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an extreme.
B. Second-Order Traits
The 35 primary source traits tend to cluster together, forming eight clearly identifiable second-order traits.
The two strongest of the second-order traits might be called extraversion/introversion and anxiety.
VII. Dynamic Traits
In addition to temperament traits, Cattell recognized motivational or dynamic traits, which include attitudes,
ergs, and sems.
A. Attitudes
An attitude refers to a specific course of action, or desire to act, in response to a given situation. Motivation
is usually quite complex, so that a network of motives, or dynamic lattice, is ordinarily involved with an
attitude. In addition, a subsidiation chain, or a complex set of subgoals, underlies motivation.
B. Ergs
Ergs are innate drives or motives, such as sex, hunger, loneliness, pity, fear, curiosity, pride, sensuousness,
anger, and greed that humans share with other primates.
C. Sems
Sems are learned or acquired dynamic traits that can satisfy several ergs at the same time. The selfsentiment is the most important sem in that it integrates the other sems.
D. The Dynamic Lattice
The dynamic lattice is a complex network of attitudes, ergs, and sems underlying a person's motivational
structure.
VIII. Genetic Basis of Traits
Cattell and his colleagues provided estimates of heritability of the various source traits. Heritability is an
estimate of the extent to which the variance of a given trait is due to heredity. Cattell has found relatively
high heritability values for both fluid intelligence (the ability to adapt to new material) and crystallized
intelligence (which depends on prior learning), suggesting that intelligence is due more to heredity than to
environment.
IX. Introduction to Eysenck's Factor Theory
Compared to Cattell, Eysenck (1) was more likely to theorize before collecting and factor analyzing data; (2)
extracted fewer factors; and (3) used a wider variety of approaches to gather data.
X. Biography of Hans J. Eysenck
Hans J. Eysenck was born in Berlin in 1916, but as a teenager, he moved to England to escape Nazi tyranny
and made London his home for more than 60 years. Eysenck was trained in the psychometrically oriented
psychology department of the University of London, from which he received a bachelor's degree in 1938 and
a Ph.D. in 1940. Eysenck was perhaps the most prolific writer of any psychologist in the world, and his
books and articles often caused world-wide controversy. He died in September of 1997.
XI. Measuring Personality
Eysenck believed that genetic factors were far more important than environmental ones in shaping
personality and that personal traits could be measured by standardized personality inventories.
A. Criteria for Identifying Factors
Eysenck insisted that personality factors must (1) be based on strong psychometric evidence, (2) must
possess heritability and fit an acceptable genetic model, (3) make sense theoretically, and (4) possess social
relevance.
B. Hierarchy of Measures
Eysenck recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior organization: (1) specific acts or cognitions; (2)
habitual acts or cognitions; (3) traits, or personal dispositions; and (4) types or superfactors.