HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING LAB Manual

High Voltage Engineering Lab
List of Experiments
Exp. #
Experiment Title
Page #
--
Safety Rules
02
Study of High Voltage Lab in the University
03
To Calibrate a Sphere-Gap using its Breakdown Strength against Gap

Settings
07
To Calibrate a Rod-Gap using its Breakdown Strength against Gap

Settings
10
To Calibrate a Cone-Shaped Gap using its Breakdown Strength

against Gap Settings
13
To Calibrate Flat-Surface Gap using its Breakdown Strength against

Gap Settings
16
To Calibrate Cone-Flat Surface Gap using its Breakdown Strength

against Gap Settings
19
To Find Out The 50% Critical Impulse Flash-Over Voltages on the

11kv Pin-Type Insulator with Positive & Negative Impulses
Study of Relationship between String Efficiency & the No. of

Insulators (Units) used in a String Insulator
25
Study of Relationship between String Efficiency & the No. of

Insulators (Units) used in a String Insulator with Guard Ring
10
11
22
29
To Compare the Flashover Voltages Wet and Dry for a Typical

Outdoor Insulator
33
To Measure the Ground Resistance
36
Electrical Engineering Department

University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore.
Page | 1
Experiment # 7
To Find out the 50% Critical Impulse Flash-Over
Voltages on the 11KV Pin-type Insulator with Positive &
Negative Impulse
Control
Panel
Charging
Unit
Insulator
Impulse
Generator
CRO
Apparatus:
Test Specimen (11 kV Insulator)
Impulse Generator
Charging Unit
Control Board
50% Critical Impulse Flash-Over Voltage:

The 50% critical flashover voltage is the crest value of the impulse wave that
under specified conditions causes flashover on 50 percent of the applications.

Page | 22
Procedure:
The Impulse Generator shall first be adjusted to deliver a negative 1.2/50 s
waveform. It is applied on to the insulator until the flashover occurs. When the flash over
occurs then it is tested for the voltage below it. If it again flashes, voltage is decreased to
check. If it does not flashes then voltage is increased until it flashes. This process is repeated
for one subsequent voltage value, where there is a 50% chance of Flashover. All this process
is repeated for the positive waveform as well.
Observations & Calculations:
Barometric Pressure (b):
______ mm of Hg
Room temperature (t):
____ oC
Correction Factor (K):
( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = ______
Type of Insulator:
(i)
11KV Pin type
Type of Impulse Applied:
No of
Readings
Voltage
KV
Negative
Flash or Not (F/N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Page | 23
50% Critical Impulse Flash Over Voltage = ____ x K = ________ KV
(ii)
Type of Impulse Applied:
No of
Readings
1
Voltage
KV
Positive
Flash or Not (F/N)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
50% Critical Impulse Flash Over Voltage = ____ x K = ________ KV
Comments:
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Teachers Initials: __________________
Date: __________________
Page | 24
Experiment # 8
Study of relationship between String Efficiency & the no
of Insulators (units) used in a String Insulator.
A
V1
B
V2
C
Water Resistance
E
V2
230V
IVR
V
0-460V
V3
D
V4
0-150KV
V
0
Apparatus:
Insulator string
1. 3 units
2. 4 units
3. 5 units
Electrostatic Voltmeter
150 kV Testing Transformer with Control & Protection Gear
Procedure:
The circuit arrangement of the experiment is shown in fig. A specific voltage is
applied across the string. Voltage of each unit is measured with respect to ground using an
electrostatic type Voltmeter. Thus voltage distribution across each unit can be found out.
Protective resistance is inserted to protect the secondary of high Voltage Testing Transformer

Page | 25

in the case of short circuit during breakdown. Three different readings are taken by changing
the no. of insulators from 3 to 5. String Efficiency is calculated for each string.

(i)
3 Insulators
Voltage applied on the string = V = _____ KV
Voltage
Value
V2
V1
Voltage
Across Insulator
A
Equation
Value
V1
V2 - V1
V - V2
Efficiency = Voltage across string

n x Voltage across unit near power conductor
= ___________ %
(ii)
4 Insulators
Voltage
Value
V3
V2
V1

Page | 26
Voltage
Across Insulator
A
Equation
Value
V1
V2 - V1
V3 - V2
V - V3

= ___________ %
(iii) 5 Insulators

Voltage
Value
V4
V3
V2
V1
Voltage
Across Insulator
A
Equation
Value
V1
V2 - V1
V3 - V2
V4 - V3
V - V4

Page | 27

= ___________ %
Comments:
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Date: __________________

Page | 28
Experiment # 9
Study of Relationship between String Efficiency & the
No. of Insulators (units) used in a String Insulator with
Guard Ring
A
V1
B
V2
C
Water Resistance
D
E
V2
230V
IVR
V
0-460V
V3
V4
0-150KV
V
0
Apparatus:
Insulator string
1. 3 units
2. 4 units
3. 5 units
Electrostatic Voltmeter
150KV Testing Transformer with Control & Protection Gear
Procedure:
The circuit arrangement of the experiment is shown in fig. A specific voltage is
applied across the string. Voltage of each unit is measured with respect to ground using an
electrostatic type Voltmeter. Thus voltage distribution across each unit can be found out.
Protective resistance is inserted to protect the secondary of high Voltage Testing
Transformer in the case of short circuit during breakdown. Three different readings are taken
by changing the no. of insulators from 3 to 5. String Efficiency is calculated for each string.
Page | 29

(iv)
3 Insulators
Voltage
Value
V2
V1
Voltage
Across Insulator
A
Equation
Value
V1
V2 - V1
V - V2

= ___________ %
(v)
4 Insulators
Voltage
Value
V3
V2
V1

Page | 30

Voltage
Across Insulator
A
Equation
Value
V1
V2 - V1
V3 - V2
V - V3

= ___________ %
(vi) 5 Insulators

Voltage
Value
V4
V3
V2
V1
Voltage
Across Insulator
A
Equation
Value
V1
V2 - V1
V3 - V2
V4 - V3
V - V4

Page | 31

= ___________ %
Comments:
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Date: __________________

Page | 32
Experiment # 10
To Compare the Flashover Voltages Wet and Dry for a
Typical Outdoor Insulator.
Water Resistance
V2
230V
Insulator
Apparatus:
Pin Type Insulator
Water
150 kV Testing Transformer with control and protective gear
Procedure:
The purpose of this test is to show the two modes of flash over and to indicate the
difference in the two flashover voltages.
Precautions:
Obtain the flashover voltage dry for the insulator, repeating tests several time in
order to get a good average value.
The dust on the insulator will lower the flash over value.

Page | 33
Theory:
The flash over voltage of an insulator is considerably lower if its surfaces are wet.
These wet surfaces form a conducting path and the effective insulated path for flashover is
then shortened. Insulators are designed as that even under rain conditions, portions of the
sheds remains dry and provide effective insulation. In the laboratory rain tests are often made
by spraying water at an angle 45o to the insulator subjected to voltage.

Barometric Pressure (b):
______ mm of Hg
Room temperature (t):
______ oC
Correction Factor (K):
( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = _______
Dry 1 min Power Frequency Withstand Voltage:
_____ kV
Wet 1 min Power Frequency Withstand Voltage:
_____ kV
Dry Power Frequency Flash Over Voltage:
_____ kV
Wet Power Frequency Flash Over Voltage:
_____ kV
Type of Test
1
kV
No. of Readings
2
kV
3
kV
Average
Value
kV
Corrected
Value
kV
Dry Flash
Over
Voltage
Wet Flash
Over
Voltage
Dry 1 min Withstand or Not:
_________________
Wet 1 min Withstand or Not:
_________________

Page | 34
Comments:
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Date: __________________

Page | 35
Experiment # 11
To measure the Ground Resistance
Apparatus:
Earth tester type 3235
Three electrodes
Measurement leads
Procedure:
Make connection as shown above where E-P-C should be approximately in line. This
three-point method involves passing a current into the electrode to be measured and
measuring the voltage between the ground electrode (E) under test and a test potential
electrode (P). A test current electrode (C) is driven into the earth to permit passage of current
into the electrode to be tested. Potentials are measured with respect to the ground electrode
under test which is assumed to be at zero potential. It is shown in the following figure

Page | 36
Precaution:
. Make galvanometer balance by turning dial.
For battery check, needle should be within blue belt.
Theory:
The purpose of electrical ground testing is to determine the effectiveness of the
grounding medium with respect to true earth. The earth may provide the return path for fault
currents, and for safety, all electrical equipment frames are connected to ground. The
resistivity of the earth is usually negligible because there so much of it available to carry
current. The limiting factor in electrical grounding systems is how well the grounding
electrodes make contact with the earth, which is known as the ground rod interface. This
interface resistance component, along with the resistance of the grounding conductors and
the connections, must be measured by the ground test.
In general, the lower the ground resistance, the safer the system is considered to be.
There are different regulations which set forth the maximum allowable ground resistance, for
example: the National Electrical Code specifies 25 ohms or less; MSHA (Mine Safety and
Health Administration) is more stringent, requiring the ground to be 4 ohms or better (less
resistance).

Page | 37
Observation
Measured Ground Resistance = _________________
Comments:
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Date: __________________

Page | 38
Students Feedback:
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Learning Outcomes:
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Suggestion for Improvement:

__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Page | 39

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HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING LAB Manual

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Copyright:

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High Voltage Engineering Lab

Study of High Voltage Lab in the University

To Calibrate a Sphere-Gap using its Breakdown Strength against Gap

To Calibrate a Rod-Gap using its Breakdown Strength against Gap

To Calibrate a Cone-Shaped Gap using its Breakdown Strength

To Calibrate Flat-Surface Gap using its Breakdown Strength against

To Calibrate Cone-Flat Surface Gap using its Breakdown Strength

To Find Out The 50% Critical Impulse Flash-Over Voltages on the

Study of Relationship between String Efficiency & the No. of

Study of Relationship between String Efficiency & the No. of

To Compare the Flashover Voltages Wet and Dry for a Typical

To Measure the Ground Resistance

Electrical Engineering Department