A Grid Connected PV System With A Variable Switching Frequency Hysteretic Modulation

International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT
Vol. 2, Issue 2, FEBRUARY 2016
A Grid Connected PV System with a

Variable Switching Frequency Hysteretic
Modulation Using Sliding Mode
Controller
S.Jeya Pradeepa1 ,M.Shunmugavidya2,S.Jeya Prakash 3
1
PG scholar, Dept of EEE, Francis Xavier Engineering College

PG scholar, Dept of EEE, Francis Xavier Engineering College
2
UG scholar, Dept of EEE, Francis Xavier Engineering College
2
Abstract: This project presents a sliding mode controller with a variable switching frequency hysteretic
modulation technique. The PV system drives the PV voltage to follow a reference provided by an
external MPPT algorithm and mitigates the perturbation caused by irradiance and temperature
change. The proposed design of a sliding mode controller requires to fulfill three conditions:
transversality, equivalent control and reachability. These conditions are used to develop a design
procedure for the control system that ensures the desired performance criteria of the PV voltage.
Simulation results show the reduction in setting time and it was attained by using the improved design
of the sliding mode control with the MPPT algorithm. The overshoot is also reduced in the output
voltage of the boost converter. Finally, the PV system was connected to the grid through the boost
converter and inverter.
keywords: PV-photovoltaic, MPPT-maximum power point tracking, Sliding Mode Controller,

Hysteretic modulation technique.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are a suitable

option to produce clean electrical energy since
they can be dimensioned for a wide range of
power ratings in both standalone and gridconnected applications. The disadvantages of
grid connected PV system:
problems like relay desensitization,

nuisance tripping, interference with
automatic reclosers, and ferroresonance.
Grid-connected PV can cause issues

with voltage regulation. The traditional
grid operates under the assumption of oneway, or radial, flow. But electricity
injected into the grid increases voltage,
and can drive levels outside the acceptable
bandwidth of 5%.
Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) can

compromise
power
quality.
PVs
intermittent nature means rapid changes in
voltage. This not only wears out voltage
regulators due to frequent adjusting, but
also can result in voltage flicker.
A typical PV system is composed by a PV

array, a dc/dc converter to transform the power
provided by the PV source, and an inverter. The PV
array is characterized by a non-linear behaviour
that changes significantly with the operating
conditions, e.g. irradiance level, shades,
temperature, among others, which makes difficult
to predict the voltage and current to guarantee the
maximum power production. The operation point
in which the PV array provides its maximum power
is named maximum power point (MPP) . Then, the
main objective of the control strategy in a PV
system is to ensure the system operation around its
MPP (Maximum Power Point Tracking - MPPT) in
whichever load and environmental conditions. In
the proposed system, the sliding mode controller is
used. The controller is used to improve the
behaviour of the PV system accounting for the
changes in the environmental condition.
Connecting to the grid poses many

protection-related challenges. In addition
to islanding, as mentioned above, too high
levels of grid-connected PV result in
Sliding Mode Controller is a non-linear

control method that alters the dynamics of a
non-linear system by application of a
All Rights Reserved 2016 IJORAT

discontinuous control signal that forces the

system to "slide" along a cross section of the
system's normal behaviour. It can switch from
one continuous structure to another based on the
current position in the state space. The motion of
the system as it slides along the boundaries is
called sliding mode. SMC is the control of
electrical drives operated by switching power
converter. Because of the discontinuous
operating mode of those converters, SMC is
used by means of pulse width modulation. In
SMC, the hysteretic modulation technique is
used. It is used to limit the range of signal.
II. EXISTING SYSTEM

R.Khanna et al (2014) proposed an
adaptive control architecture for maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic
systems. MPPT technologies have been used in
photovoltaic systems to deliver the maximum
available power to the load under changes of the
solar insolation and ambient temperature. To
improve the performance of MPPT, this paper
develops a two-level adaptive control
architecture that can reduce complexity in
system control and effectively handle the
uncertainties and perturbations in the
photovoltaic systems and the environment. The
first level of control is ripple correlation control
(RCC), and the second level is model reference
adaptive control (MRAC). By decoupling these
two control algorithms, the system achieves
MPPT with overall system stability. But
increase in irradiance level and temperature,
difficult to predict the voltage and current. The
MPPT is not guarantee to track the maximum
power production under these conditions [11].
E.Mararelis et al (2014) proposed the
procedure for designing a sliding mode
controller for maximum power point tracking
photovoltaic (PV) applications is proposed. It is
applied to a single-ended primary inductor
converter, thus to a fourth-order topology, but it
can be extended to a wide class of converters
suitable for PV applications. The reachability
and existence conditions give rise to a number
of design inequalities that add to the classical
steady-state conditions in order to have the
desired closed-loop converters performances.
Reachability,
equivalent
control
and
transversality condition are solved in this paper.
The stability of the system is improved but
overshoots may occur in the increased
temperature[19].
N.Femia et al (2009) proposed the
double-stage grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)
inverters, the dynamic interactions among the
dc/dc and dc/ac stages and the maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) controller may reduce
the system performances. In this paper, the

detrimental effects, particularly in terms of
system efficiency and MPPT performances, of
the oscillations of the PV array voltage, taking
place at the second harmonic of the grid
frequency are evidenced. The use of a proper
compensation network acting on the error signal
between a reference signal provided by the
MPPT controller and a signal that is
proportional to the PV array voltage is proposed.
In this paper, the MPPT parameters are chosen
greater than the suitable threshold for avoiding
low frequency voltage oscillations from grid and
disturbance caused by irradiance. The filter is
inserted between the reference and the
controller. But it does not modify the settling
time and overshoot of the PV voltage in all
environmental condition [10].
E.Bianconi et al (2013) proposed a currentbased technique is proposed: the sensing of the
current in the capacitor placed in parallel with
the PV source is one of the innovative aspects of
the proposal. A dual control technique based on
an inner current loop plus an outer voltage loop
allows to take profit of the fast current tracking
capability of the inner current loop while the
voltage loop benefits from the logarithmic
dependency of the PV voltage on the irradiation
level. The SMC sense the capacitance current.
The capacitor current changes in order to reject
the perturbation on the bulk capacitor voltage
and to track the perturbation in the irradiance
level. This SMC design satisfies only the
equivalent control condition. But it has longer
setting time[1].
Y.Levron et al (2013) proposed a fast
and unconditionally stable maximum power
point tracking scheme with high tracking
efficiency is proposed for photovoltaic
generators. The fast dynamics and all range
stability are attained by a sliding mode control
and the high tracking efficiency by a maximum
power point algorithm with fine step. In
response to a sudden change in radiation, our
experiments show a typical convergence time of
15ms. Normally the PWM based MPPT has the
convergence time of 210min . The major
advantages of SMC based MPPT over PWM
based MPPT: Fast tracking in response to a
radiation change and stability across the entire
photovoltaic curve. The stability is maintained
when the PV source is current or voltage[15].
N.Femia et al (2005) proposed the
solutions based on SMC have been proposed to
provide a good performance in the mitigation of
the load voltage oscillations and to ensure the
tracking of the reference provided by the MPPT
algorithm [10]. However, in general, these
solutions do not guarantee the existence of the
sliding-mode in all the operation range.

Moreover, the reported design of the SMC

parameters is not necessarily related with the
requirements of the MPPT algorithm, hence it is
difficult to ensure the desired behaviour of the
complete PV system, e.g. an accurate settling
time of the PV voltage is required to ensure the
stability of a P&O algorithm at any operation
condition [8], [10].
N.Femia et al (2010) proposed a new
analog Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) technique is presented and discussed.
Such a technique is particularly suitable for
Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking
Applications (DMPPT). Its main advantages are
simplicity of implementation, absence of
memory and multiplication operations and the
high MPPT efficiency obtainable under both
stationary and time-varying atmospheric
conditions. This technique is not worth for the
grid connected system[9].
Reachability conditions
The reachability conditions analyze the

ability of the system to reach the desired state.
The work demonstrated in a system that fulfils
the equivalent control condition also fulfils the
reachability conditions. The constrained limit
within the dynamic limits for the equivalent
control also fulfils the reachability conditions.
IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The circuit diagram of the proposed
system having the PV panel, boost converter,
inverter, grid, Sliding Mode Controller (SMC),
MPPT -P&O algorithm shown in figure.1. The
output of the PV system is connected to the
boost converter. The gate signal of the boost
converter is given through the SMC. The SMC
compares the PV voltage and from the
P&O-MPPT algorithm. The P&O get the input
R.Mastromauro et al (2012) proposed the photovolta
power from the PV panel.
III. SLIDING MODE CONTROLLER
Transversality condition
The transversality condition is required

to modify the system dynamics. Then, the
transversality condition is satisfied by
maintaining k 0.
Equivalent control condition
The next step is to analyze the equivalent

control condition, which imposes the operation
range of that control variable. For the dc/dc
converter, the correct range is 0 < < 1.
K must to exhibit the negative sign to
ensure the system stability Therefore, the k
values must be granted to fulfil the equivalent
control condition.
The SMC has a gain values. The gain
parameter is k. These values of k is chosen as
-0.5 for satisfying the three conditions of SMC.
The boost converter boost the DC voltage from
the PV system. The DC output from the boost is
converted into AC by the three phase inverter.
The inverted AC output is connected to the AC
grid.
Figure.1.Circuit diagram of the proposed

system
V. SIMULATION OF THE PROPOSED
SYSTEM
The simulation of the proposed system is shown
in figure.2. The improved design of the SMC is
implemented
in
the
proposed
system

Figure.2. Simulink model of the proposed system.

VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation result of the boost
converter is shown in figure.3. The settling time is
reduced as 0.6ms and no overshoots are occurred
in the output is shown in figure.3. This can be
achieved by the proposed design of the Sliding
Mode Controller.
The single phase AC output is shown in the

figure.4. This Ac output from the inverter is
connected to the AC grid.
Vac I ac
400
300
70
200
60
voltage(V)
current(I)
100
voltage(V)
50
-100
40
-200
30
-300
20
-400
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Time(sec)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
10
Figure 4. Voltage and current across inverter.

0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
Time(sec)
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
Figure 3.Voltage across boost converter


The output pulse of the sliding mode control is

shown in figure.5. This pulse is given to the
boost converter.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all we would like to thank the almighty
for giving me sound health throughout my paper
work. This research was supported/partially
supported by our college. We thank our staffs
from our department who provided insight and
expertise that greatly assisted the research,
although they may not agree with all of the
interpretations/conclusions of this paper.
0.9
0.8
0.7
REFERENCE
voltage(V)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
Time(sec)
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
Figure 5.Output pulse of the sliding mode

control
VII. CONCLUSION
This project has proposed an improved
procedure for designing the sliding mode
controller of a boost converter in a grid
connected PV system. The PV voltage tracked
the reference provided by an external MPPT
with a reduced settling time as 0.6ms and no
overshoot while being insensitive to changes in
all environmental conditions, such as solar
irradiation or PV module temperature. The SMC
forces the PV voltage to satisfactorily track the
reference. Without using the SMC, the settling
time is longer and overshoots are also in the
waveform. The controllers is used in providing
the DC voltage across boost converter with no
overshoot and the specified settling times
required by MPPT. Simulation results showed
that the controller designed following the
improved procedure fulfilled correctly all these
requirements. In the simulations, a sliding mode
controller with a very simple variable-switching
frequency
hysteretic-modulation
was
considered. The design of SMC can be applied
in further developments to PV systems based on
other converter topologies such as buck (e.g.
battery charges), buck-boost (e.g. module
optimizers), inverters (e.g. PV micro-inverters),
among others
0.01
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A Grid Connected PV System With A Variable Switching Frequency Hysteretic Modulation

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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 2, Issue 2, FEBRUARY 2016