Chemistry Form 4

Laboratory Guide for Teachers

Chapter

3.2 INQUIRY

Introduction to Chemistry

1.1 GUIDED

Experiment

Scientific method

1. Remind students to add a little salt at a time into

the beaker. Make sure that all the salt added is
dissolved before any salt is added again.

Chapter

The Structure of the Atom

2.1 INQUIRY

Experiment

Diffusion

2. Make sure that students carry out the activity in

a fume chamber.
3. Use pure liquid bromine.
4. 1 mol dm3 potassium manganate(VII) solution is
prepared by dissolving 158 g of solid potassium
manganate(VII) in distilled water and then make
up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3.
Experiment

2. Make sure that the entire thermometer bulb is

submerged into the molten naphthalene and
does not touch the bottom or walls of the test
tube.
3. Remind students to stir the molten naphthalene
continuously with thermometer throughout the
activity.

Experiment

2. 0.2 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 66.2 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.

4. In Activity A,
(a) make sure that the test tube is clamped
horizontally.
(b) after heating, immediately disconnect the
delivery tube so that the liquid is not sucked
back into the hot test tube. The cold liquid
will crack the test tube.

Chapter

Periodic Table of Elements

4.1 GUIDED

Experiment

Chemical properties of
Group 1 elements

1. Use a pair of forceps to hold solid lithium, sodium

or potassium and cut them using a knife. Do
not touch these alkali metals with bare hands
because they are very reactive.
2. Small pieces of lithium, sodium or potassium
that are removed from the paraffin oil in a bottle
must be dried using filter paper befo re they are
used.
3. Oxygen gas is prepared by adding a small amount
of manganese(IV) oxide powder (catalyst) into
hydrogen peroxide solution (10 volumes) in a flatbottomed flask. Oxygen gas is collected in a gas
jar by downward displacement of water.

Chemical Formulae and Equations

3.1 INQUIRY

1. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium

hydroxide powder in distilled water until a
saturated solution is obtained. Then filter the
solution to remove the excess calcium hydroxide
powder.

The melting and freezing

points of naphthalene

1. Remind students that the level of naphthalene

in the boiling tube should be below the level of
water in the beaker.

Chapter

Chemical equations

3. 0.2 mol dm 3 potassium iodide solution is

prepared by dissolving 33.2 g of solid potassium
iodide in distilled water and then make up the
volume of the solution to 1 dm3.

1. Remind students that liquid bromine is toxic.

2.2 INQUIRY

Experiment

Empirical formula

1. Use an electronic balance that measures to the

nearest 0.01 g.
2. Make sure that students remove the oxide
layer on the surface of the magnesium ribbon
by rubbing it using a piece of sandpaper.

4. Remind students to stand further away from the

water trough when solid potassium is placed on
the surface of the water because a very vigorous
reaction will occur.

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Chemistry Form 4

4.2 GUIDED

Experiment

Chemical properties of
Group 17 elements

Chapter

1. Remind students that chlorine gas and bromine

vapour are very poisonous. When accidentally
contacted, the liquid bromine can cause lesions
on the skin.

5.1 INQUIRY

3. 2 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution is prepared

by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
water to form 1 dm3 solution.

3. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixing

concentrated hydrochloric acid with solid
potassium manganate(VII) (without heating) in
a conical flask or flat-bottomed flask. Chlorine
gas evolved is collected in a gas jar by upward
displacement of air.

4. Once the reaction between iron wool and

halogen vapour starts in Activity B, heating is
stopped because the reaction produces a lot of
heat energy which can keep the reaction going.

4. Iron filings must be in dry condition before it is

used.

Properties of the oxides

of elements in Period 3

5.2 INQUIRY

1. Sulphur dioxide gas can be prepared by heating a

mixture of solid sodium sulphite and dilute nitric
acid.
Na2SO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)

3. In Activity C, the heating of liquid naphthalene

must be controlled so that the temperature of
the liquid naphthalene does not rise too high
because the vapour of naphthalene evolved is
easily burnt when ignited.

3. 2 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution is prepared

by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
water to form 1 dm3 solution.
4. In Activity B, only a small amount of aluminium
oxide powder and silicon(IV) oxide powder are
used in each test.
Colours of transition
element compounds

Chapter

2. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by

diluting 140 cm3 of concentrated ammonia with
distilled water to form 1 dm3 solution.

Electrochemistry

6.1 INQUIRY

1. When dissolving the crystals in water, use only

a small amount of crystals and dissolve them in
5 cm3 of distilled water, filter the solution if a
clear solution is not obtained.

Properties of ionic and

covalent compounds

2. In Activity C, carbon electrodes must be cleaned

using sandpaper before they are used.

Experiment

Experiment

1. In Activity A, only a small amount of magnesium

chloride or diethyl ether is dissolved in 5 cm3 of
water or cyclohexane.

2. 2 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting

130 cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled
water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

4.4 INQUIRY

Preparation of ionic
compounds

2. The oil on the surface of the sodium granule must

be dried by rolling it on a piece of filter paper
before it is used.

Experiment

Experiment

1. Magnesium ribbon must be cleaned using

sandpaper before it is used in order to remove
the oxide layer on its surface.

2. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixing

concentrated hydrochloric acid with solid
potassium manganate(VII) (without heating) in
a conical flask or flat-bottomed flask.

4.3 GUIDED

Chemical Bonds

Experiment

Electrolytes and
non-electrolytes

1. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared

by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
distilled water to make a 1 dm3 solution.
2. The glucose solution is prepared by dissolving
90g of glucose in distilled water and then make
up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3.

3. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared

by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
water to form 1 dm3 solution.

3. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.

4. Ammonia or sodium hydroxide solution is added

slowly, drop by drop, until a precipitate appears.

4. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper

before they are used.

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Chemistry Form 4

5. Make sure that the students do not heat the

naphthalene strongly after the naphthalene
melts because its vapour catches fire easily.
6.2 INQUIRY

Experiment

Electrolysis of molten
lead(II) bromide

2. Make sure that the students carry out the activity

in a fume chamber.
3. Remind the students that bromine vapour is
toxic.
Experiment

7. Use an electronic balance that measures to the

nearest 0.01 g.
8. Remind the students to dry the electrodes before
weighing the electrodes.

1. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper

before they are used.

6.3 INQUIRY

6. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper

before they are used.

6.5 GUIDED

Experiment

Purification of metals

1. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.
2. Remind students to clean the copper plates with
sandpaper before they are used.

Electrolysis of copper(II)
sulphate solution and
dilute sulphuric acid
using carbon electrodes

6.6 GUIDED

Experiment

Electroplating of metals

1. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.

1. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.

2. 0.1 mol dm 3 sulphuric acid is prepared by

diluting 5.5 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid
with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

2. Remind students to clean the copper strip and

iron spoon using sandpaper before they are
used.

3. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper

before they are used.

3. Remind students to maintain a constant 0.2 A of

current throughout the experiment by adjusting
the current using the rheostat.

Factors that determine

the s elective discharge of
ions at electrodes during
the e
lectrolysis of an
aqueous solution

4. Make sure that the entire spoon is submerged

in the electrolyte.

1. 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 24.2 g of solid Cu(NO3)2.3H2O in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.

1. 1 mol dm3 sodium chloride solution is prepared

by dissolving 58.5 g of solid sodium chloride in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.

2. 0.1 mol dm3 sodium sulphate solution is prepared

by dissolving 14.2 g of solid sodium sulphate in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.

2. Make sure that the students clean the copper

plate and magnesium ribbon with sandpaper
before they are used.

3. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric
acid with distilled water to make a 1 dm3 solution.

6.8 GUIDED

6.4 GUIDED

Experiment

4. 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 1 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid
with distilled water to make a 2 dm3 solution.
5. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is
prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.

6.7 GUIDED

Experiment

Experiment

The simple voltaic cell

The construction of
electrochemical series
based on potential
differences between
metals

1. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4. 5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.
2. Dip the lead strip into concentrated hydrochloric
acid before it is used.

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Chemistry Form 4

3. Clean other metals with sandpaper before they

are used.
6.9 GUIDED

Experiment

The construction of
electrochemical series
based on the principle of
displacement of metals

1. The solutions should be prepared as follows:

(a) 242 g dm3 Cu(NO3)2.3H2O
(b) 331 g dm3 lead(II) nitrate
(c) 180 g dm3 iron(II) nitrate
(d) 189 g dm3 zinc nitrate
(e) 148 g dm3 magnesium nitrate

3. Clean the other metals with sandpaper before

they are used.

Experiment

The role of water in

showing the properties
of acids

1. Make sure that the glacial ethanoic acid is

completely dry. This can be done by adding a
little ethanoic anhydride, (CH3CO)2O to a bottle of
glacial ethanoic acid a day before the experiment
(1 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride to 100cm3 of glacial
ethanoic acid).
2. Glacial ethanoic acid is corrosive. Be careful
when handling it.
3. 2 mol dm 3 aqueous ethanoic acid can be
prepared by diluting 116 cm3 of glacial ethanoic
acid in distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3
solution.
4. Ethanoic acid in dry propanone is prepared by
dissolving 116 cm3 of glacial etanoic acid in dry
propanone and then make it to 1 dm3 solution.
5. Make sure that the blue litmus paper used is dry.
7.2 GUIDED

Experiment

The pH values and

molarity of acids and
alkalis

1. 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 8.5 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
1 dm3 solution.

3. 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
500 cm3 solution.
4. 0.0001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it
500 cm3 solution.
5. 0.00001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.0001 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
500 cm3 solution.

Acids and Bases

7.1 GUIDED

Experiment

2. 0.01 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
500cm3 solution.

2. Dip the lead strip into concentrated hydrochloric

acid before it is used.

Chapter

7.3 GUIDED

The role of water in

showing the properties
of alkalis

6. 0.1 mol dm 3 sodium hydroxide solution is

prepared by dissolving 4.0 g of solid sodium
hydroxide in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3
solution.
7. 0.01 mol dm 3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water
and make it to 500 cm3 solution.
8. 0.001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water
and then make it to 500 cm3 solution.
9. 0.0001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water
and then make it to 500 cm3 solution.
10. 0.00001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.0001 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water
and then make it to 500 cm3 solution.
7.4 INQUIRY

Experiment

Acid-base titration

1. Barium hydroxide powder must be dried in an

oven and then kept in a desiccator before it is
used.

1. 0.1 mol dm 3 sulphuric acid is prepared by

diluting 5.5 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid
with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

2. Make sure that the red litmus paper used is dry.

2. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution is

prepared by dissolving 11.2 g of solid potassium

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Chemistry Form 4

hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to

1 dm3 solution.

iodide in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3

solution.

3. Phenolphthalein indicator is prepared by

dissolving 0.20 g solid phenolphthalein in 120 cm3
of 95% ethanol. 80 cm3 of distilled water is then
added and the mixture is shaken well.

3. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chromate(VI) solution is

prepared by dissolving 97.0 g of solid potassium
chromate(VI) in distilled water and make it to
1dm3 solution.

4. Remind students that burette readings must be

read to the accuracy of 0.05 cm3.

4. 0.5 mol dm3 barium nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 130.5 g of solid barium nitrate in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

Chapter

5. 0.5 mol dm3 sodium sulphate solution is prepared

by dissolving 161 g of hydrated sodium sulphate
in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

Salts

8.1 INQUIRY

8.4 GUIDED
Experiment

Preparation of a soluble
salt from the reaction of
an acid with an alkali

1. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
1dm3 solution.
2. 2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution is
prepared by dissolving 112.0 g of solid potassium
hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to
1 dm3 solution.
3. Phenolphthalein indicator is prepared by
dissolving 0.20 g solid phenolphthalein in 120 cm3
of 95% ethanol. 80 cm3 of distilled water is then
added and the mixture is shaken well.
4. Burette readings must be read to the accuracy
of 0.05 cm3.
8.2 INQUIRY

Experiment

Preparation of a soluble
salt from the reaction
of an acid with a metal
oxide

1. 2 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting

130cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled
water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
2. Remind students to warm the dilute nitric acid
as this will speed up the reaction between nitric
acid and copper(II) oxide.
8.3 INQUIRY

Experiment

Experiment

Preparation of insoluble
salts

1. 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 165.5 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
2. 1.0 mol dm 3 potassium iodide solution is
prepared by dissolving 166.0 g of solid potassium

Construction of ionic
equations using the
continuous variation
method

1. 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 165.5 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
2. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chromate(VI) solution is
prepared by dissolving 97.0 g of solid potassium
chromate(VI) in distilled water and make it to
1dm3 solution.
3. Make sure that all the seven test tubes used are
of the same size, diameter and height.
4. Measure the height of the precipitate to one
decimal place in cm.
8.5 INQUIRY

Experiment

Action of heat on
carbonate and nitrate
salts

1. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium

hydroxide powder in distilled water until the
powder cannot dissolve anymore. Then, the
solution is filtered to obtain the filtrate or lime
water.
2. The heating of carbonate and nitrate salts must
be done with a very strong flame.
3. Remind students that the test tube containing
solid must be held horizontally during heating.
4. Make sure that students wet the litmus paper
with water before using it to test for gases.
5. Make sure dry test tubes are used for the heating
of each solid.
6. Students must record the colour of the residue
when hot and when cold.
7. Warn students not to inhale the brown gas
evolved because it is poisonous.

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8.6 INQUIRY

Experiment

2. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared

by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

Comfirmatory tests
for anions in aqueous
solution

1. Solutions of anions used have the concentration of

approximately 1 mol dm3, for example, Na2CO3(aq)
106 g dm3, Na2SO4(aq) 142 g dm3, NaCl(aq)
58.5 g dm3 and NaNO3(aq) 85 g dm3.
2. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
1dm3 solution.
3. 2 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting
130cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled
water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
4. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting
55 cm 3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

3. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by

diluting 140 cm3 of concentrated ammonia with
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
8.8 INQUIRY

(c) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution

50g dm3 K3Fe(CN)6
(d) Potassium thiocyanate solution 50 g dm3
KSCN

(a) Iron(II) sulphate solution 278 g dm 3

FeSO4.7H2O

(e) Potassium iodide solution 83 g dm3 KI

(f) Iron(II) sulphate solution 139 g dm 3
FeSO4.7H20

(b) Silver nitrate solution 17 g dm3 AgNO3

(c) Barium chloride solution 208 g dm3 BaCl2

8.7 INQUIRY

Experiment

Tests for cations in

aqueous solutions

1. Solutions of cations are prepared according to

the following concentrations:
(a) Sodium nitrate solution 85 g dm3 NaNO3
(b) Ammonium chloride solution 53.5 g dm3
NH4Cl
(c) Calcium nitrate solution 164 g dm3 Ca(NO3)2
(d) Magnesium nitrate solution 256 g dm 3
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O
(e) Aluminium nitrate solution 375 g dm 3
Al(NO3)3.9H2O
(f) Zinc nitrate solution 297 g dm3 Zn(NO3)2.6H2O
(g) Iron(II) sulphate solution 278 g dm 3
FeSO4.7H2O
(h) Iron(III) chloride solution 162.5 g dm3 FeCl3
(i) Lead(II) nitrate solution 331 g dm3 Pb(NO3)2
(j) Copper(II) sulphate solution 250 g dm3
CuSO4.5H2O

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Comfirmatory tests for

ammonium ion, iron(II)
ion, iron(III) ion and
lead(II) ion

1. The reagents used are prepared according to the

following concentrations:
(a) Sodium hydroxide solution 80 g dm3 NaOH
(b) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution
50g dm3 K4Fe(CN)6

5. Reagents used should have the following

concentrations:

6. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium

hydroxide powder in distilled water until the
powder cannot dissolve anymore. Then, the
solution is filtered to obtain the filtrate or lime
water.

Experiment

(g) Iron(III) chloride solution 81.3 g dm3 FeCl3

(h) Lead(II) nitrate solution 165.5 g dm3 Pb(NO3)2
(i) Ammonium chloride solution 53.5 g dm3
NH4Cl
2. Remind students that lead(II) iodide and lead(II)
chloride are soluble in hot water but insoluble in
cold water.
8.9 INQUIRY

Experiment

Identification of cations
and anions of unknown
salts

1. Put two spatulaful of solid aluminium nitrate into

a small plastic bag labelled K1.
2. Reagent bottles containing the following solutions
are prepared:
(a) 2 mol dm3 dilute nitric acid
(b) 2 mol dm3 dilute hydrochloric acid
(c) 1 mol dm3 dilute sulphuric acid
(d) 80 g dm3 sodium hydroxide solution
(e) 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution
(f) Lime water
(g) 104 g dm3 barium chloride solution
(h) 17 g dm3 silver nitrate solution
(i) 139 g dm3 iron(II) sulphate solution
(j) 83 g dm3 potassium iodide solution

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Chemistry Form 4
Chapter

9.2 GUIDED

Manufactured Substances in Industry

9.1 INQUIRY

Experiment

Experiment

Hardness of pure metal

and its alloy

1. Make sure that students measure the diameter

of the dents in centimetre to the nearest 0.05 cm.

Preparation of
ammonium fertiliser

1. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting

55 cm 3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

2. Make sure that the same size of ball bearings is

used throughout the experiment.
9.3 GUIDED

Experiment

Rate of corrosion of iron,

steel and stainless steel

2. 2 mol dm3 ammonia is prepared by diluting

140cm3 of concentrated ammonia with distilled
water to make a 1 dm3 of solution.

1. Clean all the nails with sandpaper before they

are used.

3. To make sure that the filtrate is saturated enough

to crystallise, dip a small amount of the filtrate
with the end of a cold, dry glass rod. If the filtrate
is saturated, crystals will form on the glass rod.

2. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)

solution is prepared by dissolving 65.8 g of solid
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in distilled water
and make up the volume of solution to 1dm3.

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