Lecture 9.

DomesticHotWaterSupply

Hongwei Li
Civil Engineering Department
Building 118, room 206
Technical University of Denmark
hong@byg.dtu.dk

Lecture Content

DHWSupply
Plate heatexchanger(PHE)
Heatexchanger concept anddesign
Bypass control
Pipe heattransfercalculation
Storagetank
Flat station
Legenella
Heatpumps

Lecture11DHWSupply

DHWsupply

Fig.1DHWsupply with reciruclation

Lecture11DHWSupply

DHWsupply
Comfort
Danishregulation:10seconds waitingtime,supply at45oCforkitchen and40oCforshower and
hand wash
Hygiene:Legionella
EHPrequires theminimumDHWtempearture at50oC,andnever fall below 55oCforstorage
tankor DHWwith recirculation
Germanguideline:aDHWsystemwithtotalvolume less than 3Lallows temperaturelower
than 50oCwithout risk ofLegionella (3 liters notincludes HE)
Energyefficiency
Well insulated pipe,avoid recirculation
Lowcost
overallcost reduction both inhouse substaiton andinnetwork

Lecture9DHWSupply

DHWloadprofile
Bath tub

Shower

Kitchen wash

Hand wash

Cold water temperature [oC]

10

10

10

10

Temperature at tapping [oC]

40

40

45

40

Required power [kW]

26.4

17.6

14.7

7.0

Norminal flow rate [l/min]

12.57

8.38

6.00

3.33

Duration of draw-off [s]

600

300

150

180

Volume of tapped water [l]

126

42

15

10

Total number of tapping

Delay between each tapping [min]

30

20

20

20

Shower

Flowrate

Kitchen

Kitchen

35

14

30

12

25

10

20

kW

l/m

16

Shower

Power

15

10

0
0

0
0

10

15

20

25

30 35
min

40

45

50

55

60

65

Lecture9DHWSupply

10

15

20

25

30

35

min

40

45

50

55

60

65

EnergydemandforDHW
Energyfortapingrequirement
n

Qtapping 4.182 Vi ,day (Ts ,i Tc )

i 1

iistheith unit.Ts,i istheith unitDHWsupply temperature.Vi,day isvolume flowrateofith unitm3/day,nand Vi,day depends onthetype
ofbuildings andactivities,QhastheunitMJ/day

Heatlossalongdistributionpipe:

Qloss m c p Tu Td

U T

l Te dl

l 0

Lecture9DHWSupply

Factorsaffect timedelay
Factorsfortimedelay duetoservicepipe andheatexchanger
(i)Servicepipe diameter,length,thermal capacity andrecirculation.
(ii)HEvolume,primary flowrate,thermal capacity ofHEandthesetting of
thermal bypass (without bypass,external bypass,andinternal bypass).
Transprtation delay (simplestcondition)

d i2 L
4q

Lecture9DHWSupply

DHWsystemdesign

DHWDistributionSystemsinSmallBuildings
AntiLegionellaequipmentinlargebuildings

NoDHWrecirculation
Reducetransportationtime
Reducetotalvolume

Lecture13Domestchotwatersupply

ITHEinLTDH

1. DHsupply2.DHreturn3.SHreturn4.SHsupply
5.DHWreturn6.DHWsupply7.Heatexchanger
8.Bypassthermostaticvalve9.Thermostaticcontroller

Lecture11DHWSupply

RecommendedDesignParameters(EHP)

Lecture11DHWSupply

Plate heatexchanger inLTDH

Charactersitic
Type
Materials

Value
XB37H140
Copperbrazedstainlesssteel
heatexchangers

No.of pass

No.ofplate

40

Heatsurface

1.94m2 or0.051m2/plate

Primary channel volume

1.08liters or0.057
liters/channel

Plate height

525mm

Plate width

119mm

Max.operationpressere

25bar

Tmin/Tmax

10oC/180oC

Lecture11DHWSupply

Forlowertemperaturedifference
Improved flowpattern
Enlarged surface area andincreased heat
transfer(10%)
Improved control
Lowpresseredrop
T11=50oC,T12<20oC,T21=14oC,
T22=47oC

Plate heatexchanger (PHE)

Thinandrectangularmetallicsheetwithcorrugatedsurface.
Twofluidsalternativelypassesthroughtheplatesurfaceandexchangesheat.
Numbersofplatedependonrequiredthermalouput
Corrugatedsurfaceincreaeseffectivesurfacearea,distruptingboundarylayer,createsturbulent
mixinganddecreasefoulingresistance,thusenhancetheheattransfer.
Largeheattransfersurface,fasttemperaturechange,andcompact size.
PHEismoreefficient tocoolDHwater than stroage tank

Lecture11DHWSupply

Gasketed Plate heatexchanger (PHE)

Gasketed PHE:aremadeoftwoendplates
andofformpressedplateswithgaskets,
tightenedbetweentheendplates.
use sealing gasket toprevent intermixing
ofmediaandleakagetooutside.
Capable forhigh temperature,easy to
clean andmaintain,plates can take apart
forexpansion orcontraction
Gasketed plate heat exchanger

Start,lefthand, righthand,andendplate

Lecture11DHWSupply

Brazed PHE
Theunitsareconnectedtogethernotthroughthe
useofendplatesandgaskets.Instead,all
corrugated plate are brazed together athigh
temperature.
1.Reliability,lightweight,largecapacity
2.Lowinternal water volume.Need fastregulating
systemtoreach desired temperaturewithin short
time
Twomediaflowthroughalternatechannels,
alwaysinoppositedirections(countercurrent
flow).

Lecture11DHWSupply

FlowarrangementinPHE

UandZtypeportconnection.Theflow
passthesamedistanceintheZtype
connection
Lecture11DHWSupply

TemperaturedistributioninPHE

Inacondenser

ParallelflowPHE

CounterflowPHE
Lecture11DHWSupply

Inanevaporator

PHEheattransferanalysis
Overallenergybalanceinhot/coldfluid

Q mh c p (Th ,i Th ,o ) mc c p (Tc ,o Tc ,i ) UATm

Logmeantemperaturedifference(LMTD)

Tm

T2 T1 T1 T2

T2
T
ln(
)
ln( 1 )
T1
T2

Forparallelflow

Forcounterflow

T1 Th ,i Tc ,i

T1 Th,i Tc,o

T2 Th ,o Tc ,o

T2 Th,o Tc ,i

Lecture11DHWSupply

PHEheattransferanalysis
OverallheattransfercoefficientU
1 1 1 p

R f ,h R f ,c
U hh hc k p

hh andhc areheattransfercoefficientofhotandcoldstream,p is
platethickness,kp isthermalconductionofplatematerial,Rf,h and
Rf,c arefoulingresistanceonhotandcoldside.Itisan
approximationasUvaryalongwithplate.

for the same U and inlet/outlet temperature, the mean

temperature difference is smaller for parallel flow than for counter
flow, thus the required surface area is smaller than parallel flow

Lecture11DHWSupply

NTUmethod
Twotypesofanalysis:
Performancecalculation(determineheattransferrate):withknownflowrate,inlet/outlettemperature,UandA
Designcalculation(determineheattransferarea):
1.WithknowingTm,useLMTDmethod
2.WithoutknowingTm,useNTUmethod(onlyinlettemperaturesareknown).
:Heatexchangereffectiveness
NTU:thenumberofheattransferunit(thermallength)
Maximumpossibleheattransferrate
ItcanbeachievedinacounterflowHEwithinfinitelength
withmaximumtemperaturedifferenceinHE:ThiTci
IfCc<Ch:qmax=Cc (ThiTci);
IfCh<Cc:qmax=Ch (ThiTci);
Thus:qmax=Cmin (ThiTci)

Lecture11DHWSupply

NTUmethod
Heatexchangereffectivenesse(ratiobetweenactualHTratetomaximumpossibleHTrate)

q
qmax

Ch (Th ,i Th ,o )
Cmin (Th ,i Tc ,i )

Cc (Tc ,o Tc ,i )
Cmin (Th ,i Tc ,i )

f ( NTU , R, flowarrangement )

thus

q Cmin (Th ,i Tc ,i )

Cmin
Cmax

NTUisthenumberofheattransferunit(thermallength):

NTU

UA
Cmin

Lecture11DHWSupply

NTUmethod
ParallelflowPHE:

1 exp (1 R) NTU
1 R

CounterflowPHE:

1 exp (1 R) NTU
1 R. exp (1 R) NTU

WhenCh orCc tendtobeinfiniteasinevaporatororcondenser,

R=0,ebecomesindependentofflowdirection

1 exp NTU

Parallel(top)andcounter(bottom)PHE
Lecture11DHWSupply

Example
AninstantaneousheatexchangerisusedtoheatupthecoldwatertothedesiredDHWsupplytemperature.The
overallheattransfercoefficientforthePHEis4000W/m2.oC.Theprimarysidewaterinlettemperatureis60oC,
withflowrate15L/m.Thesecondarywaterinlettemperatureis10oC,withflowrateas11L/m.Togetthe
desiredsecondarywateroutlettemperatureas55oC.1)whatwillbetheheattransferareaforthePHE?2).What
willbetheprimaryreturntemperature?
NTUmethod

=765W/oC

As

=3.8E4W

=3.4E4W

Theeffectivenessis

0.9

0.73
Lecture11DHWSupply

Example
TheNTUcanbefoundfromthefigureas

4.6
0.88

Thus

LMTD
q m p c p T p ,i T p ,o m s c p Ts ,o Ts ,i

Tm

T2 T1

T2
ln(
)
T1

( 60 55 ) ( 27 10 )
60 55
ln(
)
27 10

Thus

9.8

UATm 3.4 E 4W

Thus

0.87

Lecture11DHWSupply

27

Thermal bypass

Lecture11DHWSupply

Withoutbypass:watercooldown

Lecture11DHWSupply

Initialwater temperature is50oCand

insulation is15oC
Testbetween 0720min.
Three ground tempeature 3,8,14
From50oCto20oCrequires 3and4
hours forground temperature at8
and14.
Atground 14oC,1.0hours tocool
down from50to35oC.

Withoutbypass:transportdelay

Lecture11DHWSupply

Transportdelayduetothermal
capacity.
Temperatureatoutletofservicepipe
(inletofHE)
Aluflex20/20/110,10mlong
Groundtemeprature8oC
Differentinitialtemperatureandflow
rates.
ForTi=20oC,17.3l/min:6.1sinlethot
water(50oC)reachtheoutlet,but
cooledto39oCduetopipethermal
capacity,needadditional2storeach
45oC.
ForTi=35oC,17.3l/min:7storeach
45oC

1Dpipe heatloss
1Dpipe temperature distribution

1 d
dT
(kr
)0
r dr
dr
Heattransferacross thecylinder

Tf

R1

Ts,1

R2

Ts,2

r1,hf
R3

Ts,3

R4

R5

Ts,4

Tf T
s,1

Ta

Ts,2

1
2r1h f

qr

ha

r2, k2

dT
qr k (2rL)
dr

ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 )
2k 3
2k 2

T f Ta
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

ln(r4 / r3 )
2k 4

U T f Ta

1
2r4 ha

2
U
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) ln(r4 / r3 )
1
1

r1h f
k2
k3
k4
r4 ha
Lecture11DHWSupply

[W/m]
R:[K.m/W]
[W/m.K]

Ta
Ts,3

Ts,4

Example 1Dpipe heatloss

Calculate pipe lineheattransfercoefficient based on theproperties giveninthetable.Pipe is
madeofPEX,casing isHDPEandinsulation isPURfoam

Terms

Values

Pipe outer diameter[mm]

20

Pipe wall thickness [mm]

Casing outer diameter[mm]

80

Casing thickness [mm]

2.5

Thermal conductivity ofPEX[W/m.K]

0.38

Thermal conductivity ofPUR[W/m.K]

0.023

Thermal conductivity ofHDPE

[W/m.K]

0.43

Water flow velocity [m/s]

Water temperature[oC]

47

Airtemperature[oC]

20

Pipe length [m]

Lecture11DHWSupply

Internal flowheattransfercoefficient
Determine flowstatus

Re

u m D 1000 * 2 * 20 / 1000

69324
577 E 6

Flowisinturbulentregion

Forturbulentflow
Nu D 0.023 Re 4D/ 5 Pr n 0.023 * 69324 0.83.77 0.4 291.7

h Nu D

k
0.64
291.7 *
933.4
D
0.02

Lecture11DHWSupply

External flowheattransfercoefficient
External heattransfercoefficient iscalculated based onnatural convection:
Assume pipe surface tempeature is40oCtostartcalculation,
resultingaveragetemperatureas30oC(forthermal properties)
Ra D

g (Ts Ta ) D 3

9.8 /( 273 30) (40 20)0.02 3

13933
16.19 E 6 * 22.94 E 6

1
Ta ( K )

RaD isRayleigh number infree convection, isvometric thermal expansion coefficient,vis

kinematic viscosity,aisthermal diffusivity.Airpropertiesare evaluated ataverage
temperature

Lecture11DHWSupply

External flowheattransfercoefficient

0.387 Ra1D/ 6
Nu D 0.6

1 (0.559 / Pr) 9 /16

8 / 27

0.0265
0.387 *139331/ 6
k
0
.
6
h Nu D

20e 3
D
1 (0.559 / 0.706) 9 /16

6.27
8 / 27

Calculate heatresistance
R1=0.84;R2=3.68;R3=361;R4=0.94;R5=25.

qr U T f Ta

(47 20)
0.06898W / m
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

Calculate backtothesurface temperature.Itisaniteration process

qr U ' T f Ts

Ts T f

qr
U'

47 0.06898( R1 R2 R3 R4 ) 21.7

Lecture11DHWSupply

Simplifcation

2
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) ln(r4 / r3 )
1
1

r1h f
k2
k3
k4
r4 ha

R1 ,R2andR4are orders ofmagnitude lower than R3 andR5.Thus expression ofUcan be simplified as(k3<<
k2 andk4,hf>>ha).Thedifferenceisonly 1.4%

2
ln(r3 / r2 )
1

k3
r4 ha

qr U T f Ta

q r U T f Ta

(47 20)
0.06996W / m
R3 R5

(47 20)
0.06898W / m
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

Lecture11DHWSupply

Storage tankforLTDH

Lecture8DHWSupply

TopfigureshowtheDHWflowrate
requirement,accumulatedwaterflow
tappedat40oCandthewatervolumeinthe
tankat50oC,startingfrom6:00Amto
16:00PM.
Tankinitiallyfullychargedat50oC.Tankis
sizedfortheexpectedmaximumdailydraw
off
Higherprimaryflowleadstosmallertank.
680kg/hwith0liters,and200litersis14
kg/handthechargingisleveloutduring
theday.
Theminimumreturntemperatureis14.7oC
at200liters.Rangebetween22.124.2oC
fortankat60165liters.

Flatstation

Lecture8DHWSupply

Flatstation

Lecture8DHWSupply

Legionella

Afataldisease named asLegionella

pneumophila.
Firstdiscovered in1976,USA,duetoa
outbreak ofpneumonia caused 34death.
Infected byinhaling legionella bacteria
through aerosols(tiny water droplet),or
dropletnuclei contaminated with
Legionella,orwithingestion of
contaminated water

Legionella proliferation/death rate vs. temperature

Lecture9DHWSupply

Legionellatreatment

Chemicaltreatment

Thermaltreatment

UVsterilization

Memberfiltration
Lecture8DHWSupply

Heatpump

House heating
demand
Condenser
Expansion
valve

Compressor

Evaporator

Cold
environment

Lecture13Domestchotwatersupply

Heatpumpasthermalbooster

Lecture13Domestchotwatersupply

Heatpumpasthermalbooster

Twin Pipe

Triple Pipe

Heat Pump COP

3.3

System COP

5.7

Lecture13Domestchotwatersupply

3.3

10.2

Micro heatpumpforDHWsupply
Variable

Assumption

Refrigerant

R600a

Pinch temperature in Tap-water HEX (QMAX=32 kW)

8 [K]

HEX pinch temperature difference in both Condenser and

Evaporator
Isentropic efficiency of compressor

2.5 [K]

DH network forward temperature

40 [oC]

Temperature of DH return from the evaporator (variants A &

C)
Hot tap water

25 [oC]

Tap water in

10 [oC]

0.5

45 [oC]

Microbooster Heat Pump

variants

DH flow, l/h

85

50

75

Power, W

142

214

155

5.3

3.5

5.0

128

128

100

Coefficient
(COP)

of

performance

Storage size required, l

Lecture8Domestc hotwatersupply

Endoflecture

Lecture11DHWSupply