Third

Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Hookes law

/ E

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

1 1 / E v( 2 3) / E

7-1

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

7-2

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

7-3

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Introduction
The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
x , y , z

normal stresses

xy , yz , zx shearing stresses
(Note : xy yx , yz zy , zx xz )

Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.
The first part of the chapter is concerned with
how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7-4

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Transformation of Plane Stress

Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x axes.
Fx 0 xA x A cos cos xy A cos sin
y A sin sin xy A sin cos

Fy 0 xyA x A cos sin xy A cos cos

y A sin cos xy A sin sin

The equations may be rewritten to yield

x

x y

xy

x y
2

x y
2

cos 2 xy sin 2

sin 2 xy cos 2

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7-5

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Principal Stresses
The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

x ave 2 x2y R 2
where

ave

x y

x y
2
xy
R
2

Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
max, min
tan 2 p

x y
2

x y
2
xy

2

2 xy

x y

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7-6

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for

x ave

x y
2
xy
max R
2

x y
tan 2 s
2 xy
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and
offset from p by 45o

ave

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

x y
2

7-7

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:

P
, y xy 0
A

x y xy

P
2A

Mohrs circle for torsional loading:

x y 0 xy

Tc
J

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

x y

Tc
xy 0
J
7-8

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

7-9

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Cylindrical vessel with principal stresses
1 = hoop stress
2 = longitudinal stress

Hoop stress:
Fz 0 12t x p2r x
1

pr
t

Longitudinal stress:

2
Fx 0 2 2 rt p r
pr
2
2t
1 2 2

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 - 10

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Points A and B correspond to hoop stress, 1,
and longitudinal stress, 2
Maximum in-plane shearing stress:
1
2

max( in plane) 2

pr
4t

Maximum out-of-plane shearing stress

corresponds to a 45o rotation of the plane
stress element around a longitudinal axis
max 2

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

pr
2t

7 - 11

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Criterios de falla
Por fluencia o deformacin plstica

Tresca

( 1 3) S y
El material fallar de
forma dctil o frgil
dependiendo de cul
criterio se cumple
primero.

Por fractura frgil

K Y a
K puede ser KIC, KIIC, KIIIC [MPa m-1/2]

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Brittle materials fail suddenly through rupture
or fracture in a tensile test. The failure
condition is characterized by the ultimate
strength U.

Maximum normal stress criteria:

Structural component is safe as long as the
maximum normal stress is less than the
ultimate strength of a tensile test specimen.

1 U
2 U
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 - 13

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Diseo y seleccin estndar

El tanque mostrado contiene propano a una
Presin de 210 Psi a 100oF. Si el tanque tiene
Un dimetro de 12.6 in y un espesor de 0.11 in
Seleccione el material para construir el cilindro.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 - 14

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

7 - 15

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

7 - 16

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Spherical pressure vessel:
1 2

pr
2t

Mohrs circle for in-plane

transformations reduces to a point
1 2 constant
max(in -plane) 0

Maximum out-of-plane shearing

stress
max 12 1

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

pr
4t

7 - 17

Third Edition

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

18

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

19

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf