Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Strength
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Stiffness
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Stability
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Stability
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Stability
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Stability
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Stability
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Stability
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Stability
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Stability
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P-D
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P-d
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Out-of-Plumbness
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Member Out-of-Straightness
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Member Out-of-Straightness
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P-D
Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis
AISC B2 Factor
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P-D
Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis
AISC B2 Factor
2nd-Order Analysis
Iterative
Geometric Stiffness Method
Iterative
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Geometric Stiffness
P-d
Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis
AISC B1 Factor
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P-d
Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis
AISC B1 Factor
2nd-Order Analysis
Iterative
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P-d
Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis
AISC B1 Factor
2nd-Order Analysis
Iterative
Reduced Capacity
AISC 9th ASD (1989)
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Out-of-Plumbness
Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes
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Out-of-Plumbness
Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes
Requires four separate
models, one for each
axis direction.
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Out-of-Plumbness
Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes
Notional Loads
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Notional Loads
Notional Loads are a portion of the vertical gravity load applied
horizontally.
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Notional Loads
Dead, Live and Roof
Applied in each of the four directions (+/- Xaxis, +/- Y-axis)
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.
.
.
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Out-of-Plumbness
Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes
Notional Loads
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Member Out-of-Straightness
Reduce Capacity by using the Effective
Length (KL) in the strength equations
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Member Out-of-Straightness
Reduce Capacity by using the Effective
Length (KL) in the strength equations
Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects
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Member Out-of-Straightness
Reduce Capacity by using the Effective
Length (KL) in the strength equations
Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects
Used reduced stiffnesses in the analysis
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Residual Stresses
Reduce Capacity by using the Effective
Length (KL) in the strength equations
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Residual Stresses
Reduce Capacity by using the Effective
Length (KL) in the strength equations
Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects
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Residual Stresses
Reduce Capacity by using the Effective
Length (KL) in the strength equations
Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects
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Residual Stresses
Reduce Capacity by using the Effective
Length (KL) in the strength equations
Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects
Used reduced stiffnesses in the analysis
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Leaning Columns
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Leaning Columns
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Leaning Columns
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Iterative
Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)
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Iterative
Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)
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Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition says:
(A)results + (B)results + (C)results = (A + B + C)results
For example:
However, the 2nd order effects are nonlinear, so without accounting for those:
It is possible, however, to modify the analysis results such that superposition can
be used:
B2(Dead)results + B2(Live)results + B2(Seismic)results (Dead + Live + Seismic)results
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Iterative
Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)
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Iterative
Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)
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Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition says:
(A)results + (B)results + (C)results = (A + B + C)results
For example:
However, the 2nd order effects are nonlinear, so without accounting for that:
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AISC 360-10
C1. GENERAL STABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each of its elements
Any rational method of design for stability that considers all of the listed effects is
permitted; this includes the methods identified in Sections C1.1 and C1.2.
1. Direct Analysis Method of Design
The direct analysis method of design, which consists of the calculation of required
strengths in accordance with Section C2 and the calculation of available strengths in
accordance with Section C3, is permitted for all structures.
2. Alternative Methods of Design
The effective length method and the first-order analysis method, defined in Appendix
7, are permitted as alternatives to the direct analysis method for structures that satisfy
the constraints specified in that appendix.
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K = 1.0
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Recommendation:
Use Direct Analysis Method for Steel Moment Frames (can use K=1)
Use Effective Length Method for Steel Braced Frames (K=1 for Braced Frames)
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This is a
Notional Load
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Drift
Purpose of Drift Limits
Occupant Comfort
Protect Nonstructural
Elements
Structural Stability
Bentley Systems, Inc. On-Demand Video:
Building Drift: Understanding and Satisfying Code Requirements
Go to: http://pages.info.bentley.com/videos/
or Google the title
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(12.8-16)
The stability coefficient (q) shall not exceed qmax determined as follows:
0.5
=
0.25
(12.8-17)
(12.8-16)
The stability coefficient (q) shall not exceed qmax determined as follows:
0.5
=
0.25
(12.8-17)
(12.8-16)
0.5
=
0.25
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(12.8-17)
(12.8-16)
0.5
=
0.25
(12.8-17)
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Stability Coefficient
ASCE 7-10:
AISC 360-10:
ACI 318-14:
AS 4100:
EN 1993:
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Stability Coefficient
ASCE 7-10:
AISC 360-10:
ACI 318-14:
AS 4100:
EN 1994:
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Thanks!
Questions?
allen.adams@bentley.com
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