Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Site Exploration
Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology
Faculty of Civil and Water Resources Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Wubete M.
Mar,2016
Outline
Different methods
Rotary Drilling
Geophysical Methods
Site Exploration
Investigation of a site for obtaining information about the
subsurface conditions that underlain a proposed structure
Determination of surface and subsurface soil conditions and
features in an area of proposed construction that may influence
the design and construction and address the expected post
construction problems.
It consists of determining the profile of the natural soil deposits
at the site, taking the soil samples and determining the
engineering properties of soils. It also includes in-situ testing of
soils.
3
Scope of Exploration
Simple visual examination of the soil at the surface or from
shallow test pits
Purpose of Exploration
The site exploration provides first hand information for;
Selection of alternative construction site or choice of
most economical site
Design of foundations
to decide the type and depth
Estimating the load bearing capacity and
probable settlement
Contractors to quote realistic and competitive
tenders
Planning construction techniques.
Groundwater location
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Purpose of Exploration
Selection
of
appropriate
construction
equipment
and
Desk Study
Site Reconnaissance
Field Investigations
a)
b)
Laboratory Testing
Report Writing
Appraisal of performance
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Reconnaissance
Its purpose is to estimate the type of soils and rock likely to be
encountered and is accomplished by:
Collection of data about the project
Visual inspection of the site condition (topography) and
nearby existing structures
Geologic study: Geological map, Area Photographs
Collecting and studying the existing document from
previous experience with similar or adjacent sites.
Reconnaissance
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subsurface
profile
(depth,
thickness
and
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investigation is undertaken
Additional borings are required
Determine the specific appropriate engineering properties of
the
site
soil
(strength,
compressibility
and
hydraulic
conductivity)
More sounding field tests undertaken to obtain information
which shall be sufficient for final design
15
** Block Samples
Block samples are cut by hand from material exposed in trial pits
and excavations.
Sample cutting should be done as quickly as possible to prevent
excessive moisture loss, should be protected from rain and direct
sunlight.
Protect the sides with aluminum foil or grease proof paper and
coated with wax and cover with muslin.
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moisture migration
Boring
Boring refers to advancing a hole in the ground.
Boring is required for the following:
To obtain representative soil and rock samples for
laboratory tests.
To identify the groundwater conditions.
Performance of in-situ tests to assess appropriate soil
characteristics.
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Boring
Some of the common types of boring are as follows
Auger boring
Wash boring
Percussion boring
Rotary drilling
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Auger Boring
Hand Auger
Mechanical Auger
Hand Auger
It is the simplest method of boring used for small projects in soft
cohesive soils.
For hard soil and soil containing gravels boring with hand auger
becomes difficult.
It can be used for depths up to 3 to 5m..
The length of the auger blade varies from 0.3-0.5m.
The auger is rotated until it is full of soil, then it is withdrawn
to
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remove the soil and the soil type present at various depths is noted.
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Auger Boring
The soil samples collected in this manner are disturbed samples and
can be used for classification test.
Generally, it is suitable for all types of soils above water table but
suitable only for clays below the water table.
Auger boring may not be possible in very soft clay or coarse
sand because the hole tends to collapse when auger is removed.
Soils with boulders and cobbles are difficult to investigate.
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Auger Boring
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Mechanical Auger
Mechanical Auger means power operated augers. The power
required to rotate the auger depends on the type and size of
auger and the type of soil.
Downwards pressure can be applied hydraulically, mechanically
or by dead weight
a.
b.
Hollow-stem
auger
plugged
Plug
removed
and
sampler
inserted
a
a
b
c
machine
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Wash boring
Water with high pressure pumped through hollow boring rods is
released from narrow holes in a chisel attach to the lower end of the
rods. The soil is loosened and broken by the water jet and the updown moment of the chisel.
The soil particles are carried in suspension to the surface between
the rock and the borehole sites.
The rods are raised and drop for chopping action of the chisel by
means of winch.
This method best suits in sandy and clayey soils and not in very hard
soil strata (i.e. boulders) and rocks.
Wash boring can be used in most type of soil but the progress is
slow in coarse gravel strata.
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Wash boring
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Advantages
The advantage of rotary drilling in soils is
The progress is much faster than with other investigation
methods
Disturbance of the soil below the borehole is slight.
Limitations
The method is not suitable if the soil contains a high percentage
of gravel/cobbles, as they tend to rotate beneath the bit and are
not broken up.
The natural water content of the material is liable to be
increased due to contact with the drilling fluid
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Numbers of Borings
Guideline for trial pits and boring layout (Teng)
7.5
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120 m
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trial pit
120 m
About right?
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Depth of Borings
According to Tomlinson
i. For widely spaced strip of pad foundation, Boring depth depth(D)
1.5B
ii. For Raft Foundations, depth(D) 1.5B, B-width of foundation
iii. For closely spaced strip or pad foundations where there is
overlapping of the zones of pressure, D 1.5 width of building
iv. For group of piled foundation on soil, D 1.5 width of pile group.
The depth being measured from a depth of two-thirds of the
length of piles
v. For piled foundation on rock, D 3.0m inside bedrock.
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Depth of Borings
According to EBCS 7,1995
BH
BH
DB
a.For structures on
DB
mat foundation,
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Depth of Investigation
Based on Pressure Bulb
Pile group
Isolated footing
Stress contours
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ASCE(1972)
1. Determine the net increase in the effective stress Ds and the
vertical effective stress s0
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2. D = 6S 0.7
S = number of stories
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permeability
b. Use of casing pipe
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permeability
b. Use of casing pipe
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Undisturbed samples .
The soil structure, and particle size distribution should be preserved
to its original Insitu stratum.
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Disturbed samples.
The particle size distribution should be preserved to its original Insitu
stratum (representative), though the soil structure may be seriously
disturbed
Sample Disturbance
The degree of disturbance can be expressed in terms of area ratio
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Sample Disturbance
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AR 10%
soil
O.D.2 I .D.2
AR
100 (%)
2
I .D.
area ratio
sampling tube
Sample Disturbance
The soil sample can be considered undisturbed If the area ratio is less
than or equal to 10% , the disturbance is considered negligible
However , area ratio have to be much more than 10 % for very stiff
or hard clay soils to prevent the edges of the sampling tube from
getting distorted during sampling
Inside clearance allows for elastic expansion of the soil as it enters
the tube, and thus produces disturbance of soil structure and
reduction of density in dense sand .to minimize the expansion and
disturbance of soil sample , inside clearance should not be more than
1 to 3%
Inside clearance reduces frictional drag on the sample from the wall
of the tube and helps to retain the cores
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Sample Disturbance
The outside clearance should also not be much greater than inside
clearance. It is usually between 0 to 2%.
Outside clearance facilitates the withdrawal of the sample from the
ground
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Sampling Methods
Common types of samplers
i. Split-Spoon- With these sampler-disturbed samples of
soft rock, cohesive and cohesionless soils are obtained.
This sampler is used for making standard penetration.
ii. Thin wall tube(shelly tube) for soils sensitive to
disturbance and suitable to take undisturbed sample only
for cohesive soils( clays/silt)
iii. Piston sampler - For very soft silts and clays and
provides best-undisturbed sample of cohesive soils
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AR(%)=13.75%>10%
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In-situ Tests
These test are used to determine the properties of the soil without
disturbing effect of boring and sampling. The most commonly used field
tests are:
SPT
VST
In bore
holes
CPT
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In-situ Tests
Penetration tests are conducted mainly to get information on
the relative density of soils with little or no cohesion.
The tests are based on the fact that the relative density of a
soil stratum is directly proportional to the resistance of the soil
against the penetration of the drive point.
From
this,
correlations
between
values
of
penetration
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SPT
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Energy Ratio
It is necessary to standardize SPT to some energy ratio(Er),which
is the ratio of the actual hammer energy to the sampler to input
energy.
Er1 N 1 =E r2 N 2
This indicates that the larger values of energy ratio
decreases the blow count linearly
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Skempton 1986
73
N '60 C N N60
95.76
CN =
v
where:
CN: Adjustment for effective overburden pressure
sv(kPa): in-situ effect vertical stress
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where:
N= corrected value
N= Value obtained after overburden correction
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Dw
Cw= 0.5 1
D+B
where:
In current practice the correction for water table is ruled out due to
its conservative nature
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not corrected
for
overburden
N60
cu (kPa)
consistency
visual identification
0-2
0 - 12
very soft
2-4
12-25
soft
4-8
25-50
medium
8-15
50-100
stiff
15-30
100-200
very stiff
>30
>200
hard
Thumb penetrates
moderate effort
with
(N)60
Dr (%) (deg)
consistency
not corrected
for overburden
0-4
0-15
<28
very loose
4-10
15-35
28-30
loose
10-30
35-65
30-36
medium
30-50
65-85
36-42
dense
>50
85-100
>42
very dense
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80
Dr =
N 1 60
CpC ACOCR
where:
X100%
Cp = 60 + 25logD50
t
C A = 1.2 + 0.05log
100
COCR = OCR 0.18
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qt = qc u c (1 a )
where:
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Friction Ratio
fs
Rf=
qc
The CPT defines the soil profile with much greater resolution
than SPT does
However the CPT has disadvantages
a. No soil sample is recovered . So there is no opportunity to
inspect the soil
b. The test is unreliable in soils with significant gravel content
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ASTM D 5778
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qt (MPa)
0
10
20
30
fs (kPa)
40
50
100
200
u2 (kPa)
300
400
1000
2000
3000
Clayey Silt
5
Depth (m)
Sand
10
10
10
15
15
15
20
20
20
25
25
25
30
30
30
35
35
35
Clean
Sand
Clay
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40
40
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Nk
With adjustment
su =
qt Po
N kt
N kT = 13
5.5
PI 2
50
Bowles (1996)
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90
= 29 + qc 5
Bowles (1996)
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CPT Correlations
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Rock Sampling
Core recovery percentage
Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
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Rock Coring
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9cm
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3/10/2016
Suo
a
Su
100
3/10/2016
Su
b
1
M s (2 RH ) Su R D 2 HSu
2
For calculation of Me, let the distribution of mobilized shear strength
follows triangular and then we can develop an equation for others.
Me
101
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rS
r 0
uo
dA
Suo Su
r
R
R
2
r
r3
M e rSu rd dr
Su d dr
0
0
R
R
r 0
r 0
2
S
= u
R
=
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Su
R
r 3 d dr
r 0
4
r
0 4
2
d
r 0
S u R 4 2
= d
R 4 0
S u R 4 2
= 0
R 4
D3
=
Su
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r
Suo Su
R
2
8
T
T
Su =
=
2
3
2
3
D
H
D
D
H
1
D
2 + 8
2 +2 4
T
Su =
2
3
D
H
D
2 +a 4
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3/10/2016
Anisotropic with
respect to shear
strength
T M s 2Me
D3
1 2
D HSu, vv 2
Su , vh
2
16
T
D2 H
D3
+a
4
2
where a=constant
=1/2 for triangular end shear
= 2/3 for uniform end shear
= 3/5 for parabolic end shear
T
Su=
D 2 H D3
2
6
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3/10/2016
end
=1.7-0.54log(PI) Bjerrum(1974)
=1.05-0.045(PI)0.5 Chandler(1998)
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General Expression
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S b(bp 0.3)
=
............f or footing rest on sand
S p bp(b 0.3)
S
b
=
..... for footing rest on clay
S p bp
where :
S= Settlement of proposed foundation
Sp= settlement of test plate
bp= width(diameter) of plate
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b=width of proposed footing(least dimension)
109
q u ,F
q u ,p
q u ,F
q u ,p
b
............ for footing rest on sand soils
bp
110
110
111
111
Geophysical Method
Seismic Refraction Method
When a shock or impact is made at a point on or in the earth,
the resulting seismic (shock or sound) waves travel through
the surrounding soil at speeds related to their elastic
characteristics
The radiating waves are picked up by detector called
geophones placed at increasing distance from the origin of
shock
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Seismic Method
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Geophysical Method
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Geophysical Method
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Geophysical Methods
Limitations
The basic eqns. Made is based on assumption that P-wave velocity
V1<V2<V3
The methods cannot be used when hard layer overlies a soft layer
The method cannot be used in an area covered by concrete of
pavement
When soil is saturated , the p-wave velocity is deceptive
This methods are used as preliminary or supplementary to others
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after
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Laboratory Tests
Laboratory tests are useful in providing reliable data for
calculating ultimate bearing capacity of soils, stability and
settlement behavior of foundation, and for determining physical
characteristics of soils. Results of laboratory tests should be
used in conjunction with borehole records and results of field
test.
The common laboratory tests that concern the foundation
engineers are
Grain size analysis ASTM D422
Classification-ASTM D2487
Atterberg limits ASTM D4318
Natural moisture content ASTM D2216
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Laboratory Tests
Unit weight
Specific gravity-ASTM D854
Unconfined compression test ASTM D2166
Direct shear test ASTM D3080
Triaxial compression test
Unconsolidated Undrained--ASTM D2850
Consolidated Drained--ASTM D7181
Consolidated Undrained--ASTM D4767
Consolidation testASTM D2435
Compaction
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Standard---ASTM D698
Modified--ASTM D1557
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purpose
of
investigation,
type
of
5.
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127
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