Title: Analysis of Heavy Metal from Sarawakian River/Sea fish.

Sample preparation: The fish sample will be collected from local fish market. Approximately
0.5 g of the samples was digested with 10 ml of 65% analytical grade HNO 3 into a microwave
digestion vessel and it was then capped tightly. The digestion vessel (bomb) was then placed in a
normal, conventional microwave oven and cooked for two minutes at a 40% power level. The
vessel was then cooled for five minutes, and then re-cooked for four minutes at 30% power level.
The completely digested sample was then allowed to cool until the fumes dissipated. The inner
side of the cap was then cleaned with distilled water and the washed liquid was added to the
original sample mixture in the vessel and then it was subjected to filtration using number #44
Whatman filter paper. The sample solution was diluted to a 50 ml graduated volumetric flask and
then subjected to metal determination.

Analysis of metal:
Flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS; Perkin-Elmer HGA-600) was employed for the
analysis of metals. Standard mixtures of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of Cd and Pb will be
prepared in nitric acid solution for calibration. The accuracy of the methods will be assessed
using certified reference material DORM-2 in triplicate, and mean recoveries was 95.5 1.3% for
both metals.

Procedure for dilution solution preparation:

To prepare 100ml of a 2ppm from 1000ppm sample

Dilution formula:

Serial dilution:
To prepare 2ppm sample, serial dilution is used
1000ppm to 100ppm

100

100
1000

= 10

Pipette 10 ml of the 1000ppm stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask mix with deionized water.
100ppm to 10ppm

10

100
100

= 10

Pipette 10 ml of the 100ppm stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and mix with deionized water.
100ppm to 2ppm

100
10

= 20

Pipette 20 ml of the 10ppm stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and mix with deionized water.
To prepare 100ml of 2ppm from 65% of sample:

65% of sample = 650000 ppm

So, to convert 650000 ppm to 2ppm, serial dilution is required.

Serial dilution:
650000 ppm to 65000ppm

65000
100
650000

= 10

Pipette 10 ml of the 100ppm stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and mix with deionized water.

65000 ppm to 6500ppm

6500
100
65000

= 10

Pipette 10 ml of the 100ppm stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and mix with deionized water.

6500 ppm to 650ppm

650

100
6500

= 10

Pipette 10 ml of the 100ppm stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and mix with deionized water.
650 ppm to 65ppm

65

100
650

= 10

Pipette 10 ml of the 100ppm stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and mix with deionized water.
65 ppm to 2ppm

100
65

= 3.08

Pipette 3.08ml of the 100ppm stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and mix with deionized water.

Report structure for Experiment 6

1.

Background of study
Why human need fish?
What is food web, and relate this to the human ingestion of heavy metal from fish?
What are heavy metals? Reference
What are the reasons to the increase in heavy metals in fish? - Reference
What are the effects of heavy metals to plant/animal/human? - Reference
Metal compound

Effect to plant/animal/human

References

What is the allowable (safe) limit of ingestion of heavy metals for human?
Metal compound

Allowable limit

References

Describe cases involving seafood contamination in the world.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Problem statement
Objective of the study
Methodology
Describe the material, apparatus and procedures used to conduct the experiment.
Result & Discussion
Conclusion