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1.0 Introduction
Lets recall the basic steps in using
symmetrical components for assessing
faulted conditions (all quantities are
assumed to be in pu).
A. For positive, negative, & zero sequence:
1.Develop the sequence network for the
system under analysis.
2.Obtain the Thevenin equivalents looking
into the network from the fault point.
B. Connect the networks to capture the
influence of the particular fault type.
C. Compute the fault current from the
circuit resulting from step B.
D. From step C, you will also determine the
currents in all three of the networks
(positive, negative, and zero sequence
currents). This enables computation of the
phase currents Ia, Ib, and Ic from Iabc=AIS.
1
Y-Y
Bus 1
Bus 2
Fig. 1
3
VB1
S B1
ZB2
VB 2
SB 2
Z Z pu1Z B1 Z pu2 Z B 2
Z B1
VB1 S B 2
Z pu2
Z pu1
Z pu1
ZB2
S B1 VB 2 2
2
SB 2
Z pu1
S B1
(1)
X g (0.13) 0.026
5
1
X g0 (0.05) 0.01
5
Positive sequence
0.024
0.013
0.037
1.0
1.0
Negative sequence
0.026
0.013
0.039
0.013
0.023
Zero sequence
0.01
Fig. 2
3.0 Connecting the networks
We will develop connections between the
sequence networks for each fault type and
apply them to our example.
3.1 Three-phase fault
A three phase fault has all three phases
connected to each other and to ground. It is a
symmetrical one; even with the fault, the
network is still symmetric.
6
I c
1 I af 0 0
1 1
1
1 2 I af 120 I af
3
1 2 I af 120 0
I fa
1.0
Fig. 3
7
1.0
27.03 pu
0.037
And of course,
I 0fa I fa 0
A
I
fa
fb
2
I fa 1 0
I fc
27.03
27.03 120
27.03120
So the a-phase fault current is 27.03 pu.
To get this in amperes, we obtain the current
base somewhere lets choose the low side
of the transformer:
Ib
Sb3
3VLLb
1E 6
41.84
3 (13.8E 3)
I s0
1 I a
1 1
1
1
I S I s A I abc 1 2 I b
3
2
I s
I c
I af
1 I af
1 1
1
1
2
1 0 I af
3
3
I af
1 2 0
0.037
1.0
0.039
I fa
0.023
I 0fa
Fig. 4
10
1.0
10.10 pu
0.037 0.039 0.023
I 0fa 1 1
I fa
1
2
I
A
I
1
a
fa
fb
I 2fa 1 a
I fc
30.30
0
0
1 10.10
a 10.10
a 2 10.10
Sb 3
3VLLb
1E6
8.37
3 ( 69 E 3 )
Then, 27.03(8.37)=226.17A.
11
I c
1 0
0
1 1
1
1
1 2 I bf 3I bf 90
3
3
3I bf 90
1 2 I bf
0.037
0.039
I fa
1.0
0.023
I 0fa
Fig. 5
From Figure 5, we compute:
I fa I fa
1.0
13.16 pu
0.037 0.09
13
I fa
I fb
I fc
I 0fa 1 1
1 0
A I fa 1 2 13.16
I fa 1 2 13.16
0
0
3 (13.16)90 22.7990
3 (13.16) 90 22.79 90
So the a-phase fault current is 22.79 pu.
Recalling that the base current on the
secondary side is 41.84A, the a-phase
current on the low voltage side, for a SLG
fault at bus 2, is 22.79(41.84)=954A, or, on
the high voltage side, is 22.79(8.37)=191A.
3.4 Two-line to ground fault
Similar analysis results as before results in
the conclusion that a 2-line-to-ground fault
(LLG) fault can be analyzed using a parallel
combination of all three sequence networks,
as shown in Fig. 6.
14
0.037
1.0
0.037
0.039
1.0
0.039
0.023
0.023
Fig. 6
From Figure 6, we compute:
I fa
1.0
1.0
19.42 pu
0.037 0.039 // .023 0.037 0.0145
I fa 19.42
15
I fa
I fb
I fc
I 0fa 1 1
1 12.22
A I fa 1 2 19.42
I fa 1 2 7.2
29.45129
29.45 129
16