablemusicindustry).

CompaniesgainacompetitiveadvantagebyemployingIT,sometimesthe
competitiveadvantageissolargethatitleadstoanewindustry
.Forexample
themicrocomputergavebirthtoIntel,Dell,Apple,etc.
The
diffusionofinnovation
wasdefinedbyEverettRogersas
"theprocessby
whichaninnovationiscommunicatedthroughcertainchannelsovertime
amongmembersofasocialsystem."
Thefivestepsinwhichitoccursare:
1.
Knowledgethisstageoccurswhenyouhearaboutaninnovationbut
lackspecificinformationaboutit.
2.
Persuasionwhereyoufindoutmoreaboutit.
3.
Decisiontheprosandconsofadaptingit.

4.
Implementationyouusetheinnovationandcometothepointwhereyou
havetomakeadecisionifyouaregoingtocontinueusingit.
5.
Confirmationwhenyouareusingtheinnovationtoitsfullpotential.

Q6HowdoInformationSystemsProvideCompetitiveAdvantage?
Someofthesecompetitivestrategiesarecreatedviaproductsandservices,
andothersareenabledviathedevelopmentofbusinessprocesses.

CompetitiveAdvantageviaProductsandServices
Ex.HertzhascreatedanintegratedGPSintoalloftheirrentalcars,which
addsvalueandacompetitiveadvantagetotheirproduct/service.

CompetitiveAdvantageviaBusinessProcesses

Companiesmakeitveryexpensiveordifficulttoswitchtoanotherproductor
service.Thisbusinessstrategyisreferredtoas

switchcosts
.
CompaniessuchasTelusapplythistotheirmobilephoneservicesothatyou
arelockedintoaplanforasetamountofyears.Appledoesthesamesortof
thingwithalloftheirproductsyoucommittotheircompany.
Anotherwaytocreateacompetitiveadvantageisthroughestablishing
allianceswithothercompanies.Theseproductsaremorecovetedanddraw
attention(RootsxBlueJayscollection).

Q7CanCompetitiveAdvantageThroughInformationSystemsbeSustained?

Themoreubiquitousinformationtechnologybecomes,thelessadvantageit
provides.
Longtermcompetitiveadvantageliesnotwithtechnologybutratherinhowa
companyanditspeopleadoptthetechnology.

Sustainedcompetitiveadvantage
comesfromdevelopingpeopleand
proceduresthatarewellsupportedbyunderlyingtechnology.

4HardwareandSoftware

Q1WhyDoYouNeedtoKnowAboutInformationTechnology?
WeneedtoknowaboutITbecauseofthenegativeandpositiveeffectson
societyandhowITwillchangeinthefuture.
UnderstandingandapplyingITisafundamentalbuildingblockforsuccess.

Q2WhereDidAllThisInformationTechnologyStuffComeFrom?

EarlyComputers:19391952
FinancedbytheUS,theENIAC(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorand
Computer)wasdesignedin1946tocalculatemissilefiringtablesandwasthe
firstprogrammablegeneralpurposecomputer.

A"bug"wasusedtodescribeunexpectedcomputerproblemsresultingfroma
mothcaughtbetweenmechanicalrelaysoftheMarkIIAikenRelayComputer.

"Debugging"isnowcommonlyusedtodescribefixingproblemsincomputer
programs.

Mainframes:1952Present

Thefirstdigitalcomputers,whichwerelarge,roomsizeddevicesbasedon
nowobsoletevacuumtubetechnology,werecalled

mainframes
,andwere
mainlyusedbybusinessesandgovernment.
Costingbetween$200000and$400000,theycouldaddorsubtractabout16
000numberspersecond.

Secondgenerationmainframesdevelopedinthelate1950'susedtransistors
makingthemsmaller,easiertomaintain,andmorereliable.
Theywereoftensoldwithoutsoftwarebecausecompanieswoulddevelop
theirown.
ManulifeFinancialwasthefirstinsurancecompanyinCanadatostartusing
mainframesin1956.
Multiprocessingcapabilitywasintroducedinthemid1960's.

Mainframesaredesignedforfastprocessingandmassivestorage.
Microcomputers:1975Present
DevelopedbyTexasInstrumentsandIntel,
Microcomputers
incorporatedCPU
andshorttermmemoryinasinglesiliconchip.

Microprocessorsweresmallandoftenusedinhandhelddevices.

Microprocessorswereinventedintheearly1970'sandwerecriticaltothe
inventionofmicrocomputers.
Earlymicrocomputershadnoscreenormonitorandrequiredtheirusersto
developtheirownprograms.

Hardwaretechnology
improved
in1981
,andthisleadtoIBM,Apple,Compaq,
andTexasInstrumentsto
launchthepersonalcomputer(PC)
.
Themicrocomputerwasmucheasiertousethenthemainframecomputer.The
PCrevolutionwasborn.

NetworkingPersonalComputers:1985Present


Theyweremadeforonepersontouseatatime,thereforesharingdatawasa
cumbersomeprocess.Thiswaslatersolvedbylocalareanetwork(LAN)
technology.
Ethernetallowedfordevicestocommunicateandshareinformation.
LANtechnologyrevolutionizedbusinesscomputing,providessharedaccess
todata,printers,andotherperipheraldevices.

LANwasthencommercializedwithwideaccessnetwork(WAN),whichis
exemplifiedbytheinternet
.

MobileandTabletComputing:Late1990'sPresent
Yearswereoriginallydisplayedusingthelasttwodigitstosaveresources.
Thereforein2000someonebornin1960wouldhavetobe40.????(Agreed)
ThisistheY2Kproblem,whichdidntactuallycreatemanyproblemsasthey
werefixedorhadbeenexaggerated.

Kisacomputertermfor1024commonlyreferredtoas1000(incorrect).
Applesmp3iPodmusicplayerfueledaresurgencebringingforththe2007
iPhoneand2010iPad.

CloudComputing:2010Present

Cloudcomputingpromisesflexible,secure,andsgfhbvbhbggttgttgfffgcalable,
lowfixedcostcomputingavailableanywhere,anytime,andonanydevice.

Summary
Herewehavelearnedthreeimportantlessons:
1.
Priceandperformanceadvances
oTheprocessingpowerpriceofcomputershasdecreased.Datastorage
andnetworkcapacityhaveimproveddramatically(Netflix).
2.
Smallispowerful
oThereisanongoingefforttomakeITsmallerandmorepowerful.
o
Thereare3maincomponents:processor,memory,andstorage.
They
haveallbeengettingsmallerandlessexpensiveovertheyears.
3.
Thenetworkisthething
oComputinghasmovedtowardsnetworksforcommunication,and
collaboration,aswellasbandwidth.

Q3WhatDoesaManagerNeedtoKnowAboutComputerHardware?

Asdiscussedinthefivecomponentframework,
hardware
consistsofthe
physicalelectroniccomponents
andrelatedgadgetrythatinput,process,

output,andstoredataaccordingtoinstructionsencodedincomputerprograms
orsoftware.

Computersconsistoffourcomponents:input,processing,output,and
storage.

Input,Processing,Output,andStorageHardware

Inputdevices
maybeoneofthetwomostvisibleorfamiliarpartsofthe
computer(outputbeingtheother).
Inputscanvarygreatly.Theyareevaluatedandcomparedonabasisof
physicaldimensionsorhowtheywillbeused.

Processingdevices
includethe
centralprocessingunit(CPU)
,sometimes
calledthebrainofthecomputer.

TheCPUselectsinstructions,processesthem,performsarithmeticandlogical
comparisons,andstoresresultsofoperationsinmemory.

CPUperformanceismeasuredin

Hertz(Hz)
orcyclesandcountedingigahertz
(abillioncycles
).
TheCPUworksinconjunctionwiththecomputer's
mainmemory
,often
referredtoas
randomaccessmemory(RAM)
.TheCPUreadsdataand
instructionsfromtheRAMandthenstorestheresultsofitscomputationsinthe
mainmemory.

Outputhardware
isalsoamorevisiblepartofacomputer,likelybecauseit
hassomeofthemostphysicalinteractionwiththeuserbydisplayingthe
resultsofacomputationaltaskorrequest.

Storagehardware
savesdataandprograms.

Flashorsolidstatedevice(SSD)technology
isincreasinginpopularity
becauseithas
nomovingparts,requireslesspower,generateslessheat,andis
lesssusceptibletomechanicalfailure,howeveritfailswithnopriorindication.
Largecorporatecentersusemagnetictapesbecausetheyremainlowcost
andareaneasilystoredbackupmedium.
Personalcomputerscanhave
specialfunctiondevices
suchasvideocards,
whichcanbeaddedtoaugmenteachofitscomponents.

ComputerData

Representsdata

usingbinarydigits
called

bits
(eithera1or0).
Forexamplemagnetismcanberepresentedwithazerofor
onedirection(1D4
lyfe)

anda1fortheother,givingustheorientationofamagneticfield.
Allcomputerdataisrepresentedinbits.

Bitsaregroupedintoeightbitchunkscalled

bytes
.

InLessThan300Words,HowDoesaComputerWork?

CPUtransfersprogramdatafromstoragetothemainmemory.Itthenmoves
instructionsfromthemainmemorytotheCPUviaa

datachannel
or

bus
,which
issmall,veryfastdataincache
.
Havingalargecachemakesthecomputerfaster,butmoreexpensive.

Mainmemorycontaininstructions,aswellastheinstructionsforthe

operating
system(OS)
,whichisaprogramthatcontrolsthecomputer'sresourcesaswell
asablockofdata
.
TheCPUloadsprogramsintomemoryinsections.Ifamoveisrequired(ex.
Sortspreadsheet)thentheOSwillhavetheCPUmovedataintounused
memory.
IfthereisnotenoughmemorythentheCPUwillremovesomething
thatisunusedtomakeroom.Thisprocessiscalled

memoryswapping
.

WhyShouldaManagerCareHowaComputerWorks?
Ifyouhavetoolittlememoryinyourcomputerthenthereisalotofmemory
swapping,slowingyourcomputerdown.
Thecacheandthemainmemoryare
knownas

volatile
,thatistheircontentsarelostwhenpowergoesoff.
SSDanddisksare
nonvolatile
,meaningthattheircontentssurviveevenwhen
powergoesoff.
Datamaystillremaineventhoughyoubelievethatyoudeletedit.

Q4WhatIstheDifferenceBetweenaClientandaServer,WhatIsCloud
Computing?

Servers
provideaservicethatisaccessedby

client
computers
.Serversare
muchfasterandmorepowerful.
Largesitesuseacollectionofcomputersthatcoordinateallactivities(
server
farm
).

Cloudcomputing
issimilartotheconceptthatserverssupplyapplications
anddata.
Cloudisametaphorfortheinternet.
ForexampleGoogleDocsusescloudappsthroughyourbrowser.
Regardlessofprivateorpublicservers.Whathappenstoallofthedatawhen
theserviceprovidergoesbankrupt.PROBLEM!
Youpayforwhatyouuse.Thereforecloudcomputingisveryattractivefor
startupbusinesses.

Q5WhatDoesaManagerNeedtoKnowAboutSoftware?
Therearetwoimportantsoftwareconstraints:
1.
OSversionsaredesignedforspecific
instructionsets
(commandsthata
CPUcanprocess)
.Linuxontheotherhandcanrunanyinstructionsets.

2.
SomeapplicationsonlyworkoncertainOS's.

WhatAretheFourMajorOperatingSystems?
1.
Windows
Standardandmostcommon.
2.
MacOS
OriginallyApplewasverystrictcontrollingallaspectsoftheir
computersystems(PowerPC).HoweverInteluseresurgedthecompany.
3.
Unix
Theworkhorseofscientificandengineeringcommunities.
4.
Linux
Anopensourcecommunitythatsfree.Mostprevalentforservers,
particularlywebservers.
Youhavetobuya
licence
touseanOS,whichcannotberesold.

WhatTypesofApplicationsExist,andHowDoOrganizationsObtainThem?

Applicationsoftware
consistsofprogramsthatperformabusinessfunction
(ex.Word).

Horizontalmarketapplication
softwareprovidescapabilitiesacrossmany
organizationsandindustries.

Verticalmarketapplication
softwareservestheneedsofaspecificindustry.

Oneofakindapplication
softwareisdesignedforaspecific,uniqueneed.
Youcanpurchasesoftwarelikeclothing:
offtheshelf
,
offtheshelfwith
alterations
,or
tailormade
.
Tailormadesoftwareiscalled
customdevelopedsoftware
.

Browsers
Debatewhetherabrowserisoperatingsoftwareorapplicationsoftware.

WhatAreFirmwareandUtilitySoftware?

Firmware
isacomputersoftwarethatisinstalledintodevices
,intheROMor
readonlymemorybecomingapartofthedevicesmemoryasifdesignedinto
thecircuitry.
Utilitysoftwareneedstobeinstalledsuchasdrivers.
The
BasicInput/outputSystem(BIOS)
isfirmwareusedwhenacomputeris
bootedup.ThefirstthingthecomputerdoesisloadtheBIOSandrunsthrough
commandsmakingsurethatthememoryandinputdevicesarefunctional.The
OSisthenloaded.
Firmwarecanbechangedorupgraded.

WhatIstheDifferenceBetweenaThinClientandaThickClient?

Anapplicationthat
requiresnothingmorethanabrowser
iscalleda
thin
client
.
Anapplicationthat
requiresprogramsotherthanabrowserontheuser's
computer
iscalleda
thickclient
.
Thetermsthickandthinrefertotheamountofcodethatmustrunonthe
clientcomputer.

Q6WhatBuyingDecisionsDoesaManagerNeedtoMake?
Largeorganizationshaveaninformationsystemsdepartmentwhoset
standardsforclienthardwareandsoftware.
MediumtosmallorganizationsstandardizeononeclientOS.
Theyhaveanimportantroleinspecifyingrequirementsforverticalmarket
applicationortailormadeapplications.

Q7WhatAreViruses,Worms,andZombies?
A
virus

isacomputerprogramthatreplicatesitself,andmaytakeunwantedor
harmfulactions.

Theprogramthatcausesunwantedactivityiscalledthe

payload
,which
can
deleteprogramsordata.Itcanalsoedittheminundetectableways.

Macroviruses
attachthemselvestodocuments
.Whenthedocumentsare
openedthemacrovirusesplacethemselvesinstartupfilesaffectingeveryfiles
thatapplicationcreatesorprocesses.
A
worm
isavirusthatpropagatesusingtheinternetorothercomputer
networks.

Infectedcomputersarecalledzombiecomputers,or

zombies
.Theyoftenare
onlyoneofmany
coordinatedthroughanetworkandusedtoperformmalicious
tasks
.Thisiscalleda
botnet
.
Mostvirusestakeadvantageof
securityholes,whicharefixedwithprogram
modificationscalled

patches
.

Systemvulnerabilities
areweaknessesinsystemdesignthatcanbeexploited
byknowledgeablepeople.
Everycomputershouldhavean
antivirusprogram
toprotectitfrommalware.

Chapter:5UsingInformationTechnology

Whatiscontent?

Content:

somethingofvaluethatcanbeconsideredanassetjustlikeotheritemsofproperty.

IntellectualProperty:
aformofcreativeendeavourthatcanbeprotectedthroughatrademark,patent,
copyright,industrialdesign,orintegratedcircuittopography.

Contentvariesbyindustry.Inadvertisingcanrefertopictures,commercials,andtextused
topromoteideasaboutproductsandservices.
OrganizationofContent

Contenttraditionallymanagedthroughorganizationaldatabasemanagementsystems
(DBMS)

ContentManagementSystems(CMS)

An information system that tracks organizational documents, web pages, graphics

andrelatedmaterials

Database

aselfdescribingcollectionofintegratedrecords.

Bytesaregroupedintocolumns(alsocalledfields)
Columnsandfieldsareinturngroupedintorows(alsocalledrecords)
Agroupofsimilarrowsorrecordsarecalledfilesoratable

Key

Acolumnorgroupofcolumnsthatidentifiesauniquerowinatable

RelationalDatabases

Databasesthatcarrytheirdataintheformoftablesandthatrepresentrelationship
usingotherforeignkeys

Metadata

Datathatdescribedata

DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

Aprogramusedtocreate,process,andadministerdata
Process:UserDatabaseapplicationDBMSDatabase
PopularDBMS:DB2,IBM,Access,SQLServer


DatabaseApplication:

Acollectionofforms,reports,queries,andapplicationprogramsthatprocessa
Database

EnterpriseDBMS
Processlargeorganizationalandworkgroupdatabases
Supportmanydifferentusersandmanydifferentdatabaseapplications
Alsosupport24/7operationsandcanmanagedatabasesthatspandozensof
differentmagneticdiskswiththousandsofgigabytesormoreofdata

PersonalDBMS

Productsaredesignedforsmaller,simplerdatabaseapplications

Suchproductsareusedforpersonalorsmallworkgroupapplicationsthatinvolve
fewerthan100users

Chapter6:NetworksandCollaboration(Page218)

NetworksandCollaboration

Collaboration:
occurswhentwoormorepeopleworktogethertoachieveacommongoal,
resultorproduct.

Effectivewhen,resultisgreaterthanwhatwouldvebeenachievedalone

Involvescoordinationandcommunication
FourFactors
Communicationskillsandculture
Communicationsystems:organizationsnetworktechnologies
Contentmanagement:databasefilingetc.
Workflowcontrol:processorprocedurebywhichcontentiscreated,edited,used,and
discarded.
oFocusesontheinternaldeliveryofagoodorservicetootheremployeesinan
organization

NetworkExternality:
thelargerthenumberofpeopleusingthenetwork,themore
valuablethatnetworkbecomes(networkeffect)
Criticalmass:
thepointwherethevalueofbeingapartofthenetworkisgreaterthanthe
cost.
NaturalMonopoly:
whereonecansupportallusersandswitchingishard

Q2:WhatisaComputerNetwork

Network:
acollectionofcomputersthattransmitandorreceiveelectronicsignalsthrough
transmissionmedia.
TransmissionMedia:
mightbephysicalmediasuchascoppercableandopticalfibre
(glassfibre)cable,orwirelessmediatransmittinglightorradiofrequencies(including
cellularandsatellitesystems)

ThreeMajorTypesofNetworks
LocalAreaNetwork(LAN):
connectsdeviceswithinarelativelysmall,singlegeographical
location.
WideAreaNetworks(WAN):
connectdevicesatdifferentgeographicallocations
Internet:
anetworkofnetworks(privatenetworkscalledintranets)

Q3WhataretheComponentsofaLAN?

Switch:
whatconnectsallcomputersontheLAN

NetworkInterfaceCard:
workswithprogramstoimplementprotocolsnecessary:Ethernet
MediaAccessControl:
theuniqueidentifierinaNIC
UnshieldedTwistedPairUTP:
cablewithfourpairsofwiresthatconnects

IEEE802.3Protocol(Ethernet)
:specifieshowmessagesaresupposedtobepackaged
andprocessedfortransmissionoverLAN

WirelessLANS

Acomputernetworkthatallowsuserstoconnecttoanetworkwithoutusinga
networkcable(WirelessNIC)

WirelessAccessPoint:
coveragecanrangefrom40mto100

Dependentonweather,indoorsoroutdoors,steelpillars,otherdevicesonfrequency
Andpoweroutputofthedevice
RepeaterandReflectorsareusedtoamplifyandreflectsignalstoextendtherange

Q5WhatDoINeedToKnowaboutConnectingtoTheInternet?

Router:
specialpurposedevicesthatimplementtheprotocolforWANs

Hypertexttransferprotocol(HTTP):
theweb
asubsetoftheinternetconsistingofsites
andusersthatusethisprotocol.Programsthatimplementthisprotocolarecalled
browsers

URL:
anacronymforUniformResourceLocatorandisareference(anaddress)toa
resourceontheInternet(sothathumanscanremember).AURLhastwomain
components:Protocolidentifier:FortheURLhttp://example.com,theprotocolidentifieris
http.Resourcename:FortheURLhttp://example.com,theresourcenameisexample.com
IPAddress:
Public/Private
DomainNameSystem:
toconverthumanfriendlyurlsintocomputerfriendlyipaddresses
Analog:
wavesthatareconvertedtoadigitalsignal>modem
DSlDigitalsubscriberline:
operatesontelephonelineservices
ADSL
asymmetricdigitalsubscriberlines(home/smallbusiness)
SDSL
symmetricdigitalsubscriberline:samefastspeedsinbothdirections(business)
CableModem:
digitalcablelinesfortransmission

Emails
Step1:GettingInternetAccessand(PressingSend/Receive)
Step2:BreakApartMessageandGetreadyfortransport
Step3:SendandReceivePackets
Step4:ReassemblePacketsandDisplayMessages

Firewall:
acomputingdevicethatpreventsunauthorizednetworkaccessandgetsitsname
fromthewayforestfiresareoftencontainedbyopenspaces

Canbespecialpurposecomputer,orprogramoncomputerormodem
Port:
anumberthatisusedtouniquelyidentifyatransactionoveranetwork

Portnumberspecifiestheserviceprovided:canbeusedtocreatefirewalls
ACLAccessControlList:
keepstrackofwhichIPaddressesaretobeallowedaccess
andwhicharetobeprohibited
PacketFilteringFirewalls
:examineseachpartofamessageanddetermineswhetherit
shouldletthatpartpass

Decisionisbasedonassessmentofsourceaddress,destinationaddressandother
data
Encryption:
theprocessoftransformingcleartextintocoded,unintelligibletexttosecure
storageorcommunication
VirtualPrivateNetwork:
usestheinternetoraprivateinternettocreatewhatappearsto
beprivatepointtopointconnections

WebSearchEngines


Requirestwothings:1.AwaytocollectURLS2.Amethodforstoring/accessingtheURLS
sotheycanbesearched

FindingURLSisthejobofa
webcrawler:
asoftwareprogramthatbrowsesthewebina
verymethodicalway

Chapter7:CompetitiveAdvantageandBusinessProcesses

Twobasicwaystodevelopcompetitiveadvantage
1.Toenhancetheproductorservicethroughinformationsystems.Thesechangesenable
organizationstodifferentiatethemselves.
2.Throughbusinessprocesses.Organizationslooktotechnologytohelpretaincustomers,
reducecosts,andcreatebarriersforcompetitorstomarket.

PrimaryandSupportActivities

Dependsonwhatcompanyisproducing

Businessfunctions:
primaryandsecondaryactivitiesthatareconsistentthroughoutall
industriesandorganizations.Including:accounting,finance,humanresources,marketing&
sales,operationsandprocurement.
FunctionalSystems:
facilitatetheworkofasingledepartmentorbusinessfunction.

Ineachfunctionalarea,companiesoftenaddfeaturesandcapabilitiestoinformation
systemstosupportmorefunctionalareaactivity.

Theproblemwithfunctionalapplicationsistheirisolation,sometimescalled
functional
Silos
becausetheyaredesignedtoworkindependentlyofoneanother.

Businessprocessesarecrossfunctional,cutacrossfunctionalareas

CrossDepartmentalorCrossFunctionalSystems:
integratedataandbusiness
processesacrossdifferentdepartmentsystems

Interorganizationalsystems:
Systemsthatareusedbytwoormorerelatedcompanies.
E.G
.
supplychainmanagementsystemsandecommerceapplications.

Majorproblemsofisolatedfunctionalsystems:
Dataduplication,disjointedprocess,
limitedinfoandlackofintegration,inefficientoverallactivitiesandincreasedexpenses


BusinessProcesscanbeimprovedwithouttechnology:1)addingresources2)adding
increasedspecialization3)changing/eliminatingunproductiveactivities
Doingmorewithmore(1&2)Doingmorewithless(IT)

EnterpriseApplicationIntegration(EAI):
Useslayersofsoftwareasabridgetoconnect
differentfunctionalsystemstogether.Mainprincipleisthatitleavesthefunctionalsystem
basicallyintact.
Thereisacustomizedinterfaceforeachfunctionalsystem
CentralEAIserverisaccessedbymanagement

EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)Systems:
supportmanyorallprimarybusiness
processesaswellasthehumanresourcesandaccountingsupportprocesses.

Primaryusersaremanufacturingcompanies

Crossdepartmentalprocesssystem
Threeproblems
Changetodepartmentratherthanorganizationaswhole
Convincingorganizationthatcostofchangeisworthit
Implementingchangeinworkers

ProcessBlueprint:
Includeacomprehensivesetofinherentprocessesforall
organizationalactivities.Adocumentedtestedbusinessmodel.

Costlydueto:hardware,software,developmentofnewprocedures,training,
convertingdata,andotherdevelopmentalexpenses

CustomerRelationshipManagement:
supportthebusinessprocessesofattracting,
selling,managing,delivering,andsupportingcustomers.

CRMsystemssupportallthedirectvaluechainactivitiesthatinvolvethecustomer.
FourPhasesofthecustomerlifecycle
1.Marketing
2.Customeracquisition
3.Relationshipmanagement
4.Loss/churn

SalesManagementapplications:supportsalestoexistingcustomers

IntegratedCRMApplications:storedatainasingledatabase


SupplyChain:
anetworkoforganizationsandfacilitiesthattransformrawmaterialsinto
productsdeliveredtocustomers

Fourmajorfactorsordriversaffectsupplychainperformance:facilities,inventory,
transportation,andinformation.

Information

Influencessupplychainperformancebyaffectingthewaysinwhichorganizationsin
thesupplychainrequestfrom,respondto,andinformoneanother.

Threefactorsofinformation
1.
Purpose
a.Canbetransactional,suchasordersandorderreturn,oritcanbe
informational,suchassharingofinventoryorcustomerorderdata
2.
Availability
a.Referstothewayinwhichorganizationssharetheirinformation,which
organizationshaveaccesstowhichinformationandwhen
3.
Means
a.Methodbywhichtheinformationistransmitted

SupplierRelationshipManagement(SRM):
businessprocessformanagingallcontacts
betweenanorganizationanditssuppliers.

Supplier
inSRMreferstoanyorganizationthatsellssomethingtotheorganization
thatusesanSRMapplication

SRMsupportsboththeinboundlogisticsprimaryactivityandsupportactivity.
Support3Basicprocesses
1.
Source
2.
Purchase
3.
Settle

Q8:WhatAreSCMSystems?

SupplyChainManagement(SCM)systems
areinterorganizationalsystemsthat
enablecompaniestoefficientlyhandletheflowofgoodsfromsupplierstocustomers.
Supplychain:
networkoforganizationsandfacilitiesthattransferrawmaterialsinto
productsdeliveredtocustomers
Fourmajorfactorsaffectsupplychainperformance:
facilities,inventory,transportation,
andinformation
Informationinfluencessupplychainperformancebyaffectingthewaysinwhich
organizationsinthesupplychainrequestfrom,respondto,andinformoneanother.

o3factorsofinformation:purpose,availabilityandmeans
3fundamentalinformationsystemsinSCM:(1)
SupplierRelationshipsManagement
(SRM),
(2)
Inventory,and
(3)
CustomerRelationshipManagement(CRM)
SRM
isabusinessprocessformanagingallcontactsbetweenanorganizationandits
suppliers

Chapter8:DecisionMakingandBusinessIntelligence

Q1:WhatChallengesDoManagersFaceWhenMakingDecisions?
Decisionmaking:rationalactinwhichindividualsconsiderpossiblechoicesandchoose
whattheythinkisthebestalternative

Decisionmakingprocessdifficultfor3reasons:

(1)
conceptofrationalityhardto
define,
(2)
goodoutcomesmayresultfromirrationalprocessesandbadoutcomescan
resultfromgoodprocesses,and
(3)
boundedrationality>weintendtoberationalbut
therearelimitstoourcognitivecapabilities
Muchofthedecisionmakingsoftware(suchasSAGEin50s)wasdevelopedformilitary
use

AckoffsAssumptions:(1)
managerswillhavenoproblemmakingdecisioniftheyget
thedatatheyneed,Ackoffcounteredthatformostmanagerstoomanypossibilitiesexist
(2)
poordecisionsaremadebecausemanagerslackrelevantinformation,Ackoffargued
managerssuffermorefromInformationOverloadand
(3)
managersknowwhatdatathey
need,inrealitymanagersareoftenunsure
DataQuality:anotherassumptionisthatdatastoredinsystemsarecleanandaccurate
Dirtydata,missingvalues,inconsistentdata,datanotintegrated,wronggranularityandtoo
muchdata
Digitaluniverseisdoublinginsizeeverytwoyears
InformationSystemscanbothhelpandhinderinformationoverload.Rightdatamustbe
usedatrighttimetoimproveprocess

Rawoperationaldata
areseldomsuitableforsophisticatedreportingordatamining.

DataGranularity:
referstothedegreeofsummarizationordetail.
Coarsedata
arehighly
summarized
finedata
expressdetailsthataretooprecise.

Clickstreamdata:
dataonallaconsumersclickingbehavior(i.e.onawebsite)

Q2:WhatisOLTP,andHowDoesitSupportDecisionMaking?

OnlineTransactionProcessing(OLTP):
Systemusedtocollectdataelectronicallyand
processthetransactiononline.

2basicwaysatransactioncanbeprocessed:

(1)
iftransactionsareenteredand
processimmediatelyonentry,thenthesystemisoperatinginrealtimebecausethereis

littleornodelayinupdatingthesystemwithnewdata,
(2)
Otheroptionistowaitformany
transactionstopileupbeforeyouprocessthem

OLTPsystems
supportdecisionmakingbyprovidingtherawinformationabout
transactionsandstatusforanorganization.

Q3:WhatAreOLAPandtheDataResourceChallenge?

DataResourceChallenge:
Liketothinkofdataasanasset,yetwedonottreatitasan
importantresource.SodatamaybecollectedintheOLTP,butitisntusedtoimprove
decisionmaking.

DecisionSupportSystems(DSSs):
SystemsthatfocusonmakingOLTPcollecteddata
usefulfordecisionmaking
oMoreGenerallyknownas
OnlineAnalyticProcessing(OLAP)
o
Distinguishingfeature
ofOLAPreportisthatpeoplecanaltertheformat
o
DownfallsofOLAPflexibility
arethatifthedatabaseislarge,doingthe
necessaryactionswilltakealotofcomputingpower

DrillDown:
furtherdividethedataintomoredetail

Q4:WhatAreBISystems,andHowDoTheyProvideCompetitiveAdvantage?

BusinessIntelligence(BI)system
isasystemthatprovidesinformationforimproving
decisionmaking

Marketbasketanalysis
isoneofthedataminingsystemscomputescorrelationsof
itemsonpastorderstodetermineitemsthatarefrequentlypurchasedtogether

RFMAnalysis
isawayofanalyzingandrankingcustomersbasedontheirpurchase
patterns

hiGOODBYE
BISystem
GroupDecisionSupport
System(GDSS)

ReportingSystems

Characteristics
Allowsmultipledecision
makerstocollaborate,
oftenanonymouslyandat
differenttimesand
locations

CompetitiveAdvantage
Reducemanyofthe
biasesinherentingroup
discussionsandoption
evaluation

Integrateandprocess
Providerelevant,
databysorting,grouping, accurate,andtimely
summing,andformatting. informationtotheright

DataMiningSystems

Produce,administerand
deliverreports

person

Usesophisticated
statisticaltechniquesto
findpatternsand
relationships

Discoverpatternsand
relationshipsindatato
predictfutureoutcomes

KnowledgeManagement Shareknowledgeof
System
products,productuses,
bestpracticesetc.among
employees,managers,
customersandothers

Publishemployeeand
othersknowledge.
Createvaluefrom
existingintellectual
capital.Foster
innovation,improve
customerservice,and
reducecosts.

ExpertSystems

Improvedecisionmaking
bynonexpertsby
encoding,saving,and
processingexpert
knowledge

Encodehuman
knowledgeintheformof
if/Thenrulesandprocess
thoserulestomakea
diagnosisor
recommendation.

Q5:WhatarethePurposeandComponentsofaDataWarehouse?

PurposeofDataWarehouse
istoextractandcleandatafromoperationalsystemsand
othersourcesandtostoreandcataloguethatdataforprocessingbyBItools

ComponentsofDataWarehouse:
Operationaldatabases,otherinternaldata,external
data,dataextraction/cleaning/preparationprograms,datawarehouseDBMS,BItools,data
warehousemetadata,datawarehousedatabase

Metadata
aredataaboutdata

Q6:WhatisaDataMart,andHowDoesitDifferfromaDataWarehouse?
A
Datamart
isadatacollectionthatiscreatedtoaddresstheneedsofaparticular
businessfunction,problemoropportunity

Datawarehouse
canbethoughtofasadistributerinasupplychain,
datamart
canbe
thoughtofasretailstore

Q7:WhatAreTypicalDataMiningApplications?

Datamining
istheapplicationofstatisticaltechniquestofindpatternsandrelationships
amongdataandtomakeclassificationsandpredictions

Unsuperviseddatamining:
Analystsapplythedataminingtechniquetothedataand
observetheresults>Createhypothesesaftertheanalysistoexplainpattern
o
ClusterAnalysis:
Commonunsupervisedtechniqueinwhichstatistical
techniquesidentifygroupsofentitiesthathavesimilarcharacteristics.
(Findingsimilargroupsofcustomers)

Superviseddatamining:
Analystsdevelopmodelpriortoanalysis
o
RegressionAnalysis:
Testingtheimpactofasetofvariablesonanother
variable
o
NeuralNetworks:
Anotherpopulartechnique.Usedtopredictvaluesand
makeclassifications.
BigData
:Althoughthistermispoorlydefinedanditsusagevaries,almostalldefinitions
andusesinvolveorreferencethecoreconceptthatlargeamountsofvarieddatafroma
varietyofsourcesoveraperiodoftimecouldbeusedtomakebetterdecisions.

Chapter9:ECommerce,SocialNetworking,andWeb2.0

Ecommerce:thebuyingandsellingofgoodsandservicesoverpublicandprivate
computernetworks.

Theemergenceofecommercehasprovidedmuchmoreinformationfor
consumers.

Thankstoecommercecustomersarenowmoreknowledgeablethanever
beforeaboutproductsandservicestheypurchase.

MerchantCompanies:
aredefinedasthosethattaketitleinthegoodtheyselltheybuy
goodsandresellthem.

NonMerchantCompanies
:arethosethatarrangeforthepurchaseandsaleofgoods
withouteverowningortakingtitletothosegoods.

Merchantcompaniessellservicestheyprovidenonmerchantcompaniessell
servicesprovidedbyothers.

EcommerceMerchantCompanies


Therearethreemaintypesofmerchantcompanies:(1)thosethatselldirectly
toconsumers,(2)thosethatselltocompanies,and(3)thosethatselltogovernment.

Businesstoconsumer(B2C)Ecommerce
concernssalesbetweenasupplieranda
retailcustomer(theconsumer).AtypicalinformationsystemforB2Cprovidesawebbased
applicationor
webstorefront
bywhichcustomersenterandmanagetheirorders.

BusinesstoBusiness(B2B)Ecommerce:
referstosalesbetweencompanies

Businesstogovernment(B2G)Ecommerce:
referstosalesbetweencompaniesand
governmentalorganizations.

ThenumberofcompaniesengagedinB2BandB2Gcommercefarexceedsengagingin
B2Ccommerce.

NonmerchantEcommerce

Themostcommonnonmerchantecommercecompaniesareauctions(such
as

eBay)andclearinghouses.

EcommerceAuctions
matchbuyersandsellersusinganecommerceversionofa
standardauction
.EbayisthebestknownEcommerceauction.

Clearinghouses
providegoodsandservicesatastatedpriceandarrangeforthedelivery
ofgoods,buttheynevertaketitle.
AmazonisanexampleofaClearinghouse.

Otherexamplesare
ElectronicExchanges(suchasPriceline.com)
thatmatchbuyers
andsellerssimilartothatofastockexchange.

BenefitsofEcommerce
Oftendiscussedthatecommerceissomethingneworjustatechnologyextensionof
existingbusinesspractices.

Disintermediation
istheremovalofintermediariesbetweenparties.Generalresultsfor
disintermediationarehigherrevenuesformanufacturersandlowerconsumerprices.

Improvesflowofpriceinformation,extremelyeasytocompareproductsandprices
ofthoseproducts.

ConsumershavegenerallybenefitedfromEcommerceandtheneteffecthasnot
beenquiteasnegativeasinitiallyimagined.

PriceElasticityeffects:
companiescaneasilyexperimentwithcustomersonprice
changestoseeifthereisachangeindemandofthegood.

TheChallengesofEcommerce
ChannelConflict
IfacompanystartsconductingB2Gandstartssellingaproductoriginallyforaretailoutlet
tostrictlythegovernment,thatoutletwillresentthemthentheywilllosethatretailoutletas
acustomer.

PriceConflict
Themanufacturercanofferalowerpriceonlinecomparedtotheretailerinstoreandstill
makeaprofit.

LogisticExpense
Ifthecosttoprocess1unitthroughecommerceisthesameasa12unitorderthrough
retail,thentheaveragelogisticexpensethroughecommercewillbemuchhigherin
comparison.Inconclusion,notworththesingleordersfromconsumers.comparedto
multiplefromretailoutlet.

CustomerServiceExpenses
Themanufacturerwillberequiredtoprovideservicetolesssophisticatedusersandona
onebyonebasis.Insteadofexplainingittooneprofessionalonhowtofixsomething,they
willhavetohirecustomerservicerepresentativestoanswerphonesandexplainto
everydaypeopleonhowtofixit.

Showrooming
Whenaconsumertestsoutaproductinalargeretailstoreandthengoeshomeand
purchasesitonlineiftheylikeit.

SocialNetworking

SocialNetworking
istheprocessbywhichindividualsuserelationshipsto
communicatewithothersinasocialnetwork.

SocialCapital
isinvestmentinsocialrelationswiththeexpectationofreturnsinthe
marketplace.Suchasjoiningabusinessforthepurposeofmeetingnewpeopleorjoining
LinkedIn.ThiswasdefinedbyNanLin,aCambridgeUniversityprofessor.

SocialCapitaladdsvalueinfourways:

1.

Information
2.

Influence
3.

SocialCredentials
4.

PersonalReinforcement

ValueofSocialnetworks
isdeterminedbythenumberofrelationshipsina
socialnetwork,bythestrengthofthoserelationships,andbytheresourcescontrolledby
thoserelated.

WeakrelationshipsinSocialNetworkingcontributethemosttothegrowthofa
network.Youaremorelikelytoexpandyoursocialnetworkwithpeopleyoubarely
knowthenthepeoplewhoyouwanttogettoknowmore.

SocialNetworkingEnabledbyTechnology

1)

Improvedsearchcapabilities
allowustoquicklysortlargeamountsof
data
2)

Reductioninthetradeoffofrichnessandreach
abilitytokeeptrackof
manymorepeopleandenhancepersonalization.
3)

NetworkEffects
improvedspeedatwhichanetworkgrowsandhow
usefultheybecome.
Web2.0

ThereisnouniversaldefinitionforthetermWeb2.0.

Itwasfirstpopularizedin2005byTimOReillytorefertotheintegrationand
interactionofproductsandservices,suchassmartphones,usercreatedcontent,social
networking,locationandcontextbasedservices,anddynamicmarketplaces,notasa
specifictechnology.

Google,Amazon.com,andeBayexemplifyWeb2.0.Theydonotsellsoftware
licencesbecausesoftwareisnottheirproduct.Theyprovidesserviceswiththebulk
oftheirprocessingoccurringinthecloudandgeneraterevenuesfromadvertising.

Web2.0
arethinclientsbecausetheydonotrequireinstallationonuserscomputers.

TraditionalSoftware
vendorsdependonsoftwarelicensefees.IfalargenumberofOffice
usersswitchedtofreewordprocessingandspreadsheetapplicationstheeffecton
Microsoftsrevenuewouldbecatastrophic.

UserGeneratedContent(UGC)
referstowebsitecontentthatiscontributedbyusers.

Crowdsourcing
combinessocialnetworking,viralmarketing,andopensourcedesign,
savingconsiderablecostwhilecultivatingcustomers.Oneformisthecrowdperforms
classicinhousemarketresearchanddevelopmentanddoessoinsuchawaythat
customersarebeingsetuptobuy.

Anotherformisastartupraisingmoneywhoprepayforanewgoodorservicecalled
Crowdfunding.

Traditionalvs.Web2.0

TraditionalsoftwaremodelsutilizesatoolbarinterfacesuchasPowerPointandWord,Web
2.0usesanorganicinterfacethatalloweduserstofindtheirwayaroundthewebsites.

TraditionalWebsitesareaboutpublishingwhereasWeb2.0isaboutparticipationsuchas
reviews,discussionresponsesandmapcontent.

TraditionalwebsiteslockdownallthelegalrightstheycanbutWeb2.0locksdownsome
rightsandencouragespeopletosharethem.

HowCanABusinessBenefitfromWeb2.0

Advertising
canbespecifictouserinterestsGooglepioneeredWeb2.0advertising
throughitsAdWordssoftware.CompaniescanpaymoneytoGoogleforacertainamount
ofparticularsearchwords.

Mashups
noninternetcompaniescanmashupcontentsoftheirwebsitessoitiseasier
foraconsumertofindwhattheyarelookingforsuchastheclothingworninamovieand
thestorethatissellingit.

ItshouldbenotedthatWeb2.0doesnotbenefitallbusinessinformationsystems.Any
companythatdealswithassets,suchasfinancialmaterial,needssomelevelofcontrol.

Chapter10:AcquiringInformationSystemsThroughProjects

Q1:
HowCanISbeacquired?

1. Buyitanduseitasitis
2. Buyitandcustomizeit(mostcommonmethod)
3. Rentorleaseit
4. Buildityourself(softwaredevelopment)
5. Outsourceit

softwaredoesnotequalaninformationsystem,whenyouacquireanewsoftware,youmust
integratedata,aswellasproceduresandthepeoplethatuseit,whichcanbecostly

Q2:
WhatareITprojects,andwhatdoesPMBOKmean?

PMBOK:
ProjectManagementBodyOfKnowledge

Project:
consistsoftemporaryendeavourundertakentocreateuniqueproductorservice
result
beginwithasetofobjectiveorgoals(scopeofprojectfoundfromthese)
oftenrepresentschangeinanorganization
ifthereisalargeITcomponent,projectreferredtoasanITproject
acrucialskilltocompleteprojectsiscommunication

InformationTechnologyProjectManagement:
collectionofmethodsthatprojectmanagers
usetoplan,coordinateandcompleteITprojects

Fiveprocessgroupsinanyproject(oftenoverlap)
1. Initiating/Starting
2. Planning
3. Executing
4. Controllingandmonitoring
5. Closing

ProjectKnowledgeareas:
(1)integrationmanagement,(2)scopemanagement,
(3)timemanagement,(4)costmanagement,(5)qualitymanagement,(6)human
resourcesmanagement,(7)communicationsmanagement,(8)riskmanagement,and
(9)procurementmanagement.Insideeachoftheseknowledgeareasaretechniques
thatprojectmanagersusetomanagetheirprojects.


Q3:
WhatshouldyouknowaboutITOperationsandITprojects?

TwobasicactivitiestoprovideITservices
1. MaintainingcurrentITinfrastructure
2. Renewingandadaptingittokeepitworkingeffectivelyinthefuture

1.OPERATIONS
ITservices/operations:t
hedelivery,maintenance,andprotection/management
referredtoasKeepingTheLightsOn
isamajorpartoftheoperationalbudget

ProductionSystems:
setofsystemthatsupportsoperations,
predictability
stability
security
Informationtechnologyinfrastructurelibrary:
collectionofbooksthatprovide
frameworkofbestpracticeapproachestoIToperations

2.
PROJECTS
Projectschangetheproductionsystemsratherthanmaintainingthem
naturalbalancebetweenprojectsandoperations
renewalandadaptionisaccomplishedthroughITprojects

WhatabouttheWeb?
CompanyhasIntranetwebsitetosupporttasks
Companyalsohasawebsiteforcustomersandtheirquestions
ITprofessionalssupportscompanyswebsite

Q4:
WhyareITprojectssorisky?
ITProjectRisk
lackofagoodmodel
preciseestimatesaredifficulttoestablish
cantmonitorprogress
riskdoesnotemergefromtechnologybutfrommanagementandemployeeslackof
skillsorknowledge

Q5andQ6
:
WhatisanSDLC

SystemDevelopmentLifeCycle:
classicprocessusedtoacquireinformationsystems


1. SystemDefinition
Definesystemgoalsandscope
Assessfeasibility(cost,schedule,technical,andorganizationalfeasibility)

2. RequirementAnalysis
Projectteamisformedandrequirementsaredeveloped
itisessentiallythemanagementofscope
mainlybusinessandsystemsanalysts
usersareactiveplayersandapproverequirements
commercialofftheshelfsoftwarewillneverfitrequirementsfullysoyou
modifysoftware
modifyorganizationalproceduresordata
orlivewiththeproblem

3. ComponentDesign
developingalternativesandcomparingthoseagainstrequirements
designtheprocedureforbothusersandoperationalpersonnelfornormal
processing,backingup,andfailurerecovery
createnewjobdescriptions

4. Implementation
building,testing,andconvertinguserstothenewsystem
systemtesting:testplan,betatesting,productqualityassurance
systemconversioncanoccurin4ways
plunge(diverightintonewsystem)
parallel(usewitholdsystem)
pilot(keepnewsystemtolimitedsectionofcompany)
phased(implementinphases)

5. SystemMaintenance
recordrequestsforchange
prioritizerequests
fixfailures(patches,servicepacks)

ProblemswithSDLC
Waterfallmethod:seldomworkssosmoothlyasmanybelieveittobe
analysisparalysis:toomanyrequirementsdocumented,cantworkonfeature
properly

Q7:
Whatisoutsourcing,andwhatareapplicationserviceproviders
Outsourcing:hiringanotherorganizationtoperformaservice
overseasvendorisoffshoring

providescostreductions,reducedrisk
putsvendorindriverseathowever,lossofsomecontrol
lossofintellectualcapital
vendordoesnthavesamepriorities
highunitcostforever,maynotgetwhatyoupayfor,costincreasesaftertime
noeasyexittoleavevendor,theyknowcompanysinformation

Chapter11:Structure,Governance,andEthics

Q1:HowistheITDepartmentOrganized?

ChiefInformationOfficer(CIO):
PrincipalmanagerofITdepartment
o

ChiefTechnologyOfficer(CTO):
OftenheadsthetechnologygroupoftheIT
department.Theyinvestigatenewinformationsystemstechnologiesanddetermine
howtheorganizationcanbenefitfromthem.
o

Operations:
managesthecomputinginfrastructure,includingindividualcomputers,
computercenters,networks,andcommunicationsmedia.Importantfunctionisto
monitoruserexperienceandrespondtouserconcernsorproblems
o

Development:
ThirdgroupinITdepartment.Thisgroupmanagesprojectsthat
acquirenewinformationsystemsandmaintainsexistinginformationsystems.If
programsarenotdevelopedinhousebusinessanalystsand/orsystemsanalystswill
staffthedepartment.
Outsourcingrelations:
relationshipswithvendorsrequireconstantmonitoring,
departmentfocusesondevelopinggoodrelationships.
o

BusinessAnalysts
arenormallyinvolvedindevelopingthebusinesscaseforanewly
proposedsystemaswellastherequirementsforthatsystem
Q2:WhatJobsExistinITServices?

Q3:WhatisITArchitecture?

CompetitiveStrategy:
Supportedbyactivitiesinthevaluechain,whichconsistsofacollectionof
businessprocesssupportedbyinformationsystems

ITArchitecture:
Thebasicframeworkforallthecomputers,systems,andinformationmanagement
thatsupportorganizationalservices.

EnterpriseArchitect:
Jobistocreatetheblueprintofanorganizationsinformationsystemsand
themanagementofthesesystems.

ZachmanFramework:
ToolusedtoorganizethedevelopmentofITarchitecture.Itdividessystems
intotwodimensions:
(1)
Oneisbasedonsixreasonsforcommunication(
what
data,
how

function,
where
network,
who
people,
when
time,
why
motivation),and
(2)
theotherisbased
onstakeholdergroups(planner,owner,designer,builder,implementer,andworker)

Q4:WhatisAlignment,WhyisitImportant,andWhyisitDifficult?

Alignment:
ProcessofmatchingorganizationalobjectiveswithITarchitecture

ThisprocesstakesadvantageofITcapabilitiesastheydevelop,atthesametime
maintainingabalancebetweenbusinessobjectivesandITarchitecture
o

CommunicationbetweenbusinessandITexecutivesisthemostimportantindicatorof
alignment.

Q5:WhatisInformationSystemsGovernance?

Governance:
Forbusinessorganizations,itisthedevelopmentofconsistent,cohesive
managementpoliciesandverifiableinternalprocessesforinformationtechnologyandrelated
services.

SarbanesOxleyAct(SOX)
intheUSand
BudgetMeasuresAct(Bill198)
inOntarioarelawsthat
forcecompaniestocomplywithgovernancestandardsforcollecting,reporting,anddisclosing
information

Q6:WhatisanInformationSystemsAudit,andWhyShouldYouCareAboutIt?

InformationSystemsAudit:
Anauditoninformationresourcesthatareusedtocollect,store,
processandretrieveinformation

InformationSystemsAuditandControlAssociation(ISACA):
Organizationthathasbecomea
leaderindevelopingknowledgeandstandardsrelatingtoITauditandITgovernance

ControlObjectivesforInformationandRelatedTechnology(COBIT):
frameworkofbest
practicesdesignedforITmanagement
o

ProvidesaprocessthroughwhichalignmentbetweenITandbusinessobjectivesis
developed
o

ProcessessuchasCOBITarenotlikelytoguaranteealignmentontheirown,the
abilitytocommunicateandshareknowledgeacrossorganizationalboundariesisjust
asimportant
1
Q7:WhatisInformationSystemsEthics?

InformationSystemsEthics:
aboutthepeopleinvolvedinthesystem,andhowtheyuseprivate
information.Thewaywethinkandactinsituationsinwhichourchoicesaffectothers.Weface
choicesinsituations,andthesechoicesshouldbeguidedbyprinciples.

Q8:WhatisGreenIT,andWhyShouldYouCareAboutIt?

GreenIT:
ITresourcestobettersupportthetriplebottomlinefororganizations
o

Primarygoalsaretoimproveenergyefficiency,promoterecyclability,andreducethe
useofmaterialthatarehazardoustotheenvironment

TripleBottomLine:
Includesmeasuresoftraditionalprofitalongwithecologicalandsocial
performance

ENERGYSTAR
programisaninternationalgovernmentindustrypartnershipthatisintendedto
produceequipmentthatmeetshighenergyefficiencyspecificationsorpromotestheuseofsuch
equipment

ECycling:
therecyclingofelectroniccomputingdevices

EWaste
industryisstartingtodevelopandexpandquickly.Anexampleofacompanyinthe
industryis
ElectronicProductRecyclingAssociation(EPRA)

Chapter12:ManagingInformationSecurityandPrivacy

Q1:WhatisIdentityTheft?

IdentityTheft:
Involvesstealing,misrepresenting,orhijackingtheidentityofanotherpersonor
businessandprovidesaneffectivewaytocommitothercrimes
o

OneofthefastestgrowingcrimesinCanada

Q2:WhatisPIPEDA?

PersonalInformationProtectionandElectronicDocumentsAct(PIPEDA):
Intendedtobalance
anindividualsrighttotheprivacyofhisorherpersonalinformationwithanorganizationsneedto
collect,use,andsharethatpersonalinformationforbusinesspurposes.

Governshowdataarecollectedandused

Itstatesthatindividualshavearighttoknowwhattypeofinformationanorganizationcollectsabout
themandhowitisgoingtobeused

Q3:WhatTypesofSecurityThreatsDoOrganizationsFace?

ThreesourcesofSecurityThreats:
(1)Humanerrorandmistakes,(2)malicioushumanactivity,
and(3)naturaleventsanddisasters

Fivetypesofsecurityproblems:
(1)unauthorizeddatadisclosure,(2)incorrectdatamodification,
(3)faultyservice,(4)denialofservice,and(5)lossofinfrastructure

UnauthorizedDataDisclosure:
Canoccurbyhumanerror,thistypeofdisclosureiscovered
underPIPEDA
o

Pretexting
occurswhensomeonedeceivesbypretendingtobesomeoneelse
o

Phishing
usespretextingviaemail.Pretendstobelegitimatecompanyaskingfor
confidentialemail
o

Spoofing
isatermforsomeonepretendingtobesomeoneelse.
o

Sniffing
isatechniqueforinterceptingcomputercommunications.
o
Drivebysniffers
takecomputerswithwirelessconnectionsthroughanareaand
searchforunprotectedwirelessnetworks.

IncorrectDataModification:
canbecausedbyhumanerror
o

Hacking
occurswhenapersongainsunauthorizedaccesstoacomputersystem

FaultyService:
Includesproblemsthatresultbecauseofincorrectsystemoperations

DenialofService(DOS)
o

DOSattacks
areoftenlaunchedmaliciouslybyfloodingawebserverwithmillionsof
bogusservicerequeststooccupytheserversothatitcannotservicelegitimate
requests.

Q4:HowCanTechnicalSafeguardsProtectAgainstSecurityThreats?

TechnicalSafeguards
involvethehardwareandsoftwarecomponentsofaninformationsystem.
o

Usernameidentifiestheuser,passwordauthenticates

Smartcard:
Aplasticcardsimilartoacreditcardexcepttheyhavemicrochipsratherthanmagnetic
strips.Themicrochip(whichholdfarmoredatathanthemagneticstrip)isloadedwithidentifying
dataoralgorithms
o

UsersofsmartcardsarerequiredtoenteraPersonalIdentificationNumber(PIN)to
beauthenticated
o

Smartcardscanenable
challengeresponse
authenticationinwhichanewpassword
isgeneratedateachloginbyanalgorithmaccessedbyorstoredonthechip

BiometricAuthentication:
Usespersonalphysicalcharacteristics,suchasfingerprints.

Encryption
and
Firewalls
aretwoimportanttechnicalsafeguards

Malware:
Includesviruses,worms,Trojanhorses,spyware,andadware
o

Spyware:
Programsinstalledontheuserscomputerwithouttheusersknowledgeor
permission
o

Adware:
Installedwithouttheuserspermissionandresidesinthebackgroundto
observeuserbehavior

Q5:HowCanDataSafeguardsProtectAgainstSecurityThreats?

DataSafeguards
protectdatabasesandotherorganizationaldata.Twoorganizationalunitsare
responsiblefordatasafeguards:
o

Dataadministration:
organizationwidefunctioninchargeofdevelopingdatapolicies
andenforcingdatastandards.TypicallyastafffunctionreportingtoCIO
o

Databaseadministration:
functionthatpertainstoaparticulardatabase.Ensures
proceduresexisttofacilitateorderlymultiuserprocessingofthedatabase,tocontrol
changestothedatabasestructure,andtoprotectthedatabase.

Anorganizationshouldprotectsensitivedatabystoringtheminencryptedform

Keyescrow
isasafetyprocedureinwhichatrustedpartyhasacopyoftheencryptionkey

Q6:HowCanHumanSafeguardsProtectAgainstSecurityThreats?

HumanSafeguards
resultwhenauthorizedusersfollowappropriateproceduresforsystemuseand
recovery.
o

EffectiveHumanSafeguardsbeginwithcreatingdefinitionsofjobtasksand
responsibilities.Shouldprovideaseparationofdutiesandauthorities.

Hardening:
Totakeextraordinarymeasurestoreduceasystem'svulnerability.Thesesitesuse
specialversionsoftheoperatingsystemandlockdownoreliminateoperatingsystemfeaturesand
functionsthatarenotrequiredfortheapplication.
o

Thebestsafeguardfromthreatsfrompublicusers

Q7:WhatisDisasterPreparedness?

Bestsafeguardagainstadisasterisappropriatelocation

HotSites
areremoteprocessingcentersandmayberunbycommercialdisasterrecoveryservices

ColdSites
providespaceandlimitedtechnologyandcustomersprovideandinstalltheequipment
neededtocontinueoperationsfollowingadisaster.Recoverytimeisconsiderablylonger.

WarmSites
aresomewhereinthemiddleofthetwoextremes

Q8:HowShouldOrganizationsRespondtoSecurityIncidents?

MajorFactorsinIncidentResponse:
(1)Haveaplaninplace,(2)centralizedreporting,(3)
specificresponses,and(4)practice
Useprotection