Basic Ericksonian Hypnosis Ebook

Basic Ericksonian
Hypnosis eBook
By: Steve G. Jones, Ed.S.
www.HypnosisCertified.com/ericksonian
support@hypnosiscertified.com
Table of Contents
Module 1: Hypnosis in Medicine and Dentistry .................................................. 4
Module 2: Hypnotic Rapport Building ................................................................ 9
Module 3: Creating Sessions for People with Special Medical Needs ................ 14
Module 4: Dealing with Medical Treatments ...................................................... 17
Module 5: Arm Raise Induction ...........................................................................23
Module 6: Bucket Lowering Induction ................................................................40
Module 7: Balloon Raise Induction ..................................................................... 44
Module 8: Proper Office Design to Enhance Rapport ......................................... 47
Module 9: Being Adaptive as a Hypnotist To Any Client Situation ................. 49
Module 10: How to Tap Into your Genuine Desire to Help People .....................53
Module 11: Paying Attention to Client Feedback to Improve your Sessions ...... 56
Module 12: Pacing and Leading .......................................................................... 59
Module 13: Eye-Accessing Cues ......................................................................... 60
Module 14: Anchoring ......................................................................................... 78
Module 15: The Uniqueness of Each Client ........................................................ 81
Module 16: The Meta-Model ............................................................................... 89
Module 17: Model Limits .................................................................................. 98
Module 18: Creating Metaphors ........................................................................ 106
Basic Ericksonian Hypnosis eBook Page 2
Module 19: How to Use Metaphors in a Hypnosis Session .............................. 112

Module 20: The Use of Parallelisms in Metaphor Creation .............................. 118
APPENDIX ....................................................................................................... 140
Basic Ericksonian Hypnosis Final Exam (Instructions) .................................... 155
Module 1: Hypnosis in Medicine and

Dentistry
Practitioners of medicine and dentistry have several things in common. The
first similarity between professionals in these two fields is that they are
primarily concerned with the alleviation of pain. They perform the vital
steps needed to ensure that a person who is in pain is receiving adequate
mental and physical support through medication, proper guidance and if
possible, therapy through one or more methods.
The second similarity is that a doctor or a dentist is also concerned with
what happens in between visits to the clinic or hospital. The period between
visits is vital to resolving issues because problems can arise in between
visits.
The third similarity is that doctors and dentists both have to make vital
decisions that might have a big impact on their patients lives. So we are not
talking only of the intellectual rigor of the medical professional or dentist we
are also talking about the specific routes that the professional takes in order
to arrive at a particular outcome.
Medicine, dentistry and hypnosis have several things in common as well, if
you think about it. Let us talk about the primary features of hypnosis in
general so you can see the parallelism yourself. If a hypnotist were to work
on a clients problem through hypnotic processes, then we can say that
hypnosis also aims to heal a person.
Basic Ericksonian Hypnosis eBook Page
Healing is based on the concept of making whole. You heal something

because that something has become incomplete or perhaps damaged by
external or internal forces. Hypnosis is also concerned with harmony and
balance.
A hypnotist would not be able to do this work if the other person is not in
harmony with him in the first place. A hypnotic trance would not last long if
the client feels that the hypnotist is not someone that he could trust with his
most private thoughts and emotions. Another important concept in hypnosis
is continuity.
A person who enters a hypnotic trance under the influence of a skilled
hypnotist will continue to recall the subconscious messages that have been
implanted by the hypnotist himself. The client might not be completely
aware of his ability to recall the specific subconscious suggestions, but the
recall process is there and its lightly simmering underneath the persons
consciousness.
The subconscious suggestions will continue to tickle his imagination until
such time that he finds himself and the truths that have been eluding him
before. So when a hypnotist decides to use a particular method to help heal a
persons mind and emotions, hes not just healing the person during the one
or two hour hypnosis session.
He is setting up the mental mechanisms needed to ensure that the healing
will continue long after the client has left the hypnotists office. Do you see
the similarities between hypnotists and doctors now?
So far I have given you the impression that hypnosis is primarily used to
control pain in its many forms. While this is definitely true it doesnt mean
that hypnosis is limited to the alleviation of pain. The truth of the matter is
that hypnosis can be used for a variety of situations, not just situations where
in a person is experiencing sudden, acute or chronic, physical pain.
Hypnosis can also be used to ease symptoms like bedwetting which just
shows how complex and effective it can be when used by a skilled hypnotist.
Part of the reason why hypnosis is so effective is that hypnotists tend to dig
deep into a clients history before designing a hypnosis session specially
crafted for the history and needs of the client.
There are some general approaches but if you want to be a really successful
hypnotist or hypnotist, you have to learn to integrate what you learn from
your clients to ensure that what you will be saying will not only be
appropriate but effective as well.
Some of you might be thinking: if hypnosis was so effective in the first place
then why is it that it still in the fringes of medicine, psychiatric care and
dentistry? Why isnt it being used by more people? The reason for this is
quite simple: we now live in a world of quick fixes and there is a general
tendency for people to dislike anything that doesnt provide an instant output
or result.
Im not going to say that hypnosis is the golden cure all but by using it you
can address a myriad of different issues that would have otherwise
overwhelmed any medical professional. If you can still remember, the
proponents of hypnosis a few centuries ago were actually doctors.
Hypnosis might have begun as something that is almost unfathomable or

mystical but in reality this method has become a profound ally by radical
healers who believed in the genuine capacity of the human mind and body to
heal itself. This is probably the reason why hypnosis is still being frowned
upon by many conventional medical professionals to this day.
Hypnosis doesnt involve the use drug therapy and the results will vary
depending on how committed the client is to the hypnotic therapy. We must
remember that in the end, a hypnotic clients progress is still determined by
his ability to utilize what has been given to him by the hypnotist.
To an extent, this involves normal thinking which is why hypnosis is never
really used to address psychiatric cases wherein the patient is already beyond
the veil of normal functioning and thinking.
Hypnosis also acknowledges that there are also some things that cannot be
achieved purely through hypnosis which is why it is called complementary
treatment. Hypnosis can be used to enhance the success of an existing
healing regimen.
Module 1 Suggested Practice

Familiarize yourself with the different areas in which hypnosis can help a
client. Know which topics you are comfortable with and which topics you
will refer out. Begin gathering/writing sample scripts that you can use with
your clients.
Module 2: Hypnotic Rapport Building

Now that you have a better understanding of the position and function of
hypnosis in medicine and dentistry, lets talk about the various approaches
you can use to achieve certain results. These approaches are best suited for
individuals who work closely with patients who may, from one time or
another, experience chronic pain or even emotional anguish from any health
condition that they may have.
Lets talk about the application of hypnotic processes to medicine first.
There is a three-phase process that I would like you to keep in mind before
attempting to use the hypnotic process on any patients. This vital, threephase process is put in place to ensure that the patients needs are addressed
directly and you will be providing maximum aid to the hypnotic client when
one steps into your office for help.
Alright, so the first phase is determining the clients history and actual
needs. This can be done simply by having a pre-hypnosis session with the
client. All you are going to do at this point in time is to talk to him about his
life and how his condition has affected him.
It is very easy to just ask a client are you in pain? or are you sad?; you
need to learn how the condition is deeply affecting the different parts of his
life because that information will help you later on in crafting an appropriate
hypnosis script for your client.
Without this intimate knowledge, which will only be given after you have
established rapport with your client, you will not be extremely effective as a
therapist because you will only be able to use a general approach to

resolving the specific problems that the client is facing.
Now, I dont want to give the wrong impression here. Hypnotists are not
tasked with creating very specific solutions to peoples problems. We are not
here to provide financial guidance for people who are heavily in debt.
We are not here to provide a step by step program for couples who are
generally violent with each other. Our job is to bring back balance and
clarity in a persons life. That is the extent of your job.
We are not deeply involved in the problems themselves; we only stand at a

proximate distance so we can recommend what the client can begin doing to
solve his problems. We show the way we dont walk that path with the
client.
Another thing that you should remember when you are performing your task
during the first phase is to determine what matters the most to your client.
Some experienced hypnotists have a pretty good idea what matters to
people. Family, friends, health, money The list of potential drives goes on.
However, it would still be better if you really get into the mind of the client
and find out what makes him tick.
For example, one person might be inspired by the accumulation of wealth.
But it might turn out that this person is even more inspired by the idea of
rebuilding an old ancestral house because it represents positive memories
and forces in his life. Memories and drives like this are pure gold for
hypnotists because they are deeply embedded in the clients psyche and they
arouse very strong emotions in people as well.
Once you have been able really know your client very well, its time to
move on to the second phase or step in the process. The second step is
extremely important because it deals with personal acceptance.
Too often people struggle with medical conditions because they use every
bit of their might to oppose the idea that they have a condition that requires
medication, surgery, etc. Opposing a condition isnt necessarily a bad thing.
Of course, we do not want your clients to just say oh, its fine if a have a
heart attack one of these days. This is not what we want to happen. Rather,
it would be extremely beneficial to your client if you can change the he
views his reality and condition at the present time.
Create intake forms and a list of questions for your clients that will help you
better understand what they need your help with.
Module 3: Creating Sessions for People

with Special Medical Needs
There are some things that are beyond human agency. For example, a person
who lost an arm or a leg because of an accident or a severe disease may be in
constant pain because he still hasnt accepted the reality that the limb is gone
forever. The role of the hypnotist is to ensure that the client transitions from
denial and negativity to acceptance and genuine personal healing.
This might sound like a tall order for someone who engages in the art &
science of hypnosis. And yet, this is a very sound approach when faced with
someone who is carrying a lot of burdens because of his health condition.
Were talking about individuals with chronic pain like cancer patients to
people who are still navigating that unsteady terrain of transitioning from
one kind of life to another.
The second phase of the process has a two-fold function. Obviously, the first
function is to enlighten the client as to what cannot be altered anymore. The
second function is to show what the client can still do to make his life
meaningful, gratifying and happy.
The third and final phase is to create a special hypnotic session for your
client to address his needs. It is important to create sessions that will allow
your client to achieve a specific outcome. For example, if someone
approaches you with a severe dislike of his new medication the ideal output
would be to accept the fact that he has to take medication so that his life
would be prolonged and he would still be able to do the things that he loves.
Now, before we dive into the different ways that you can use hypnosis in
medicine, I want to take this opportunity to highlight the mind-body
connection. Believe it or not, this concept is actually very relevant to the
idea of healing the mind with hypnosis. For several centuries it has been
generally believed that the brain is a client of the corpus or the body and the
thoughts that it generates have no bearing on the actual condition of the
body. We know now that this is not true at all. The mind is actually more
powerful than we have already imagined. It is capable not only of
rational/creative thoughts it also has a dominant influence on the very tissues
and organs of the body. So when a person is experiencing pain, one cannot
separate the pain of the body from the pain as it is being experienced by the
person through his mind.
Are you ready for the special hypnotic approaches? The first technique that I
am going to share with you can be used for patients who are distressed
because of conditions that prevent them from functioning normally on a
daily basis. If your clients condition is slowly eroding his ability to become
active and independent, this technique can definitely be used.

Research chronic pain and understand its impact on both the mind and the
body. Know how to offer your clients a solution that works for them and is
sustainable and can be developed without your presence.
Module 4: Dealing with Medical

Treatments
The first step is to be familiar with the clients mental coordinates. What is
he is worrying about now? What concerns him the most? What does he fear
losing because of his condition? Determine these coordinates so you can
chart an effective hypnotic path.
The second step is give the client a sense of control by showing him what
can and cannot be altered by human agency. Inform the client of the nature
of his condition to the best of your knowledge and provide an alternative
path that will allow him to live with the condition. The client must see
himself surpassing the challenges associated with the said condition and he
must also see himself succeeding in life despite the existence of the health
condition. It is very important to emphasize the need for acceptance at this
point in time especially if the condition is chronic.
Next, begin creating a new roadmap to a fruitful and more satisfying life
with the condition. Identify the things that may worsen the condition and
focus on the stuff that does help. For example, if the client has severe high
blood pressure then it is imperative that he stay away from high cholesterol
foods and stressful environments because these can easily trigger a deadly
spike in his blood pressure.
Propose a solution that is sustainable and can be developed even without
your presence. For example, if your client is an amputee who has lost both
legs, what kind of mental and physical exercises must be done to become
more functional? Visualize the body in its entirety and try to create a
visualization process that will help the person transition from this point to a
more satisfying and productive life.
It doesnt matter if you dont know a lot about medicine. Hypnosis,
visualization and self-healing work regardless of the logic and specifics of
the hypnotic experience. The body will understand what you are trying to do
so just focus on the central messages that you want to convey to the clients
subconscious mind.
In addition to creating the perfect mental environment for self-healing, it is
also important to empower your client that he becomes an active agent in his
journey to healing and acceptance. Many patients feel depressed because
they feel that suddenly, control of their life has been taken away from them
because of their condition. Well, it is up to you to convince your client that
he still has some control of his life and he is not defined at all by his
condition. He is however, defined by the choices that he makes during his
treatment, etc.
The second approach that I would like to discuss with you centers on the
idea of quality of life. A persons quality of life is a big determinant when it
comes to his happiness and contentment with his life even if he does have a
medical condition.
It is easy to say that a persons personality determines how well he would be
able to cope with his condition however there are many instances when a
person becomes disoriented and confused because of the big changes taking
place in his life. So it is not so much that a person is not capable of dealing
with his condition its just that he is not capable of adjusting immediately to
his changing needs.
The first step in this technique is to find out how the condition is affecting
the client. If the condition is severe like cancer you have to be aware of what
has already been done and what kind of treatments will be involved in the
future.
The severity of a condition can be used a key indicator in the hypnosis
session. You have to firmly anchor the hypnotic treatment around the
changing realities of the person. All visualizations and suggestions must
help the client accept what has to be done so that he can begin doing other
things that will make him happier and stronger.
The second step is to deal with the stress and anxiety associated with the
treatments and the condition itself. Meditation and other similar activities
can definitely help a person achieve a better quality of life. Exercise in its
many forms can also help people deal with physical pain and the other
discomforts brought about by their condition.
The next step is to suggest things that will allow the client to feel the
richness of life despite of his condition. Unless your client is bedridden or is
advised against going outdoors, there are plenty of things that a sick person
can do safely provided that someone is always with him and he is always
taking the proper precautions.
Travelling is definitely a good idea and if the client is up to it, you can work
with him so that he would be conditioned to travel and explore places that
hes never been to before.
There are many documented cases of people being able to vastly improve
their lives by pursuing activities that they have always wanted to do but
never had the time or need to do. In a way we have to reveal the silver lining
to the client. Perhaps the disease was lifes way of saying slow down and
start living before its too late.
The next set of guidelines that I am going to share with you can be used in
dentistry. You can use the basic templates that I have already discussed in
the previous sections (e.g. getting to know your client, establishing mental
and emotional coordinates) and just adapting to the clients situation before
adding the various techniques and guidelines that will follow. So here are
the guidelines:
The dentists staffs can help alleviate stress and anxiety. Short chats or
interviews can reveal vital clues to the clients real state of mind that may
not be revealed to the dentist himself.
Assuming that you are a dentist yourself, you must avoid any kind of
communication that will allow your patient to say no. Yes sets are extremely
effective in gaining immediate compliance from another person.
Fractionated rapport is also essential if the client is a new client. Dont be
too eager to begin the procedure; break the process down into steps. For
example, ask the client would you like to sit down? after that, you can chat
with the client for a little while and ask again would you like to have a
drink of water?. You will be asking these question to ascertain whether or
not the client is ready for the actual procedure. If he is still not ready, then
you can just pace him some more until the anxiety reveals itself and you can
then address the anxiety directly by talking to the client and enlightening
him as to what you would actually be doing. Avoid saying things like are
you ready now? because these statements will just spur the clients anxiety
to greater heights.
It is also important to note that a significant portion of a persons pain and
discomfort during dental procedures is caused by naturally occurring
chemicals in the body. The heightened sense of pain is actually caused by
stress and stress triggers many automatic responses in the body, included
fight or flight.
Deal with the stress first and the fight or flight response dissipates. Ignore
the stress and you will have to deal with a client who feels more than his fair
share of discomfort and physical pain. Of course, there are many drugs that
can be used to numb a persons mouth during a dental procedure. But what if
the issue is not the pain itself but the idea of undergoing a dental procedure
in the first place?
Employ regression techniques. ***You need a medical release form from
your clients medical doctor to conduct a regression for medical-related
treatment.

When working with your clients and their medical condition it is important
to know, understand and ask questions about the following:
1. How the condition is affecting your client.
2. The severity of the condition.
3. The stress and anxiety your client is experiencing.
4. The positive aspects of their life despite of the condition
5. Activities that they have always wanted to partake in, but never
pursued it.
Module 5: Arm Raise Induction

Perform an arms raised induction right before the dental procedure. The
goal of this induction and the subsequent implementation of a hypnotic
script is to simply relax the client and remind him that he can still relax even
if he is in a dentists office and he is about to have a procedure done to
correct his teeth.
If the client is showing visible signs of muscular tension because of severe
anxiety, perform the following steps.
Let the client lie down on dentists chair and ask him to relax. Hold the
clients wrist gently and lead his arm upward; make sure that you dont jerk
the arm up let the client slowly raise his arm with a little help from you.
Jerking the arm up might startle your already anxious client. Inform the
client that he appears anxious and perhaps even stressed from the procedure.
As you are saying this, continue raising the clients arm until it
perpendicular in relation to the clients body.
In the 1950s, the American Medical Association took notice of hypnosis
after a patient underwent a thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid) while in a
hypnotic trance induced by a hypnotist. No other painkiller or anesthesia
was used.
Since then, hypnotists have made powerful strides toward changing public
perception about hypnosis. Doctors continue to use hypnosis to calm their
patients, and to ease pain during procedures. They regularly tell patients how
easy recovery will be. Additionally, doctors tell patients a procedure is
common and comes with a high degree of success. Because these phrases are
delivered by an authority figure, they act exactly the same as hypnotic
suggestions and become reality for the patient. There are also more obvious
hypnotic suggestions given to patients by doctors trained in hypnosis. And
for over a century, dentists have used hypnosis to ease discomfort during
dental procedures.
In addition to using hypnotic techniques themselves, doctors and dentists
regularly refer patients to hypnotists for help with weight loss, smoking
cessation, and overcoming fears about dental and surgical procedures.
Before the 1950s, the medical profession scoffed at hypnosis. Today they
are readily embracing it as a complement to long-standing medical
procedures.
At no other time has the world of hypnosis been as wide open with exciting
possibilities as it is now. Because more and more people are exploring and
accepting the benefits of hypnosis, a much greater need now exists for
qualified hypnotists to open practices. The goal of this course is to give
youa potential or practicing hypnotista strong base for building your
practice. You will be guided through a basic hypnosis session, and you will
be given homework opportunities to use and modify your technique so that
you can help others lose weight, find love, and increase their financial
success, among other things.
My Background
I have over two decades experience in hypnosis. I am a graduate of the University of Florida, a certified clinical hypnotist, a member of both the Ameri-
can Board of Hypnosis and the National Guild of Hypnotists, president of the
American Alliance of Hypnotists, and director of the Steve G. Jones School of
Hypnosis.
I am also on the Board of Directors of the American Lung Association in Los

Angeles, CA. I currently live in Savannah, GA, but I see clients and teach
classes worldwide.
I have a client-base consisting largely of people who need to lose weight or
gain confidence. Other clients include sales teams interested in boosting moti-
vation and increasing income, singles searching for love, insomniacs desiring
proper sleep, and smokers wanting to change their habits, to name just a few.
It is my hope that this course will breed a cadre of hypnotists with a strong
commitment toward practicing with integrity, thus altering negative perceptions about hypnosis while allowing people to make positive changes.
To this end, I am providing you with the tools to change peoples habits and
perceptions, and to help them overcome fears. I know that you can help your
patients find love, make a fortune, and reach their optimum level of physical
fitness through hypnosis.
About Hypnosis
I want to address and debunk some of the numerous misconceptions and
myths about hypnosis.
First of all, hypnosis is not a Zen-like trance in which the client, also
referred to as the patient, is in some sort of metaphysical state. From time to
time clients will experience this; however, the goal of hypnosis is to get the
client into a very light trance, also know as Alpha. When in Alpha, a client
is up to 200 times more suggestible and is therefore more able to receive
messages that influence positive change.
Anything deeper than Alpha (Delta or Theta) is helpful, but not necessary.
Stages of Consciousness
Hypnosis deals with four stages of consciousness: Beta, Alpha, Theta, and
Delta.
Normal awakening consciousness is called Beta. In Beta, a persons brain is
fully functional and in an alert state. It is paying attention to and processing
stimuli from the outside world.
In Alpha, a person is slowed down slightly and is therefore more focused
and able to dedicate his train of thought to one thing. Equate Alpha to the
state you are in when watching TV, or when you have been driving for a
lengthy period. When driving, your attention is focused on the elements of
driving. Outside stimuli play a lesser role. At first, you may be aware of
things around you, such as cars and pedestrians. After prolonged driving,
your attention shifts to what is happening directly in front of you. This is

Alpha.
Alpha is a not-really-here, not-really-out-of-it phase. In Alpha, outside
stimuli are no longer distracting the client, who is then able to receive habitaltering messages from a hypnotist.
It is important to note that, like driving in a trance, patients in hypnosis still
can react as things happen. A common misconception about hypnosis is that
clients under hypnosis cannot react, and therefore the hypnotist has ultimate
control over the patient. In Alpha, the patient is always in the drivers seat.
The patient is fully capable of reacting and making decisions.
Some patients under hypnosis go deeper than Alpha into Theta or Delta, and
most patients will transition between Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta during
the hypnosis session. Some patients will never attain Theta or Delta,
regardless of what the hypnotist does. However, almost everyone will fall
into Alpha on the first session. Techniques for guiding patients to Theta or
Delta are more complex, and are beyond the scope of this course.
Those techniques are taught in my advanced class. You should know,
however, that there are tests for ascertaining how deeply a person has fallen.
Some methods of hypnosis are more effective in Theta and Delta.
(Incidentally, the person whose thyroid was removed while under hypnosis
was in Delta.)
Because patients generally toggle among the stages of consciousness in any
given hypnosis session, most will have the experience of only remembering
some of the things the hypnotist says. Patients often believe they remember
everything, but actually remember very little.
What is Hypnosis?
Hypnosis is the most immediate tool for changing beliefs and/or behaviors.
Of all the therapies, hypnosis will produce the most immediate results.
Hypnosis is a combination of hypnosis and therapy, which is one of the
many attributes separating it from stage hypnosis. Traditionally, a hypnotist
will spend about half of his or her time talking to the client while the client
is in Beta (normal awakening consciousness). The remainder of the time, the
client will be in hypnosis (Alpha or lower). Hypnosis works by combining
hypnosis with precise, outcome-oriented therapy and targeting the
subconscious mind.
Hypnosis is quite different than traditional therapy. Instead of spending
years with a therapist, clients who undergo hypnosis will have an efficient,
fast, and reliable means of altering negative behavior.
It is important to note that hypnosis is not for everyone. Some patients want
to spend years in traditional therapy getting to know themselves and
examining the roots of their behavior. Some patients will even respond
better to long-term non-hypnotic therapy. Hypnosis is just one of the
thousands of ways a person can achieve his goals; however, if your patient
wants immediate results, hypnosis is the most effective tool.
The beauty of hypnosis is that a persons body does not know the difference
between imagining something and having it happen. As far as the body is
concerned, the physiological responses are the same regardless of whether

the client is imaging something or it is happening.
The client therefore has the advantage of intellectually knowing that a
situation is happening only in the imagination and physically responding as
though it has happened. The client gets the benefit of tackling his fears,
losing weight, or becoming motivated without even having left the
hypnotists chair. The client is still reclined in the chair, yet as far as his
body knows, he has conquered his cravings, lost weight, learned how to
speak to romantic interests, etc.
This means that when it comes time for the client to eat healthy foods, or go
on a date, or stop procrastinating, his body will feel as though he has already
done this, and he will therefore have the confidence and ability to move
forward.
Responsibilities of a Hypnotist
To help move hypnosis into the mainstream, hypnotists should adhere to the
following guidelines:
1. Do no harm. This course provides powerful tools for tapping into the
subconscious mind. In doing so, you must first make a commitment to
making only positive changes in your patients lives. If you have a
client whose idea of a positive change differs from yours, you have
a responsibility to refuse to perform therapy on that client. For
example: If a weight loss client wants to lose 15 pounds in one week,
you should explain to him that this is unhealthy. Then offer a more
reasonable plan, and refuse to treat him if he insists on attempting to

lose 15 pounds in one week.
2. If hypnosis is not working on a given patient, stop treatment and refer
the patient elsewhere. Do not waste time with clients. If you continue
to treat a client who is not getting the results he wants, you will have
wasted your clients time and money, and damaged not only your
reputation, but also the reputation of hypnosis in general. Not all
patients will respond to hypnosis, and not all patients will respond to
your method of hypnosis. Accept this, and move on if goals are not
being met. For example: Lets say you have a client who is a
mortgage broker and wants to make more money . You should
initially have her agree to three to six sessions. At the end of those
sessions, you must assess how the treatment is progressing and if it is
of any benefit to the client. I always assign homework to patients to
get a measure of how invested they are in their own change and to
keep them moving toward their goal. For this client, I would have her
make a certain number of calls per week. If she has not made calls
after the third session, we are obviously wasting each others time. I
would then terminate the hypnosis.
3. Set reasonable, solid, and productive goals. Set goals that are
attainable. Aim high, but give your clients time to respond. Never
promise clients that they will, for instance, lose 50 pounds in three
weeks. Instead, do research and set a reasonable goal. Do not set your
clients up for failure. For instance, with the mortgage client discussed
above. I would break up her homework into small steps. In week one,
she should make ten calls. In week two, she should make 20 calls, etc.
Expect that your client will get off to a slow start. Perhaps she will not
do the homework at all the first week. Keep in mind that many people
expect you to wave a magic wand that forces them to accomplish their
goals. These people are waiting for a zombie-like trance to take over
their mind and body and cause them to make those calls
uncontrollably. By week three, reality should set in. The patient either
understands that she has to work or I explain to the patient that she is
wasting her money. Believe it or not, some clients would be happy to
undergo hypnosis for years because it makes them feel and appear like
they are trying. Never allow this. When hypnosis works, it works
quickly. Long-term, wonderful effects may reveal themselves later,
but most of the change begins to happen within a few weeks. Take
things slowly when you have a client who wants to lose 100 pounds,
for example, but make sure he is at least doing his homework and
making small steps forward.
4. Follow all state and federal laws. For instance, legislation in early
2003 requires California hypnotists to disclose certain information to
their clients. It is YOUR responsibility to know the law in your area
concerning hypnosis. Consult an attorney if you have to. Do the right
thing in your practice. Unlike many medical professionals, hypnotists
are given a lot of leeway. In many states, we are not strictly regulated.
In any situation, you have a built-in compass for right and wrong. Use
it. Treat people with care and respect.
5. Check with your clients physician before performing hypnosis to
determine whether the client has a medical condition related to his or
her hypnosis goals. Perhaps your client wants to lose weight, but has a
history of bulimia that he forgot to mention. Make sure that you
have permission (a signed form or letter authorizing the treatment)
from a clients physician before moving forward when you are
treating any medical condition using hypnosis.
6. Likewise, if another healthcare professional refers a client to you for

treatment of a specific problem, treat only that problem. You have not
been handed a blank check. Respect the process of the M.D.,
hypnotists, or psychotherapist. Do your job, report your findings to
the healthcare professional, and end the treatment.
Hypnosis Overview
A general hypnosis session begins with a pre-talk. This is where you explain
hypnosis to the client and reassure them about the power of their mind. Next
is the induction, which is the initial attempt to drop the client into a light
trance. After the induction, the hypnotist will conduct a deepening which
drops the client into an even deeper trance, as the name suggests. The
hypnotist will then use a script, which is the therapy-portion of the session.
The script includes suggestion for change. Upon finishing the script, the
hypnotist will segue into amnesia, which suggests that the clients mind will
forget the session. Finally, the hypnotist will use trance termination to bring
the client out of hypnosis. In this course, each of the above steps will be
covered in detail.
However, each client is different, so the therapy session might be changed
depending on the clients needs. Hypnotists should be flexible. Always
remember to think on your feet. Do research so that you can take alternate
paths if you are on a course that does not seem to be working.
When conducting a hypnosis session, learn to speak monotonously and
slowly. Throughout the session, you will want to lengthen your words. Your
tone should be dull and boring. See the chapter titled Inductions for more
details.
You also will want to use positive words. For instance, when I work with
people on procrastination, I do not call it procrastination. I call it
motivation because this is the positive way of looking at things. Learn to
spin things positively. Instead of saying a person is afraid to fly, say he

wants freedom to fly. Experiment with phrasing things positively.
Some professionals believe that hypnotists should not use the word no or
not because they believe that the subconscious mind drops these words. In
other words, instead of a hearing You will not eat carbohydrates, the client
will hear, You will eat carbohydrates.
I often use the words no and not with positive results. However, to be on
the safe side, you may choose to avoid using negative words. Instead, say,
You will be done eating foods with carbohydrates or, You will crave
foods that have a low amount of carbohydrates.
Glossary of terms
AlphaThe lightest stage of hypnosis, Alpha is just below Beta (normal
awakening consciousness).
AmnesiaBrief yet powerful suggestions given to cause the client to
consciously forget the hypnosis experience.
BetaNormal waking consciousness.
ClientThe subject of the hypnosis session. May also be called patient.
DeepeningSuggestions given after an induction meant to deepen the state
of hypnosis.
DeltaThe deepest state of hypnosis.
DiagnosisThe patients main problem (i.e., overweight, unmotivated, or
smoker). Be careful not to share this label with the client. You need to
know what you are dealing with, but if the client hears this label, she may
identify with it. When talking with the client, it is better to say, You are a
woman who used to smoke. Avoid saying, You are a smoker. Also,
keep in mind that hypnotists are not qualified to diagnose. That is the job
of a licensed therapist or MD.
InductionThe first part of a hypnosis session intended to ease the client
into a trance.
PhobiaA fear.
ScriptIn this course, a script describes the main part of a hypnosis
session during which the main therapeutic message is delivered.
ThetaThe state of hypnosis just above Delta.
Trance TerminationEnding the hypnosis session either by returning the
client to full awakening consciousness (Beta), or by suggesting that the
client go to sleep (Delta or Theta).
Recording your Sessions

Because it takes approximately 21 days to form new habits, you should be
prepared to tape your hypnosis sessions so that your clients can listen to
their sessions each night, thus reinforcing the change.
Only record the hypnosis portion of the session. The hypnosis session begins
when you begin the induction. Be prepared to begin the CD or mp3.
immediately when hypnosis begins, and stop at the conclusion of the
session.
I sell hypnosis CDs from my Web site and sometimes people buy four or
more CDs at once on, for instance, Weight Loss, Unlimited Motivation,
Unlimited Confidence, and Better Golf. These clients sometimes have the
intention of listening to all four CDs at once. Do not have your clients do
this. Tackle one problem at a time, and give your client three weeks to
change a habit. Allow the client to ease into the change. If you try to force
change, if you tell the client to listen to the tape 21 times in one day, both
you and your client will get frustrated.
Remember: Set reasonable goals. Do not try to force change because this
could be counterproductive.
Controlling the Environment

You will want to establish an office space that allows you to control the
environment. Cut your clients off from the outside world and demand their
complete attention. You must have them relaxed. You must have them in an
oasis from the outside world. You must have the clients complete attention
for the hypnosis to be successful.
In controlling the environment, first, make sure that the client has gone to
the restroom. Dropping your client into Alpha and sustaining hypnosis is
difficult if they are squirming with discomfort. So, simply ask them, before
you begin the session, Do you need to use the restroom before we begin?
Likewise, make sure that their cell phones and pagers are turned off. Make
sure that they are in an environment where no one and nothing is going to
disturb them. There should be no barking dogs, or sounds of traffic.
Control the environment.
Make sure that the client is not too cold, or too warm. Give the patient the
option of being reclined. A comfortable, reclining chair is perfect for this.
Get one.
I prefer to have my clients reclined in a nearly horizontal position with an
eye covering (like the ones which are sold for sleeping or airplane trips) over
their eyes to block out any light. The clients listen to my voice through
headphones.
I want to completely control the environment (for this reason, I generally

avoid going to a persons house for a hypnosis session). The client is not
going to physically see anything because his eyes are going to be covered.
He is not going to hear anything except my voice and the gentle ocean
waves I play in the background. The client is perhaps going to be covered
with one or two blankets, depending on the temperature.
Your job as a hypnotist is to make sure that there are no controllable
occurrences that will interrupt the session. If there are, handle them before
starting the hypnosis session.
I learned this lesson the hard way in 1986: I had a patient, a doctor, who
wanted to be hypnotized. She was on call during our first session, and she
kept getting up during the hypnosis session to respond to her pager. I was
young and she was not respecting the session. I immediately formed a strict
policy against this disruptive activity. If your patient is on call, tell her to
come back another day. Do not allow yourself or your client to be disturbed.
Some clients like to multitask; hypnosis is not about that. Think of it like
surgeryit would not be acceptable if someone knocked on the door during
surgery or if the doctor stopped operating so the patient could take a cell
phone call. Show your client how to respect the hypnosis session.
Bottom lineControl the environment! Its YOUR responsibility.
Clients to Refer Out

Occasionally you will receive a call from a potential client who is not an
appropriate client for a hypnotist. You will know when you are in over your
head. It is always a good idea to refer out (send to a more appropriate
healthcare provider) anyone who tells you they are schizophrenic or
psychotic, for example. These are serious mental health cases that you are
NOT trained to handle. Also, anyone who wants to uncover past memories
of abuse. You are NOT trained to deal with the emotional fallout of such
scenarios.
As hypnotists, we work with changing behavior in otherwise high
functioning clients. This means they are stable individuals who simply need
help losing weight, gaining motivation, being more confident, stopping
smoking, etc. We enable behavioral changes stemming from changes in their
belief systems. We do NOT turn insane clients sane, psychotic clients
normal, etc.
I cannot list all of the types of cases which you should refer out, but use your
judgment. Never take a client just for the money. If you feel you are not
qualified to handle the case, you are RIGHT. Refer them out.

Practice the arm-raise induction with a friend.
Module 6: Bucket Lowering Induction

Tell the client to just relax his arm and hands even if they are raised in the
air. Do not let go of the clients wrist as the arm might suddenly fall to his
face or chest when he decides to relax his tense muscles. There is no need to
hold the arm very firmly; when the clients arm has been raised up you only
need to lightly support the wrist with the tips of your fingers. Your fingers
will act as the guideposts that will remind the client to keep his arm raised.
Distract the client by telling him something about muscle relaxation. You
can tell him to observe his hand or fingers as these have a tendency to move
about a little as muscular relaxation sets in.
If the client is still not completely relaxed what you can do is to simply tap
the tips of the clients fingers so that they would lightly contract. The
tendency is for a muscle to relax after it has contracted. Continue lightly
tapping the tips of the clients fingers until there is visible evidence that he is
completely relaxed.
It is actually hard to relax an arm that has been raised up so you can be sure
that other parts of his body are relaxed as well. It takes immense
concentration to relax your arm while keeping your whole body tense. The
body doesnt respond this way at all. When a person chooses to relax, he
will relax completely because that is how the body responds to conscious
commands. The body tenses and relaxes as a unit not as separate parts.
Keep talking about relaxation and just give any plausible explanation of
whats happening. Asking your client to focus on some visual aspect of his
surroundings will also prevent over-analysis, which really isnt good for
hypnosis.
When the client is completely relaxed, ask the client to feel a warmth that is
beginning to spread from his hand, down to his arm and throughout his
whole body. The source of the warmth would actually be your own fingers
but the client wont be too aware of this. Guided visualization takes time so
just let the client experience it on his own pace. But dont worry, many
patients have very vivid imaginations and this type of induction only take
three to four minutes to complete.
When the client is showing signs of being in a deep trance, you can begin
giving hypnotic suggestions related to relaxation and being pain-free. Time
the suggestions so that they are received by the client whenever he breathes
out. Encourage full, belly breathing as this also helps dissipate stress.
This next technique can be used to quickly insert hypnotic suggestions if you
are pressed for time.
Alright so just ask the client to lie comfortably on the dentists chair. Ask
him to close his eyes and to relax. Hold the clients wrist gently and raise his
arm gently, taking care not to jerk it up as this can startle your client. When
the clients arm is up in the air, begin the visualization process.
Let the client imagine that he is holding a small bucket and you are going
slowly fill this container with sand. At first you are going to add very small
amounts of sand but as time progresses you will be adding more and more
sand to the bucket. You can easily create an immediate impact on the client
by saying things like I am now using a giant scoop to put more sand in your
bucket and your hand is becoming strained as the bucket becomes heavier
and heavier.
After a time your clients arm will gradually lower because of the imagined
weight of the bucket. Pay attention to the gradual downward movement of
the clients arm. When his arm moves down, insert your hypnotic
suggestions until finally, his arm is finally level again with the rest of his
body.

Practice the bucket and sand induction with a friend.
Module 7: Balloon Raise Induction

Okay lets move on to another technique that you can use if you just want to
relax your client. This technique again, makes use of arm levitation so if you
are getting used to the general idea of hypnosis-induced catalepsy, this
technique shouldnt be too difficult at all.
So the first thing you are going to do is make the client relax on a reclined
dentists chair. When the client is fully relaxed, ask him to close his eyes.
Now lightly touch both sides of his right wrist and say this: I am tying a
special balloon right now to your wrist. This is a special balloon because you
are the only one who can see its color. What I can tell you about it is its size
as it slowly fills with helium.
Begin leading the client by informing him that the balloon that is tied around
his wrist is becoming bigger and bigger. Its not enough to say that the
balloon is getting bigger though; you also have to say that the balloon is
pulling up his arm slowly. Repeat the hypnotic suggestion until the client is
responding quickly to each suggestion that the balloon is getting bigger.
When the clients arm is completely in the air and appears cataleptic, you
can begin deflating the balloon. Each time the balloon gets a little smaller
because there is a small hole in it, add suggestions of relaxation and comfort
until the clients hand is finally back on his lap.
Now normally hypnotists just say, Your whole body is becoming relaxed.
In the case of a patient who is having a lot of trouble opening his mouth, you
must isolate the relaxation to the mouth area. You can do this by saying,
You are so relaxed right now that your jaw muscles are unable to keep your
mouth closed. You can also say that there are small weights attached to the
corners of the clients jaws and these weights are pulling down the mouth
easily. Think of other creative ways to encourage a person to just let go and
open his mouth during a dental procedure.
The next scenario is: what if the client has a challenge with too much
gagging? When a mouth restraint is placed inside the mouth, the normal
mechanism responsible for taking away excess saliva is disrupted just a little
bit. Even adult patients who are not anxious at all may feel like gagging
because of the dental mouthpiece used during procedures.
So what can you do to help a patient who is gagging so much? The trick is in
the breathing. Sometimes patients take shallow breaths simply because their
mouths are open. They forget that they can still breathe easily through their
nostrils.
So what you are going to do is you are going to encourage your patient to
simply breathe deeply and with each breath say that he is going to be
increasingly relaxed. Watch the clients chest for any changes in the
breathing rhythm or breathing pattern. When the client is able to stabilize his
breathing, the gagging reflex will disappear or at least it will be greatly
reduced.

Practice the balloon raise induction with a friend.
Module 8: Proper Office Design to

Enhance Rapport
Seasoned hypnotists will tell you the same thing: its actually easy to create
a stunning hypnotic script The hardest part about meeting new clients and
clients is establishing rapport. Rapport simply means harmony between two
or more people. If there is no rapport between you and your client, your
power to influence and persuade the client is significantly lower.
So in the end, whether you like it or not, you need to learn how to establish
rapport if you want to succeed as a hypnotist or hypnotist. Rapport might
sound like a simple concept but since you are in hypnosis you need
techniques with measurable results. You cant rely on common rapport
methods because you dont really have the luxury of time in many instances.
This is the main reason why I have devoted several modules to this topic
to ensure that every person who goes through this course will have the
ability to establish trust and rapport wherever they go. Dont worry; the
rapport-building skills that I am going to share with you today can easily be
used in day-to-day social interactions.
So if youre thinking that these skills will only be useful when you are
interacting with a hypnotic client, think again: all good communicators need
to know how to establish rapport with their clients or audiences. Without
rapport, people wont trust you and there would be no real reason for people
to listen and believe in what you are saying. That is how important rapport is
so do not underestimate its value in any setting that involves social
interaction.
The number one reason why you should be concerned with rapport is that
you wont get a lot of good results with your client if he doesnt perceive
you as someone that he could trust and confide in. Some people think that
hypnotists have a natural talent for getting people to trust them; little do
people know that hypnotists actually have to work hard to master the various
ways that they could gain compliance from other people.
In the context of professional hypnosis, what do clients actually expect from
the person who is conducting the hypnosis session in the first place? First,
clients generally feel that the hypnotist should be competent in what he is
supposed to know from ground up. So rapport is really established the
moment the client walks into your office.
Your offices design must be conducive to a hypnosis session and long
conversations; the physical space within your office is an extension of who
you are and what you represent as a hypnotist. The second thing that clients
expect is that you are there to help them overcome their problems.

Practice establishing rapport with people you interact with as you go about
your daily routine. Whether its the cashier who takes your coffee order, a
co-worker you speak with on the phone, a janitor you pass by at your office,
etc.
Module 9: Being Adaptive as a Hypnotist

To Any Client Situation
Another thing that people expect is that hypnotists are powerful individuals
who have the ability to communicate what needs to be said even in the
toughest of situations. People who reach out to hypnotists do so because
there is a general belief that hypnotists have a better understanding of how
the human mind works.
Now, there are countless other minor expectations about hypnotists that we
are not going to discuss anymore because they are not really that relevant to
your practice of hypnosis. What is relevant is that you learn the various ways
that you can establish rapport with any person regardless of the persons age,
sex, background or experience with hypnosis.
I know that many beginning hypnotists wish that every client were an ideal
client who knows the drill and knows enough about hypnosis to be an easy
hypnotic client. Unfortunately this will not be the case. Hypnotists meet all
sorts of people from extremely hypnotizable ones to extremely resistant
ones. You must be prepared to deal with all of them if you want to be
successful and if you want to learn more about the art and science of
hypnosis in the real world.
If you are ready to master new rapport-building skills, then I am going to
share with you a list of specific techniques and guidelines that you can use
any time when interacting with a client.
Now, it is important to be adaptive as a hypnotist because not everyone will

be opening an office to establish their hypnosis career. Some people are
reading this because they want to use hypnosis in their daily life. That is
perfectly fine and might I say a worthy investment in oneself.
The guidelines that I am about to share with you are geared generally for
people who introduce themselves as hypnotists to other people. The context
is that people will be coming to you and paying you for your expertise and
for your time.
The very first thing that you should be aware of is that whenever you
interact with another person, you are transmitting messages not only verbally
but also vocally and non-verbally. So there are three channels of
communication involved whenever you talk to someone: verbal channel,
vocal channel and non-verbal channel.
You may have already come across the concept of nonverbal language in
your other readings so I am just going to refresh your memory so you can tie
up this concept with rapport and hypnosis. Okay so when you talk to
someone, the receiver of the message is reading three distinct channels of
communication.
In an ideal world, a person would be able to effortlessly communicate the
same idea through three different channels. Unfortunately this is often
harder than expected especially if the speaker is not completely interested in
communicating with his client in the first place.
So a person might be saying please feel free to share anything with me but
his body language (nonverbal channel) and his vocal language (tonality,
speech rate, etc.) might not be communicating the same thing. When this
happens, cognitive dissonance occurs and the client will find it more
difficult to trust you because you are not sending a congruent signal to the
client.
This might sound a little extreme but in the event that the client is someone
that you cannot possibly have any good rapport with, it would be better to
just refer him to another hypnotist. This would be an excellent option if you
two arent getting along and his level of resistance is insurmountable.
In such a situation it would be better to turn him over to another hypnotist
who might know some other method that will allow the client to receive help
through the hypnotic process. Such instances are very rare and 98% of the
time, hypnotic clients just need a little nudge in the right direction to become
ideal hypnotic clients.
But in the event that you do find someone that is hard to get along with,
much less hypnotize in your own office, then it is time to refer that person to
another hypnotist who might be able to provide better service.
Always remember that in the end, you are still providing a form of
specialized service and the client will be expecting some good outcomes
from approaching you.
If you cannot create these outcomes by working closely with the client and
by learning as much as you can from him by interviewing him, then you
wont be able to effectively render the service that you promised the client in
the first place.

When communicating with people, we aware of your three channels of
communication (verbal, vocal and non-verbal). Try to align all three to
convey the message accurately.
Module 10: How to Tap Into your

Genuine Desire to Help People
When you are working with a client make sure that you give your one
hundred percent attention to him and to him alone during the entire hypnosis
session. Turn off your phone or set it to silent and dont use it while talking
to your client.
Avoid answering phone calls in the middle of an induction or a hypnosis
session and never accept strange people into your office when your client is
in a deep trance state. A person who is in a deep trance state would feel
vulnerable for the most part and if you accommodate other people while you
are performing hypnosis, the client will definitely feel very uncomfortable.
Treat your client with high regard and respect his privacy at all times.
Every person has personal preferences and specific values; its fine to have
them but make sure that they dont shine through when you are speaking
with your client. Imposing any value system on a client is extremely bad in
the context of hypnosis because you are mainly a guide, not a teacher.
People dont come to hypnotists to learn about morality and religion. If they
did, then hypnotists would probably be segregated and fragmented into
hundreds of different subgroups and this would make hypnosis arcane and to
put it lightly, irrelevant to people seeking help.
Basic Ericksonian Hypnosis eBook PagH
Now, in the previous discussion we talked about the three-phase process

needed in every hypnotic intervention geared towards medical cases. If you
can remember, the first phase is determining what matters to your client.
Once you have established these vital coordinates you must be careful not to
talk about certain things with your client because he/she finds it
offensive/immoral or just downright frightening.
In the event that the client begins talking about things that you dont want to
talk about, you have two choices just weather the storm and let it pass or
you can stop the conversation and inform the client that you cant talk about
those things.
More often than not, clients follow the hypnotists lead and they stop. In the
event that the issue at hand is vital to the clients recovery, then it might be a
good time to refer the client to another hypnotist if you are unable to
perform your duties as a hypnotist yourself.
Another important factor that should never be missing when you interact
with clients is your genuine desire to help them. If you develop an
unquenchable desire and drive to help others through hypnosis or hypnosis,
then this genuine desire will shine through your words and actions.
Your state of mind will reflect in the way you interact with people and in the
way you devise various ways to heal troubled minds and spirits.
Inversely, if you do not like what you are doing and you find clients tedious
and stressful to deal with, all of the negative thoughts and emotions will also
find a way to express themselves in your words and actions. Unless you
have extreme self-control, these natural manifestations of your thoughts and

feelings will be felt and seen by your clients.

When meeting with a client, put yourself in their shoes for a moment to feel
what it would be like to be in their position. Let this fuel your desire to help
them.
Module 11: Paying Attention to Client

Feedback to Improve your Sessions
In the history of Ericksonian hypnosis, there are countless stories of
successes attributed to the most radical of approaches. One of these
approaches was the word salad wherein a hypnotist would record and
analyze strings of unrelated words in order to determine the problem of a
psychiatric ward.
Sometimes this technique worked, sometimes it didnt. But there was one
thing that was proven time and time again the best type of communication
is the kind that can be appreciated and understood by both parties.
We are not just talking about lexical meanings and such; what I am really
trying to emphasize is discovering how the client would like to talk and
adapting to his own mode of communication so you can create and convey
meaning more effectively.
Too often people force others to think and speak in a particular manner. If
you were a teacher and you were in a classroom full of students waiting for
academic instruction then this form of communication would indeed be
beneficial.
But if you are sitting in an office with a troubled person who is about to give
up all hope in life because of things that he cannot even express properly,
what one must do? The first step is to discover how the person speaks and
understands the world at large. This can be done through careful study of
the clients language-in-use.
It is fairly easy to ascertain that a person was speaking English or French.
But the real challenge is determining how the client likes to express himself.
Does the client prefer metaphors over direct statements? Does the client
usually break off a line of thoughts before he reveals something that might
help the hypnotist?
Does the client remain silent but for the right reasons when he is asked
something? Is the client waiting for a different line of questioning so he can
finally reveal what is bothering him? These are just some of the tangential
lines that can be explored when you are working with clients.
Note that not all clients are resistant and not every client will give you a run
for your money during a pre-hypnosis interview.
But it pays to be aware of the various lines of thinking that you can utilize to
penetrate the mental veil that hides the vital details that a hypnotist must see
in order to devise an effective intervention.
The next issue that I would like to discuss with you is the importance of
client feedback during an interview or during a hypnosis session. Now, there
is a common perception that meaning is generated by a person when he
talks. Naturally, a person has intent when he speaks and of course, no one
would want to send the wrong message when one interacts with others.
However, intent is not sufficient when it comes to determining the meaning
of words, phrases and sentences when they are uttered. The final determinant
of meaning in the context of hypnotic intervention is how the client responds

to what you are saying. This might sound strange and even contradictory,
but it is completely and undeniably true. In hypnosis, it doesnt matter if you
had the best of intentions.
If you uttered something and the client misunderstands your words and
provides a response that is not congruent with your primary input that means
you have not been a good communicator at all. There is a general tendency
for people to become frustrated when they are misunderstood and the blame
is usually aimed at the receiver of the message.
But lets try to flip the common conception. What if the real problem is the
communicator himself? What if the non-ideal feedback given by the client is
actually the appropriate response for whatever has been communicated by
the hypnotist?
Now that we are done discussing the finer principles of conveying and
decoding meaning in conversations, lets talk about representational
systems.

Analyze how your client responds to what you are saying. Ask questions and
read non-verbal cues during every session to determine how to better care
for your client
Module 12: Pacing and Leading

The next topic that Id like to discuss with you is pacing and leading. Now in
the context of establishing rapport the most important aspect of pacing and
leading is the concept of rhythm. Rhythm is defined as a movement,
fluctuation or variation marked by regular recurrence or natural flow of
related elements.
If we were to look at how people interact with each other you would see the
recurring elements used by both speaker and listener to keep the interaction
going.
As the hypnotist, it is your job to ensure that the rhythm of the interaction
will benefit the client primarily. It doesnt matter if you have a tough time in
the beginning; what is important is you are aware of the current rhythm in
the interaction and you are able to perform the steps needed to create the
perfect rhythm to suit the sessions goal.

Practice pacing with friends. When you feel as though you have gained
rapport through pacing, trying leading.
Module 13: Eye-Accessing Cues

It wasnt until the late 1970s when Richard Bandler and John Grinder started
talking about the eye accessing cues. There had been some talk about it prior
to that, but no one actually linked eye-accessing cues or eye movements to
what you are feeling internally and then gave it a systematic approach.
What I am talking about is that you can look at someones face and look at
their eyes, which is something that you cannot do over text or email, only
face to face. You can watch how their eyes are moving with each thing that
they are saying or thinking. They do no have to be saying anything in this
conversation that you are having, they can just react to what you say. When
you watch someones eyes and they say the eyes are a window to the soul, it
is interesting that, until the late 1970s, we did not have access to those
windows. It was foggy, as if the curtains were on it. Now, the curtains are
gone and the window is perfectly clear. We can see into peoples souls
through their eyes.
How, in the world, can we look at someones eyes and tell what they are
thinking? Take a look at the diagram below:
We are going to look at each of these in detail and take a closer look to see
what they can tell us about people. Remember, these little lines represent the
way someones eyes are moving. My eyes, in the world of NLP (Neuro
Linguistic Programming) can move six ways.
In the world of NLP, created by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in the
1970s, you are only going to look one of six ways, which means that you
can narrow that down to one of six ways. Someone could look only straight
and give you a poker face, you have got your work cut out for you as it will
be very difficult to use this system and determine what they are thinking.
The good news is that most people do not do that and use ey- accessing cues.
One thing to keep in mind, just as with everything, is the fact that there are
people who are trained in this. You could very well be dealing with someone
who knows what you are up to and knows how to deal with this.
For example, in law enforcement agencies, their agents are trained with this
technology. This is true in the USA and probably other countries. The
Federal Agents are trained at FLETC. There are numerous locations around
the world where you might find the FLETC building or group of buildings.
One is in Georgia, however, there are several. That should be good news to
you The fact that the US government pays money to have their Federal
Agents trained in this technology is good news. Believe it or not, the US
Federal Government is not interested in wasting money when it comes to
training law enforcement officers.
They want to give them the basics, something that works, quickly and
efficiently. The fact that this information is used in Federal Law
Enforcement training is good news. It means that the government has seen
value in it.
In the United States, a lot of people do not know this; there are over 90
different Federal Agencies: FBI, CIA, Inspector Generals office and many
more. When most people think of a Federal Agent, FBI or CIA come to
mind, however, there are over 90 different agencies. There are also many
people in each agency, all of whom are trained in this technology. That is
good news. The odds are, when you are dealing with someone and using
this, it is not going to be a Federal Agent. It will be an average person or a
citizen who is unaware of this. Do keep in mind that this information is out
there. If you have someone staring right at you, it may be someone who has
access to this technology.
Chances are you will be dealing with a date, someone to whom you may be
selling something, a child or a parent, husband or wife, boyfriend or
girlfriend or someone who is your boss or employee.
There are people who know this other than Federal Agents. With anything
that you learn, be aware that someone else could know it too. The trick is to
make sure that you are highly skilled in what you do.
According to NLP, you will look in one of the six directions as long as you
are not looking straight. Lets look at the first one, which is the Visual
Created.
If you are facing someone and they are looking up to their right, that means
they are visually creating something. What does that mean? If you imagine
your room, for example your bedroom and your bed. with purple and pink
polka dots on it. You may not have the purple polka dots, which is entirely
your choice, but lets just assume that you dont. You will have to create that
visually and come up with that in your mind. According to NLP, this will
require to look up to your right in order to create that.
Even the people who are most trained in this; there is a natural propensity
and a natural urge to look up and to the right. You will see even trained
people start to do it but catch themselves. You will have to catch them do it
and be observant. You have to watch for cues which will tell you about their
internal world and you will do that by getting those cues.
As you can imagine, if someone is creating something visually and you are
asking them a question about something that is a fact, they could be lying.
We will talk later about how to use conversational hypnosis to be able to
determine if someone is telling the truth or not.
The next one that I want to talk about from the diagram is the little
horizontal line to the left. This line says AC Auditory Created. AC could
be how your mother would sound as Mickey Mouse. Again, I assume that
your mother does not sound like Mickey Mouse and that you have to create
that in your mind.
If you are looking at someone and they are looking to their right, that is
because they are having to create something auditory. For example, how
your mother sounds as Mickey Mouse would be how a normally oriented
person would create auditory - Horizontally to the right. Your brain is
putting together the sounds.
Looking at the diagram, the diagonal line on the lower left, which is their
right, we see kinesthetic or a K. This would be something like if I asked you
what it feels like to walk on the beach or across a grassy field barefoot. It is
motion and feeling. It can also be emotion. For example, what does it feel
like to win a million dollars, what does it feel like to graduate from college?
It can be a happy, sad or a plain ordinary feeling. It can also be feeling
something like the grass or sand. Therefore, if you are facing a normally
oriented person as they look down and to their right, we know that they are
feeling something. If you look at the diagram at the upper right part of it,
you will see VR (Visually Remembered). As you are facing the person
perhaps asking about their first car, up and to their left, they are going to
simply remember it.
The next one down in the diagram is AR (Auditory Remembered). If you are
looking at the person and they are looking to their left, as you are facing
them, this would be something like asking them to remember their mothers
voice (Auditory Remembered). Assuming they remember their mothers
voice, it would be something that they actually remember and they are
simply accessing that information.
As we look at the diagram, you will see a line on a diagonal lower right. It
says ID (Internal Dialogue). Internal Dialogue means saying something over
and over in your mind.
For example, if you make a mistake about something you would say, Oh, I
blew it. If you know something, you would say it over and over, I knew it,
I knew it, I knew it. If you are looking at the person and they are looking
down to their left, which, on the diagram is the right side since you are
facing them, you will know that they are saying something over and over in
their mind.
In my experience, that one isnt very helpful because I am not really
concerned if they are saying something over and over in their minds. I dont
know what it is they are saying over and over in their minds unless they are
saying it out loud and that is not very helpful for me to know. If they are
saying something out loud, I do not need their eyes to tell me. Of all these, I
find it the least helpful whereas the others are extremely helpful, which is
the reason why we will focus on them.
Before you can use any of this technology we must determine which way the
person is oriented, referring to whether they use the accessing cues or the
opposite or, unfortunately the third choice, which is the combination of the
two. You do not need to worry about that, as I will teach you a system for
determining where they look and for certain key information. You want to
ask them questions or you can just engage them in a normal conversation.
As you can imagine, if you want to see if someone is normally oriented, you
would talk to them about something that they have not seen. For example,
you might mention the Statue of Liberty or a new cowboy hat, which is
something that would require them to create something visual as they would
have seen in a cartoon. They would have to create it in their minds. You will
then see which way they look when they create something visual.
If they look up to their right, you know that they are normally oriented for
that. If they look up to their left, you know that they are oppositely oriented.
This is a simple test that allows you to determine which way they are
oriented just mentioning anything that you are sure they have not seen
before; they will have to create it in their minds. This will give you an
indication of which way they are oriented. Use that simple test to determine
the way they are oriented, however, in my view, the test is not valid unless
you can replicate it. Part of that is based on the research that I do for my
doctorate, however, part of that is also common sense. I could have gotten
lucky that one time. Maybe something was distracting them, perhaps an
airplane going by, which is what distracted them.
I will replicate the test and ask them additional questions around subjects,
which they must create visually. For example, I know what kind of a car
they drive and I can say, Can you imagine your car with a racing stripe on
the side? If their car does not have a racing stripe, they will have to create
that visually. I can also do other tests and have them imagine one of their
friends sounding like Mickey Mouse, again, something that would have to
be created. In the last case, that would be auditory created. If they are
normally oriented, they are looking straight over horizontally to their right.
If they are oppositely oriented they will look to their left.
Lets say that weve done our test with someone, have engaged them in the
normal conversation and we have found which way they look. We know
whether they are normally or opposite oriented which gives us something to

go by. At this point, we can find out through this system how they represent
their world internally. Are they primarily visual, auditory or kinesthetic?
If they are primarily visual, through the conversation, they will be looking
up to the right or up to the left a lot. If they are primarily auditory, they will
probably be looking horizontally a lot Straight over to the left or straight
over to the right. If they are primarily kinesthetic, they will be looking down
to the right a lot and if they are oppositely oriented, they will be looking
down and to the left a lot. It stems from this that you need to pay attention to
find out what kind of a person you are dealing with.
If you can determine which way they are oriented, visually, auditory or
kinesthetically, simply by looking into their eyes, you are going to have a
powerful tool to begin speaking in their language. Remember, everyone is
going to use all of these at some point. You must identify which they use the
most and how do they mostly relate to their universe?
Now, lets change gears a little bit and talk about lie detection. This can be
very helpful because, if someone is lying to you, you are probably not
making the progress that you think you might be making with a client.
Something else is going on. If you are talking to someone who says to be
interested, however their eyes say otherwise, their eyes are correct.
You have to believe that what you see in their eyes in reality and what they
are saying is not. Eye accessing cues are very helpful in this regard. I want to
caution you, just like a pilot is warned at night If you are flying at night,
you cannot see anything, watch the instruments and they will tell you if you
are flying level or if you are off course. Your instruments will tell you where
you are going and how you are oriented. I encourage you to watch their
eyes, as eyes dont lie. Keep your eyes on their eyes and you will know what
they are doing.
You will notice the professional poker players sometime wear sunglasses.
Why is that? Do you think that they want to look cool or that it is attractive?
Perhaps it is true, but one of the main reasons why poker players wear
sunglasses when they are inside and do not need them is because they do not
want people reading their eyes. People who are trained in professional
conversational hypnosis will be able to pick apart what is going on and tell if
that person is bluffing.
This technique works very well when you are dealing with the car sales
people or sales people in general. This can work very well for police officers
or Federal Law Enforcement Officers trying to get information. There are
numerous applications for this. Find the applications that suit your life and
begin to use eye-accessing cues with every chance that you get. They are
your barometer with what is going on and your instrument panel, so keep
your eyes on the instruments.
How can we tell if someone is lying by using this technology? Here is how.
Once you have determined which way someone is oriented and you know
how their eye-accessing cues work, you can simply ask them a series of
questions. Once they have passed the test, in other words, you know that
they are creating something visual by looking up to the right and you know
that they are remembering something visual by looking up to their left, you
know they are feeling something by looking to their lower right You can
ask them, for example, How do you feel about being here?
If they are normally oriented, they should be looking down and to the right.
If they are not and are looking straight over to the right, they are creating
something auditory and coming up with something to say. They are not
feeling it, they are just saying it. I know that, if they are looking to the right,
they are not telling me a feeling. They are making up something to say and
creating something auditory to deliver to me. I can then conclude that they
are hiding their feelings and are not sharing their feelings with me.
This example is probably a little too clich, but what if a husband comes
home at night and says that he was working late in the office. He was
supposed to be home at 8 oclock, comes home at 11 and did call for the last
few hours. When the wife asks him, Where have you been? That is
probably not the best question. She can say something that requires an
auditory memory of the office. If he was in the office for the last three hours,
then he remembers something auditory from there, assuming there are
sounds.
There are also sights in the office and while she probably would not want to
get this precise, depending on the level of rapport, she could say, Okay, you
were there from 8 to 11, tell me what the office looked like at 10 oclock
tonight. If he was in the office at 10 oclock, he knows that the office
looked like at 10 oclock and he would look up and to his left. If he was
normally oriented, he would be remembering something visual. If he was
looking up to his right, he is creating something visual.
Now, that question was too trial-lawyer-ish, as if you were on a stand, and
you may not want to be that obvious about it. Lets say that he was meeting
someone at the office. He had to stay there until about 10:30 since he was
meeting someone at 10 oclock. It was Joe, his business partner. That is
interesting. How did Joe look when he walked into the office? Did he look
tired or did he look happy?
If the husband was at the office and saw Joe walk in at 10:30 or whenever
the business meeting occurred, if he was normally oriented, he would look
up and to his left and remember how Joe looked when he walked into his
office. Joe looked great because he has been working out or Joe looked sad
because of the mergers and acquisitions. He will be remembering how Joe
looked and remembering his face overall. If he is creating it and he is
normally oriented, he is looking up and to the right. That, unfortunately,
means that he was lying ladies. He is not telling you what actually happened
and is instead creating what Joe looked like. He did not see Joe at 10:30 and
was probably elsewhere where he should not have been. If he was oppositely
oriented, please remember to reverse this.
The lie detector test thus works really well. You cannot, however, start firing
off questions without determining which way the person is oriented. Also,
keep in mind that some people do very subtle eye movements. There is
probably not going to be a quick shift to the right for the audio created and
sustained shift to the left for audio remembered. Maybe its a slight little
glance in that direction. You need to get used to that person and how they
talk with their eyes. People talk and communicate with their eyes.
This technology can be very helpful in a number of ways. First, you can
determine which way the person is oriented, auditory, visually or
kinesthetically, based on where they tend to look the most. Second, you can
use it for the lie detector test and of course, to get into their world. You can
find out how they like to represent their world and begin to use the same
words.
Interestingly enough, people will often use a series of these eye-accessing
cues in a row. For example, if you ask someone about their day, they might
look up to their right first and say, I wish I was sitting in the boss office,
as they create a picture of themselves visually in the boss office. I wish I
was in my boss office, sitting at his desk because life would be a lot easier,
but I am sitting at my desk, At which moment they look up and to their
left remembering what their desk looks like. As they then look down to their
right, they might continue by saying that the morning was really rough. They
are feeling it. Then, they might look up and to their left and say, Then the
phone rang and it was a sale. I landed the so and so account! As they look
up and straight to their left since they remember something auditory.
People will look all around. To say that someone is shifty-eyed does not
mean that they are lying. All it means is that they are using all these different
eye accessing cues and using them in a number of ways. Part of this program
that can advance your point out is sequencing.
If someone has a normal pattern of sequencing, you want to mimic that
pattern. For example, if they tend to be visual, auditory and then kinesthetic,
you want to mimic that pattern. How do we know what their pattern is? If
they look to their left, up to the left then right, then they look straight across
to the left or right which is the auditory area, then, depending on the way
they are oriented, they move down to the right or left which is the
kinesthetic area, we know that their sequence tends to be visual, auditory,
kinesthetic.
This is going to require some fancy footwork on your part. So far we have
been two steps of a dance. Now, it is time to do something like a Brazilian
Tango Something more difficult and something more interesting. If you
can follow patterns with people and then repeat the pattern yourself back to
them, they are going to feel extreme rapport with you.
For example, if someone is talking about their day and they look up and to
their right, then across to the right, then down to their right This is an easy
one VAK (Visual, Auditory & Kinesthetic). If you see it once, it does not
matter. If you see it repeated over and over again, that is their sequence.
Their sequence could be anything, AVK, KVA. Whatever they are doing, if
they are doing it consistently, that is a sequencing pattern for them. You
have got a map to their heart.
What do you do with this map once you realize their sequencing pattern?
You follow it. You determine if they are visual, auditory and then
kinesthetic in terms of their normal sequencing pattern and you begin talking
in those ways. Talk about something that can be seen, then talk about
something that can be heard and then talk about your feelings. Hey, Id like
you to come with me to this concert because Id like you to see the light
display they do. Its amazing, the lights just light up the stage and the way it
sounds is amazing. They play this one song, you know the song, its
awesome. I feel so in tune with the band when they play. Would you like to
come on a date with me tonight?
Do you see what Ive done? I have determined that they are visual, auditory
and then kinesthetic and Ive described the date that I would like them to
come on with me in terms of visual, auditory and something you can feel
kinesthetic.
Lets look at the five questions in the quiz. For each of the questions, I want
you to assume that the person is normally oriented. They look the ways that
you see in the diagram and they are not oppositely oriented. To make it
simple, just assume that they are normally oriented.
Question #1: If you are looking at someone and while they are talking to
you, they look up and to their right, what is going on in their mind?
Question #2: If you remember your mothers voice, the assumption being
that you have heard your mothers voice and could have a clear memory it,
which way are you looking?
Question #3: If you are talking about feelings, which way are you looking?
Question #4: I want you to describe the process of catching a liar, catching
someone in a lie. It could be any lie at all and you can make up the process. I
want you to describe the process of catching a liar.
Again, you can write this down, say it out loud or see it happening,
depending on the type of a learner that you are. It is up to you how you take
each quiz and how you answer each question.
Question #5: It has to do with sequencing. If you are talking to someone and
notice that they are looking up, left or right, then straight across, left or right
and then down and to the right, assuming that we have a normally oriented
person. If we have a pattern for somebody which they continue to repeat
over and over again, what pattern is this? Tell me the pattern they are
following.
Question #6: What will you do with this information?
Answer #1: If a normally oriented client is looking up to their right, they are
creating something visual.
Answer #2: If someone is remembering their mothers voice, they are
looking horizontally to their left. That is auditory remembered.
Answer #3: If someone talks about their feelings, they are looking down to
the right. That is kinesthetic Feelings. Remember that feelings can be
emotional feelings or the feeling of sand on your bare feet. It can be
something pleasant or it can be sand paper on your skin. Feelings can be
emotional or physical in your skin or in your body. For example, it can be
cold or the wind. Feelings, therefore, for normally oriented person, you are
looking down at your right.
Answer #4: To catch a liar, as you remember, first you must determine
which way they are oriented. With these questions, we assumed that they are
normally oriented but we know that, when remembering something visual
they are looking at their left. In the case of auditory, they are looking
horizontally to the left. We can then simply ask them questions. You say
that you were in place ABC at XYZ time. Tell me, during that time,
something about what you saw. If you were in a meeting with someone,
what were they wearing? That is the type of question that you ask. IT is
something that they saw and you would watch their eyes. If they are looking
up and to their left, that is where they should be looking to remember
something visual. If they are looking up to their right, they are making it up.
They are lying.
If they were at the concert and you asked about something that they heard,
you may ask how did the band sound? If they actually heard it, they will
simply remember the sound and look horizontally to their left. It is auditory
remembered. If they are making it up, they will look horizontally to the right
Auditory Created and you have yourself a liar. When they are looking to
their right either up or horizontally across that is when you know that they
are lying. The fact that their eyes may be darting around does not mean that
they are lying. What matters is where their eyes are going when they are
darting around. A shifty eyed person is not necessarily a liar; it could simply
be someone who is processing a lot of information. What matters is where
those eyes are shifting and when.
Answer #5: The sequence of their access is Visual (for up to the left and the
right), Auditory (for horizontally for left and the right) and then Kinesthetic
for normally oriented person (down and to the right) - VAK in the NLP
lingo.
Answer #6: If we see this sequence repeating over and over again, we know
that we have a person who likes to go through this particular sequence. We
can then start presenting the information to them using this sequence,
something to see, something to hear and something to feel. You would talk
about seeing the band or having to see the pyro-technics. The sound of their
new speaker system will just blow you away. You know I really love this
band. They are near and dear to my heart.
As you can see, I am using the sequence of that person, visual, auditory and
kinesthetic, which is something to which they relate.
How did you do on this quiz? If you missed two or more of the questions out
of the six, I strongly recommend that you review the material before moving
on. If, however, you did not, if you did better than that, that is great!

When having normal conversations with people, take notice of their eye
movement. Learn their representational system.
Module 14: Anchoring

The next topic in our list of effective rapport-building tools is anchoring.
Anchoring is actually a group of principles that originated not from hypnosis
per se but NLP or neuro-linguistic programming. What is anchoring?
Anchoring in a nutshell is simply process of encouraging a specific reaction
from another person when a pre-associated stimulus is manifested. So before
an anchor can be called as such, association has to be performed first. A
good example of an anchor is knocking on someones door.
In Western culture, it is customary for someone to approach the door when
someone is knocking. The anchoring is done when a person is young and the
anchor forever embedded in the persons behavior.
The beautiful thing about anchoring is that you can achieve almost anything
with it. For example, if a person lacked self-confidence you can create
subconscious anchors that will allow the person to feel good about himself
when he is tasked with interacting with other people outside his comfort
zone.
Why is anchoring so important to hypnosis and rapport? Well, you can
actually condition a person to respond in a particular way by creating
anchors as you interact with your client. For example, you can condition a
person to feel relaxed and happy whenever you light touch his hand with
your fingertips.
Anchoring does not require vast amounts of knowledge or years of hypnotic
experience. In fact, it is one of the key skills taught to NLP practitioners and
hypnotists alike. It is considered a keystone skill because it allows a person

to control the responses of the client in a way that doesnt elicit resistance
(in most cases).
When you want to establish anchors for the first time, it would be best to
stick to the sense of touch (kinesthetic). It appears that among all the other
senses, the sense of touch is the most powerful when utilized in hypnotic
anchors.
It is easy to see why; touch is not only speedy but the body pays close
attention to whatever we perceive through the sense of touch. A person who
is used to watching horror movies may not even flinch when a crazy
madman with an axe appears onscreen.
But the same person might react in horror if something wet and slimy
touched his foot while he was watching a horror movie. Humor aside, the
sense of touch is very close to our sense of self and the body and mind are
both designed to react quickly to tactile stimuli.

Install an anchor on yourself. For example, install the feeling of confidence
for a time when you need to be extra-confident.
Module 15: The Uniqueness of Each

Client
Now, one of the most important features of Ericksonian hypnosis is the idea
of maximal utilization. This might sound like something that came out of a
classic economics text but it isnt.
The main reason why Erickson comes across as somewhat unstable or even
illogical at times is that man himself hates the idea of creating a logical
corpus of theories that could be called Ericksonian hypnotic theory. He
did not like the idea of creating a system not because he is anti-intellectual
or anti-logic but because he dislikes the consequences of creating a fixed
body of theories.
Theories, no matter how intellectual they may be, have limitations. Theories
are also essential exclusionary because in order to champion a particular
method, you have to exclude or at least dismiss other methods in favor your
own.
Since Erickson dealt with people and not numbers or wealth, he knew that a
fixed theory will probably jeopardize the ability of younger hypnotists to
adequately support their clients through the talking cure.
If there was one Ericksonian theory that was constant throughout the mans
career, it would be: people are unique and therefore, treat them as such.
Erickson was not only making a broad, descriptive statement about people.
He was actually saying that peopled deserved to be dealt with the way they
want to be dealt with.
In this light, the hypnotist is seen as someone that needs to be very adaptive
and flexible because he has to make full use of what is already there.
Milton Erickson never really endeavored to change someone before he could
be treated. His approach was to simply understand how the person thinks
and experiences the world and use that to create a powerful and effective
intervention.
Interestingly enough, Ericksons take was right. He was right because
hypnotists who utilize Ericksons model of hypnotic intervention are able to
work with a very broad spectrum of clients from all walks of life. This
becomes possible because they use what is already there and they build
interventions based on what they learn and what the hypnotic client is
experiencing at the moment.
Language is vital human life; we cannot accomplish anything at all if we
didnt have a way to signify what we want and what we are thinking. If you
dont believe me, I invite you to think of anything that doesnt have a direct
or indirect meaning; something that eludes human language entirely.
There isnt anything that cannot be expressed through the conventions of
language because language itself is the collective product of cultural and
societal forces. Conventions exist because people agreed to use these
conventions in the first place. I am a firm believer that in the beginning,
there was no light if there wasnt a word to define it.
In this part of the course I would like to focus intently on the important
principles of language in use. Milton Erickson was very aware of the
importance of language, so much so that he often admonished others to be
truly aware of what they were communicating to people as opposed to being
just aware of what they think they are saying to others.
As you may have already learned in the previous discussions, there is a big
difference between what you think you said and what has actually been
communicated to another person. The persons feedback is actually a good
measure of the speakers ability to communicate. If the client is responding
poorly to the speaker then this might mean that the speaker is not very
effective in conveying what he really wants to say in the first place.
As a hypnotist it is imperative that you have mastery not only of the

language itself but the language that you will use when you are speaking
with your clients. Hypnosis is considered an effective talking cure. It doesnt
require drugs or any herbal hallucinogens in order to work. It doesnt require
crazy contraptions or special exercises in order to work.
The only thing that a hypnotist needs in order to succeed is language. Words
are sufficient to cure many maladies and symptoms especially if the
symptoms stem from negative experiences and trauma. One of the best traits
of hypnosis is that it can be used on anyone and from time to time, expert
hypnotists have even been able to use it on clients who do not have 100%
normal cognition because of psychiatric problems.
I am not saying that I or anyone else would have the ability to suddenly
resolve the psychoses of any mental patient that walks in to my office. But
what I am trying to emphasize is that you can have the ability to reach deep
into a persons psyche and influence him in such a way that he will benefit
from your hypnotic sessions for years to come.
Milton Erickson always made it a point to remind hypnotists and in general,
people who dabbled in hypnosis, to be very careful about what they say and
how they say it because hypnotic suggestions can definitely have a long term
impact on people. When a hypnotist plants suggestions in another persons
subconscious mind, he is not only doing something to affect the clients
present state of mind.
His hypnotic suggestions would have a profound impact on the persons way
of thinking for years to come. And whether the hypnotist is aware of this or
not, the impact of hypnosis is so far-reaching that a hypnotic client will

actually adapt all or some specific suggestions and perceptions as his own
even if he has already forgotten that these came from another person in the
form of hypnotic suggestions.
Now that you are more aware of the impact of a hypnotists language on his
clients, lets talk about the idea of developing your own communication
method for hypnosis sessions. We all know that each individual has his own
way of doing things. Our worldviews are unique in a sense even if we are
faced with the same undeniable realities.
Why are we bringing this up? Well, if we have unique worldviews and ways
of understanding and expressing ourselves, it logically follows that we also
have specific ways of healing others through hypnosis. Each person would
have his own methods of presenting the talking cure to his clients. The
challenge is to discover these linguistic methods within ourselves and to
formalize them (give them structure and organization) so that they may
become truly usable for the purpose of hypnosis.
If one wanted to master strategic use of language, one would have to make a
slight turn to NLP or neuro linguistic programming. We will be talking
about several concepts from NLP to enrich your knowledge of language and
meaning.
These concepts can be appropriated for different situations depending on
what is needed by the client. The first concept that I would like to share with
you is the meta model.
The meta model, which was championed by NLP pioneers R. Bandler and J.
Grinder, represents an approach that allows a hypnotist to create essential
changes in the way a person perceived the world. In a nutshell, meta model
represents the possibility of change which is often the solution to many
emotional and mental maladies.
When a hypnotist uses the NLP meta model to devise a roadmap for his
client, five essential factors are considered. The first essential factor is what
exactly is taking place in the persons life at the present time.

When working with a client for the first time, ask questions and understand
how they experience their world. Use this information that you gather to
create a powerful and effective intervention.
Module 16: The Meta-Model

Developed by John Grinder and Richard Bandler, the Meta Model, which
bears a close resemblance to the list of ten cognitive distortions found in
Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy, identifies common language patterns and
hampers first-class communication. Meta opens the channels, demonstrates
how to tackle the problems and paves the way for simpler, more effective
communication.
The Meta Model covers a variety of misleading language patterns such as:
Unspecified nouns, unspecified verbs, unqualified comparisons, missing
referential indices, unqualified absolutes, and unquestioned rules. Each are
described in the glossary under relevant headings: Deletions, Distortions,
Generalizations, Nouns, unspecified, Verbs, and so on. (For a detailed
discussion of the meta model, please see Appendix A).
The Key Questions
1) What do you desire?
a) Put it in positive terms
b) The client should start, be in command.
c) Precise-Sensory Based - See - Hear - Feel
d) Little bits small portions
2) What will that particularly provide for you?
3) When will you be aware youve got it?

4) Decide with whom you want it Where, as well as, when?
a) Make it sensory based and environmentally friendly
b) What about the affects on you and the other people in your
life?
5) What keeps you from getting what you want --- now?
6) Are there assets you own that might help you reach the final
result?
7) What else do you need to reach that goal?
8) Whats the route you need to take to get there?
a) Start with goals that you can achieve - be specific.
b) Try every possible path to realize your dream.
Meta Model Chart
DELETIONS
Nominalizations: Use process words: verbs that become nouns
Unspecified Verbs: He eliminated me.
Simple Deletions:
(a) Simple Deletions: Ex: I am embarrassed.
(b) Lack of Referential Index: Ex: They pay no attention to me.
Unsuccessfully specifies a specific person or thing.
Comparative Deletions:
Ex: Shes a healthier person.
Decent, superior, best, extra, fewest, inferior, worst
DISTORTIONS
Mind Reading:
Understand Someones Internal State - Why dont you like me.
Lost Performative:
Value Judgments The Person who does the Judging is omitted:
Inconsistency is a no-no.
Cause Effect: (A>B)

How is cause incorrectly placed outside oneself?
i.e.: You make me sad.
Complex Equivalence: (A=B)
Presuppositions:
If my wife knew how hard I tried to surprise her,
she would stop asking questions.
3 Presuppositions:
1. I try
2. My wife reacts strongly
3. My wife husband doesnt know I try to make her happy.
GENERALIZATIONS
Universal Quantifiers:
All, every, never, everyone, no one, and so on...
Ex: She never pays attention to me.
Modal Operators
(a) Required Modal Operators of necessity:
should, shouldnt, must, must not, have to, need to, it is necessary
Ex: I must take care of her.

(b) Modal Operators of Possible or impossible:
can/cant, will/wont, may/may not, possible/impossible
i.e.: How can I tell her the truth?
Nominalization
This is the process of turning a verb into a noun - to educate becomes
education. The verb form is clear-cut. The noun form is not. A common
NLP expression: You cant put a nominalization in a wheelbarrow.
Politicians love nominalizations. Why? They talk without saying anything at
all.
As you may already know, it is impossible for a hypnotist to craft any
effective hypnotic regime if he didnt know the first thing about his own
client or hypnotic client. The second essential factor is specific outcome.
Neuro linguistic programming is highly concerned with the idea of working
towards a goal.
You cant function properly as a hypnotist if you are not working toward
any goal. And your goal is to make sure that the clients desire or goal is
actually manifested after he undergoes hypnotic intervention.
The third essential factor is understanding what exactly is stopping the client
from getting what he wants in the first place. In order to create a worthy
solution to a problem, the hypnotist must first be aware of what the client is
experiencing at the present time that is blocking his ability to get satisfaction
from his life. The fourth essential factor is to identify the various elements
that must be added to the present equation to create a more favorable
condition for the client.
In a way, NLP utilizes a very pragmatic method of studying a persons life
condition. In the process of analyzing a persons life condition, the hypnotist
would be able to devise a sound goal and solution at the same time. One
cannot give a talking cure without producing a measurable outcome. And
without an outcome, the hypnotic intervention would be simply pointless.
Each person has his own model or map of physical reality. As hypnotists we
are not really concerned with the morality or rightness or wrongness (in the
ethical sense) of peoples models of reality.
Our job as hypnotists is to perform an objective study of the existing
roadmap of the client to identify the hidden codes and meanings behind
these codes. This is done primarily to understand the problem itself and to
devise a good solution.
In an ideal world, everyone would be aware that their perspective of reality
is their own and this perspective or roadmap is essentially imperfect. Also,
in an ideal world people would never mistake their perception of reality as
indefatigable truth or Absolute Truth.
Unfortunately, we dont live in an ideal world and so the opposite is true:
people are unaware of their own models of reality and they are almost
usually unaware that they map the reality itself.
When you tell a person something like this for the first time, that person
would probably feel a little insecure knowing that what he believes and what
perceives might be potentially wrong and might have been the root cause of
his problems in the first place. This is another opportunity for a hypnotist to
practice one of his most important functions: challenging a persons version
of reality to create essential change. This job might difficult at times
because people tend to resist change as much as they could but in the end,
with the right tools and the right approach it becomes easier and more
achievable even if you are just starting out with professional hypnosis.
To be able to fruitfully analyze a persons life condition when you are
gathering information and just talking to the client, it is important to
remember the three common mistakes that people make when they try to
understand reality itself. The first mistake is they generalize the world. The
word generalize has several meanings that are perfect for our discussion: 1)
to give a general form, 2) to derive or induce a general conception or
principle from specifics or particulars and 3) to give general applicability
and finally, 4) to make vague or indefinite statements.
I would like to highlight second and fourth definitions of generalization. The
second one hits the mark squarely: when a person tries to explain away
something by making a generalization, he is simply taking a small part of
something and he uses it to rationalize something about the whole. So from
an objective point of view, this is fallacious because the client is not
describing the whole but he is simply describing a part of it which he thinks
is representative of the whole.
A good example of this would be a statement like I hate all women because
theyre all like my mother, mean and spiteful. If we break apart this
statement, you would see quite easily how the speaker (who in this case is a
man who dislikes romantic relations with women) is associating all women
with a single woman (his mother) who has had a tremendous, negative
impact on his life.
As you can plainly see, generalizations tend to distort reality because you
cant really comprehend the value of something if you base your belief on
just a small percentage of the client itself.
The second common mistake is deletions.
The third common mistake is distortions.
Alright so lets talk about the various ways that you can use NLP concepts to
understand your clients better. Here are some guidelines.
When your client says general or vague things like I hate it when this
happens or Ive been hurt too many times, it is often ideal to identify the
key concepts (e.g. hurt and this) and dig deeper. The more specific the
answers, the better off you would be.
General answers are generally surface structures; there are deeper structures
to be discovered or uncovered, depending on the type of linguistic
orientation being used by the client. The deeper structures are important to
the hypnotist because that is where the clients true emotions and feelings
lie. You have to access this resource if you want to determine the truth
behind what has happened to the client in the first place.
When your client uses words like this, these, those and that, you are
dealing with an inadequate referential index. Often, clients would talk about
something (e.g. that) as if the hypnotist already knew what the client was
talking about in the first place.
If you encounter this type of situation then its important to be more vigilant
about uncovering the specifics. Extra effort has to be given to ensure that the
client will expand the information he has already given the hypnotist. The
expansion is necessary to ensure that the hypnotist will receive all of the
relevant information needed to create a plausible hypnotic intervention for
the client.
Pay attention to verbs that are dropped out of nowhere. For example, if your
client says he was hurt, ask the client how were you hurt by this person,
exactly? Some clients may not be comfortable sharing the specifics of their
life to you in the beginning, so just keep asking. As you establish better
rapport with your client, he will soon become more trusting and he will
begin revealing details to you that he has hidden from view for a long time.
Some people create severe limitations for themselves by boxing themselves
into categories. For example, a person who has had a bad experience in the
past with romantic relations may brand himself as unattractive and ugly.
Any kind of thinking that limits ones growth and normal functioning as a
person should be dealt with swiftly.
The trick is to challenge the current mindset by asking very specific
questions about the current belief. For example, if a person believes that he
has incurable panic, then you can ask questions like can you prove to me
that you have incurable panic? or what are the traits of a person who has
incurable panic?.
These very specific questions will allow the client to become more reflective
and once the conscious mind gets involved, subconscious drives that are
forcing that person to maintain a particular kind of behavior become more
vulnerable to being shorted out. Of course, change will require more time.
However, a single intervention may be all that is needed to begin the process
of shifting from the current state to a more favorable state.

Practice the meta-model when speaking with friends. Listen for deletions,
distortions, generalizations and nominalizations.
Module 17: Model Limits

The next set of topics that I would like to share with you is model limits.
Model limits are simply ways that a person constrains himself as a
functioning member of society.
Each person has his own model limits; when a client approaches a hypnotist
for help it is possible that one or more model limits are preventing the client
from living a happy and satisfying life. Again, the role of the hypnotist is to
detect the surface structure that will then allow the latter to uncover the
deeper structures where the truth lies in wait.
So the first type of limitation can be seen when a person says statements like
these:
All men are pigs.
Each day is a painful experience.

Everyone hates me.
Any attempt to succeed will fail.

Nobody cares about what I feel.
Anyone can just walk in and take my job.

I am always being humiliated!
I will never amount to anything in this life.
Can you identify the absolutisms in each of the statements that I just gave
you? If you are having trouble identifying the suspect elements, let me
reveal them to you: never, always, anyone, nobody, any, etc.
Any word that creates a sense of being permanent and absolute should be
challenged immediately by the hypnotist. Now, I would like to point out that
you dont have to be confrontational at all when you challenge another
persons viewpoint.
That is not how it works at all. When I say challenge you are going to
attempt to reframe the other persons perspective by asking the right
questions and by gently pacing and leading the client.
In order to accomplish this, you would of course have to establish good
rapport with the client and you have to make sure that you communicate
with your client using his own language structure.
Do not attempt to force your client to speak your language. Do the opposite
find out what kind of linguistic code is being used by the client and use
this code to facilitate the exchange. The focal point of the interaction is still
the client.
You can then measure your success by taking into account what kind of
feedback you are getting from your client. If you are getting favorable
feedback from your client then that means you were able to communicate
well. Inversely, if your clients feedback is less than helpful then it is likely
that you have to change your approach.
The next model limit that I would like to shine a light on is exemplified by
statements like I cant possibly do that and I have to do this.
If your clients statements imply that he has no control over his life and he
cant modify the factors that affect his life at the present time, then its time
to reframe the situation to give the client a more useful perspective of things.
For example, if your client says I can never be satisfied with my job, you
can ask him But what would it be like if you were satisfied with your job?.
The trick here is to allow the client to move beyond the bounds of his
current reality.
Too often, we are constrained by our current life experiences; little do
people know that many problems can be resolved if we chose to think
outside of the current reality.
People are often constrained by emotions (this is the number one factor) and
an irrational sense of logic (e.g. I cant do this because Im not smart
enough/not wealthy enough/not handsome enough).
The dogmatic formulas used by people on themselves are often the worst
poisons and the only way that these poisons can be counteracted is if the
person chose to rethink his relationship with his own reality.
The next model limit is exemplified by statements such as my mother has
never loved me and my wife has forgotten how much I cared for her.
When someone presupposes something and uses this pseudo-information as
a reason to be unhappy, unsatisfied or depressed, then it has to be dealt with
by the hypnotist. In this case, you have to fight fire with ice.
Fire represents the covert knowledge of the client (e.g. I know my husband
doesnt care for me anymore, I just know). Ice is your ability to transform
the clients own statements into tools of reflection.
If someone says, My husband has never shown me that he really loved me
you can say something like, Does that mean that your husband has never
shown you any form of affection or care after all of these years? Of course,
the client will feel a little anxious that you are asking all of these questions.
They will feel anxious because they know deep inside that the all of the
generalizations, presuppositions and absolutisms that they have espoused all
these years are questionable; they just didnt know how to deal with them
properly. You will act as the catalyst that will speed up the process of
shifting from one state to another.
Now that were done discussing the foundational principles of NLP, lets
move on to hypnotic language forms. Hypnotic language forms are linguistic
patterns that are specially designed for the express purpose of implanting
subconscious messages into the clients mind.
These linguistic patterns are not extraordinary in form but they can definitely
produce extraordinary results when used in hypnosis. If you are ready to
improve your overall ability to convey messages to your clients
subconscious mind, here are the specific skills and techniques that you will
need to improve your linguistic skills as a hypnotist:
The first technique that I would like to share with you is verbal emphasis.
The fastest and most effective way to emphasize something is really to slow
down your speech rate. The goal is not to stretch the words (although this
can be done at certain situations if the need arises) but to create micro pauses
in between words when you want the client to pay attention to your words.
This technique is effective because people can detect slight variances when
they are listening to someone talk. So when a person suddenly changes his
speech rate even for a short period of time, this sudden variance can be
detected and the listener/client will pay closer attention to what the speaker
is saying because of the variances.
Another reason why micro-pauses are so effective in hypnosis is because the
subconscious mind would have sufficient time to reflect and cross-reference
the actual words that are being emphasized.
Since there is notable variance, the client will attempt to decode the micropauses by searching its trove of memories and life-experiences. Often,
solutions to the most complex of personal problems can be resolved through

self-reflection so seasoned hypnotists would naturally want their clients to
be more reflective of their existing thoughts, beliefs and emotions.
Many people ask me: are there other methods of emphasizing meaning in
words without being very overt? Fortunately yes, there are some ways that
you can do it without appearing to do so.
The second method of emphasizing meaning is by modifying the volume of
your speech. If you normally talk loudly, you can emphasize something
suddenly lowering your voice a few notches.
Inversely, if your voice is naturally soft or low, you can get your clients
attention by raising your voice just a little to create that variance that will
capture your clients attention. Whenever you create variance, the clients
subconscious mind becomes more alert and it records your message more
efficiently.
This can be extremely effective if your client is not very focused during a
hypnotic session. There are some instances when the client is not giving the
right feedback during the hypnosis session; in such a situation, modifying
your tonality or speech rate might help.
Lets talk about intonation. There are three general classes of verbal
intonation steady, upward and downward. Steady intonation represents
your normal intonation when you are talking to someone.
This will be your marker; when you need to modify your intonation, you can
either go up or down depending on what you want to achieve. Downward
intonation is often perceived as commanding while upward intonation is

perceived as questioning.
Being creative with your speech doesnt mean you have to make your
speech strange at all. As a hypnotist you only have to practice adding
different elements to your speech to ensure that client is getting all of the
vital messages that you have carefully integrated into the clients hypnotic
session.
In addition to verbal cues and changes in ones vocal qualities, you can also
use visual cues and tactile cues to emphasize what you are saying. For
example, if you want your client to really pay attention to what you are
saying, you can say something like as I hold your wrist up, your body will
become increasingly relaxed, as if a huge weight has been taken off it.
The combination of vocal quality, verbal content and tactile cues will set off
a wildfire of signals inside the clients mind which will in turn ensure that
you will get optimal feedback from the client. As you can easily see, you can
get the best possible outcome by using the simplest of techniques. These
techniques are not difficult to use and they are very easy to remember as
well.
The next technique that I am about to share with you can be very effective if
you want to say something to someone indirectly. This is done in order to
avoid arousing the clients resistance to the message. By using indirect
messages, you will be able to convince the other person to take action or to
think in a particular way without having to deal with any direct resistance.
For example, if your client is prone to angry outbursts, you can say
something like I met this woman once and she was so angry all the time.
She shouted at people and her patience was so short And because of this
her friends started distancing themselves from her because she was always
mad. Its not nice to be always angry, dont you think?
Of course, it would be up to you to make sure that your dialog would be
convincing and that the details included in your quotations and anecdotes
will not be so obvious that the client will think that you are talking about her
own situation. In the end, it is important to always think about the final
feedback of the client because this will be the biggest determinant of your
success as a hypnotist.

Have a conversation with a friend and listen for their model limits.
Module 18: Creating Metaphors

If you think of the possible feedback first before you drop a hypnotic anchor
or before you elicit any kind of emotional reaction from your client, you
would be able to avoid the common mistakes of beginning hypnotists when
they start out in the field.
Of course, no one can ever become a perfect hypnotist. There will always be
small gaps in ones knowledge. However, these gaps are not really that
important as long as you are practicing and learning as often as possible and
you know how to adapt to your clients specific needs.
Now, strategic attribution is also an essential skill when you are actively
practicing hypnosis. What you are going to do is you are going to utilize
different characters (real or imagined) and you are going to integrate these
characters while you are interacting with the client so you can easily convey
important messages to the client. This type of linguistic technique can also
be used when performing inductions. To use this technique, all you have to
do is to attribute something to another person.
For example, you can say I have a friend and his name is George and
whenever George felt lonely, he had a secret sign that no one else
understood. Whenever he made tis secret sign that only he could
comprehend, he instantly felt braver and more confident with himself.
Would you like to have the same signal so that whenever you felt that you
dont have what it takes to accomplish something, you would have
something to remind yourself that you do have what it takes? As you can
plainly see, it doesnt really matter who you integrate into your hypnotic
script. Gender preferences and names aside, the more important thing in
your attributions is the actual content; what do you really want to tell your
client?
Once you have identified the exact message that you want to convey, you
will be able to craft a plausible dummy character which will then be used
for the attribution. Again, attribution is effective because your client doesnt
have to deal with the information as it applies to himself. The message is still
able to penetrate the veil of the conscious mind and the hypnotic suggestions
still reach their intended destination which is really just the clients
subconscious mind.
Never underestimate the power of surprises when creating your hypnotic
sessions for your clients. Avoid surprises when you are performing
inductions (when the client is just entering a hypnotic trance) but once the
client is deep in trance, you are free to tweak your hypnotic routine to
revitalize the clients mind.
Because lets face it; sometimes, people dont like the monotony that is
characteristic of many hypnosis sessions. If you think the monotony is
causing your clients mind to stray during a session, adding elements of
surprise might just be what the doctor ordered. Humor can also add another
dimension to your hypnosis sessions; just make sure that the humor is
appropriate and you are utilizing humor to achieve a particular end (not just
to get the attention of your client). If you are having trouble with clients that
are not very focused at what you are saying, you may want to revise your
induction techniques.
The induction and deepening phases of the hypnotic process were meant to
heighten the focus of hypnotic clients to ensure that they will pay close
attention to what you are saying and what you want them to think and do. If
the inductions are somewhat ineffective then its time to try something else.
Inversely, if your repertoire of induction techniques is innovative and creates
steady results whenever you use them, keep them and improve upon them as
you learn more about hypnosis.
In the context of hypnosis, metaphors are considered effective tools in
conveying valuable insight and messages to hypnotic clients. As you may
already know, the main goal of hypnosis is to create change within a person
or change within a group of people (systemic) so that problems are resolved
and so that people become happier and more satisfied with their lives.
So far we have discussed a large variety of issues and topics surrounding the
use of hypnosis; we have even discussed how hypnosis can be used in
medicine and in dentistry to ease physical pain and to reduce the occurrence
of excessive anxiety. What we are going to explore in this part of the
Advanced Level of the course is the hypnotic metaphor.
The term has several definitions; all of them usable for the purpose of
improving a persons hypnotic experience. The first definition is that a
metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting
one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or
analogy between the two.
The second definition of metaphor is an object, activity, or idea treated as
being similar to another object, activity or idea. So as a hypnotist you really
have a wide variety of options when you want to use metaphor in your
hypnosis sessions. A metaphor can be a single word or concept inserted into

your hypnosis script. For example, the images of waves and sand may
signify relaxation and letting go. Thats one kind of metaphor.
A hypnotic metaphor can also be expanded so that it becomes a whole story
given within the hypnosis session. I endeavour hypnotists to be more
flexible with what they consider metaphors because in the context of
hypnosis, even short story is considered a metaphor because the characters
and events inside the story itself signify other things for the recipient.
There is a slight difference in the way hypnotists utilize stories. Outside of
hypnosis, stories are just stories; they are primarily related to other people to
inform and entertain. But within the bounds of hypnosis and especially
hypnosis and psychotherapy via hypnosis, stories are more than just
entertainment pieces. Stories are transformed into vehicles of conscious,
inward reflection and personal change.
You might be wondering at this point in time why are preoccupied with
the idea of change when we are working with clients? Well, if you think
about it the number one reason why people go to hypnotists is that there are
some things in ones life that must change in order for a person to move
from the present state to a better state.
The primary requirement when you want to solve something in many cases
is also personal change so there is really no way to avoid it especially when
you are working as a hypnotist.
The easiest way to integrate metaphors in your hypnotic script is by telling
stories. Before I reveal to you the various techniques associated with the
hypnotic metaphor, lets discuss the various traits of stories and why they
are so effective.
The first reason why stories are so effective is that our culture is actually
built upon oral and written narratives.
Without stories and without the concept of narratives, there wouldnt be
culture and history as we know it. We understand the world better when we
hear stories and we understand ourselves even more when we hear the
histories of our own families.
In short our need for stories is unavoidable because without them, there
wouldnt be any way for a person to create a fixed and stable identity and
identity is something that we hold dear even if we dont really pay attention
to it on a daily basis.
The second reason why metaphors or stories are effective is that people have
a natural love for stories. As children we often approach adults so that they
could tell us stories. In school, we are fed stories of adventure, learning and
bravery. We are taught to be steadfast and honest but during those times that
we reading and listening to stories, those things dont really cross our minds.
We consume stories for their beauty and we just benefit from the messages
that are integrated into the stories. The love for stories does not dissipate
when a person ages; in fact, as we age, our need to hear stories increases
because we find that the world is easier to deal with if we have the
transplanted experience of other people which can only be conveyed, again,
by narratives, metaphors and stories.
So if you are thinking that stories are only for children, think again: stories
are even more effective in adults because adults have a natural tendency to
reflect on what they have heard and seen.
So when you use a story to illustrate something to a hypnotic client, you can
be sure that when that person leaves your office, his mind will be dissecting
and absorbing the various messages contained within your story.
The dissection for meaning may not take place immediately but you can be
sure that in the long term, your work will have a huge influence on your
clients way of thinking and consequently, his way of life.
The third reason why stories should be integrated into hypnotic scripts is that
narratives, long and short, have long been used to convey different modes of
thinking. So if you want your client to think in a particular way, dont give
him a step by step guide on how to achieve the change.
Instead, show him how to do it by giving him a story that he can think about.
Stories stick to a persons mind far longer than monotonous hypnotic scripts
so if you really want to achieve long term gains and permanent change, you
need to use the right tools.

Practice writing a metaphor for a hypothetical client who wants to overcome
her fear of heights.
Module 19: How to Use Metaphors in a

Hypnosis Session
Another reason why stories are so vital in hypnosis is that people tend to
look for inner meanings when they hear stories. People are often encouraged
to look past the literal meanings of the dialogs and events in a story so they
can understand the finer lessons in life embedded in the prose.
This tendency to look for hidden meanings and lessons may be due to the
fact that for quite some time, oral and written literature in Western culture
was didactic or moralistic. So part of our culture will always be looking for
some form of life lesson from a story simply because we used to consume
stories that were meant to taught morality to children and adults.
Stories like Little Red Riding Hood and Snow White all come from a
literary milieu where literature was seen as a vital tool in spreading the
dominant ideological norms of the day.
In the context of psychotherapy, stories are considered valuable tools in the
quest for healing. Here are the reasons why many therapists and hypnotists
use stories themselves when they need to deliver important hypnotic
messages during hypnosis sessions.
The first reason is that stories are not generally perceived as harmful by
people. So when a person hears a story, he knows for a fact that he cannot be
hurt by just listening to something.
There is also the idea that you can always forget and reject everything you
have heard if you choose to do so. We know for a fact that this is not
completely true because a person might forget that he had heard a story but
that doesnt mean that the story hasnt been stored in his mind for
recollection later.
The second reason is that people find it easier to relate to the hypnotist if the
latter uses stories. The client would have something to react to, at least in his
mind, and if the story is well crafted and interesting, then the client will have
no trouble at all listening and absorbing the details of the story.
Now, some of you might be thinking does it matter that the client is really
paying attention to the story if the subconscious mind can recall details that
the conscious mind cannot recall?
The answer is yes. You still need to get the clients attention if you really
want to make some headway in terms of influencing him. Remember,
hypnosis is really an attention game if you think about it.
We use induction and deepening techniques to refocus the clients attention
to what we want to say. If the clients attention is elsewhere then you wont
be able to give the client any hypnotic input because he isnt focused
completely.
The third reason is that when stories are used in hypnotic sessions, the client
is forced to think for himself. Often, people forget that they have this
amazing ability to reflect and create new ideas using their critical and
imaginative faculties.
When a person steps into a hypnotists office, hes not just there to receive
hypnosis; hes actually there to re-learn how to think about certain things in
his life. Since hypnosis is a talking cure, we rely heavily on the minds own
ability to reorient itself and make itself whole again.
We are not saying that people are damaged and that is why they are
seeking help. No usually the main reason why people end up seeking
hypnotic intervention is that the problems that they are facing cannot be
resolved by anyone else.
The next reason is that stories are capable of sidestepping the critical factor
of the human mind. As you may already know, the human mind is actually
composed of two halves. The conscious mind is responsible for accepting
and rejecting ideas that come in.
It is very careful with what it lets in because the subconscious mind is
capable of accepting any idea and once an idea has taken root in the
subconscious mind, it may become part of the clients dominant way of
thinking if it is reinforced from time to time. Hypnotists are well aware of
the high level of resistance that can stem from the conscious mind.
When a client undergoes hypnosis he also undergoes an induction process.

The induction process has many functions but one of its most important
functions is to put lower the alertness level of the conscious mind. This is
the main reason why people are encouraged to relax and sleep during
hypnosis.
When a person is asleep or is almost asleep, the conscious mind is also
partially turned off. You cannot completely turn off the conscious mind
because it was designed to protect the person and to ensure the survival of
the person.
So even when a person is asleep, the conscious mind is just there waiting for
the right time to spring into action once again. Have you ever wondered why
people who hear strange sounds at night suddenly grab their flashlights to
investigate the strange sounds? Even if they are still foggy from sleep, the
conscious mind is already guiding the person to ensure his survival.
It doesnt matter if you are still foggy, the conscious mind will be there to
help you the best it can. Unfortunately, the conscious mind is not a welcome
guest in hypnosis. It has a tendency to reject novel things and so when a
person undergoes hypnosis for the first time, the conscious mind can be very
alert and suspicious.
This can make the hypnotists task doubly hard because he has to ensure that
all his hypnotic suggestions are actually reaching their intended destination
the subconscious mind. There is a wide variety of techniques that can be
used to sidestep the conscious mind but the most effective one is
storytelling. Lets look at this phenomenon a little more closely to
understand what exactly happens when a person hears a story.
When a person decides to sit down and listen to another person telling a
story, the conscious mind soon becomes overloaded with all of the details.
The conscious mind can only hand a maximum of 9 bits of information at a
time.
Nine is actually a high estimate; this only happens when the client is really
engrossed in what the speaker is saying. If the person is disinterested or
bored, the number dips to 5 or 3 bits of information only.
When the brain feels like its conscious faculty is being overloaded with
details, the task of following the story itself is passed on to the subconscious
mind. So at this point in time, the conscious mind no longer has to remember
details of the story anymore.
When a new bit of information is received, the conscious mind just receives
the information and sends it to the subconscious mind immediately for
processing. The subconscious mind, unlike the conscious mind, was
designed to process and retain an incredible amount of data.
It is estimated that the average human being only uses about 9% to 10% of
his total brain capacity at any one time. Imagine if we were able to use 100%
of our brain capacity! Thats how powerful the human mind is.
And the wonderful thing here is that hypnosis has the ability to unlock the
parts of the brain that enable a person to create his own effective solutions to
his lifes problems. Hypnosis isnt really a cure itself it just facilitates the
creation of the cure within the clients mind.

Practice writing an induction and deepening that goes with the metaphor you
wrote in the previous module.
Module 20: The Use of Parallelisms in

Metaphor Creation
Now that you are very familiar with the intricacies behind the use of
metaphors and narratives within the context of hypnosis, lets talk about the
methods that will enable you to effectively use stories when you are
performing hypnosis on another person. The process of creating the perfect
metaphor for hypnotic clients involves four distinct steps.
The first step is to obtain vital background information from the client. As
you may have already noticed, this is really the ideal first step for any
situation that requires hypnosis.
While there are many hypnotists out there who perform hypnosis even if
they dont really know their clients, as a hypnotist who wishes to help
people through the talking cure it is important to establish accurate
coordinates before constructing your hypnotic scripts.
Why? Because the hypnotic script that you will be creating will not be for
you or for anyone that you are very familiar with. It will be used to help a
client who has very specific needs and desires.
You need to understand how your client ticks before creating possible
hypnotic interventions. So when you are interviewing your client for the first
time, the first thing that should concern you is why he came to your office in
the first place.
Whats bothering your client? What is his problem? What is causing his
distress? Often, clients are not very willing to share these private details with
hypnotists so feel free to perform a hypnotic induction and deepening first

before talking to your client.
Science shows that people who are hypnotized can be likened to someone
who is slightly inebriated. Im not saying that you become drunk or dumb
when you are hypnotized, not at all. What research has shown is that when a
person hypnotized he becomes more honest.
He becomes more open to suggestion. He becomes more willing to share his
story with everyone because when a person is slightly inebriated, the
conscious faculty of the mind is suspended partially so the subconscious
mind becomes more capable of expressing itself freely regardless of the
audience.
The second step is creating the metaphor or story for your client. Here are
some guidelines to help you create a powerful and effective metaphor for
your client or client:
First, take stock of what you already know of your client. If you havent
interviewed him yet, you have to interview him and establish what his
problems are in the first place. Do not base your metaphor on information
derived from a few minutes of conversation.
The client needs to sit down and really share what is going on in his life if
you want to create a good metaphor. Remember the success of a hypnotist
lies in his ability to create permanent and long lasting change. This will only
be possible if you hit all your marks when you create the hypnosis script.
The second step is to determine what kind of intervention would be

appropriate for the client. There are six areas that a hypnotist can explore
when hes trying to help a client: personal relationships with other people
(romantic or otherwise), improving a persons confidence and selfperception, attitude reformation, changing a persons perceived roles and
functions, changing the existing system within the family and finally,
changing how a person lives his life (e.g. does he find contentment in the
things that he does in life).
Identify the major overarching themes in your clients personal narrative.
For example, if your client is suffering from severe depression because of
the death of loved ones, then it makes sense that you explore the idea of
continuing with ones life and rebirth to facilitate the transition of the client
from his current depressed state to a more a positive and productive state.
The themes that you will be identifying will be act as the cornerstones to
your metaphor.
Before creating the actual stories, identify the outcomes that you want to
manifest in your clients life first. Without any definite goals or outcomes it
would be extremely difficult for a hypnotist to create the perfect metaphor.
All hypnotic metaphors should be constructed with the outcome at the very
center of the metaphor.
The next step is to make the metaphor more engaging and memorable by
adding elements of humor or even suspense to your story. Remember you
need to capture your clients attention with your metaphor. If your metaphor
has been poorly constructed and it is not engaging at all, then dont be
surprised if the feedback you will be getting from the client is less than
ideal.
Now, some of you might be arguing that storytelling doesnt have to be this
structured at all because cultural narratives, history and even beautiful oral
literature were all created without a grand, logical structure. Well, I cant
argue with the fact that most of the extant oral literatures from any culture
were created without much attention to structure.
However, we must keep in mind that we are not creating these stories to
entertain people; we are creating these metaphors to help heal a troubled
persons mind and spirit. In this light, metaphors become more than just
stories.
They are the paths to healing and if you are not careful and strategic when
you are creating the healing metaphors, then you are not being completely
responsible as a hypnotist.
You have to be responsible for your actions and choices as a hypnotist and
the best techniques in my experience are the ones that really require hard
work. But dont worry as you apply these structured methods and
techniques you will soon see why there has to be a lot of preliminary work
before you can employ a new technique.
The preliminary work is not meant to be a burden to the hypnotist.
Preliminary work, believe it or not, is done to make the hypnotists job
easier. Because with the right information, the whole process of creating the
stories and the entire script that will help convey the story will be that much
easier.
Parallelisms are of utmost importance to creating metaphors. In order for a

metaphor to be truly relevant to the client, all of its elements and subnarratives must fit the glove. To ensure that the parallelisms are spot on,
you need to distill the information that you have accumulated and you have
to identify the individual elements that are usable for the purpose of creating
the perfect story.
For example, if your client has had a traumatic childhood and bits of those
childhood memories are affecting the way he relates to people at the present
time, you can take those disturbing memories and transform them to
characters and places which can then be conquered by the hero of the story.
As you relate the story to the client, you must be aware that the client is
looking for answers and solutions and these solutions must be plausible and
the client has to realize later on that these are the steps that he hast to take
conquer his own limitations in life.
These general principles are applicable for every kind of problem; they are
especially effective if the problem is with the clients personality or behavior
towards other people.
When creating stories, try to limit the use of overly-strange elements so the
client doesnt get distracted. Focus on conveying a particular experience to
your client through your story. You can be ornate with your words but at the
same time there has to be hard focus on the goal or outcome that you want to
happen to the client.
Do not forget the process of reframing when you are creating metaphors. To
refresh your memory, reframing is the process of gradually transforming a
clients perspective of reality. Each person has his own frame, lens or state
of mind with regard to physical reality.
What looks like an apple to me might be an object of incomprehensible
horror to a phobic individual. What looks normal to you might remind me of
sad memories when I was younger.
Our lenses allow us to see the world in a unique manner. There is nothing
wrong with our lenses; its just that there are some particular lenses or
frames that are not very useful for daily life and may serve as obstacles to a
persons happiness.
As a hypnotist, it is your task to find the specific frames that may be
blocking your clients ability to lead a happy and content life. Once you
have identified these frames during the pre-hypnosis interview/conversation,
you can then proceed to transforming these frames or lenses.
The change cannot be abrupt; there has to be a period of adjustment so be
sure to incorporate that period of adjustment to your story as well.
If you are having trouble with this concept, let me put it this way: when you
begin telling your story you are essentially revealing to the client the exact
frames of reference that he used in his life.
Since you will be using parallelisms, the clients subconscious mind will be
able to identify and recognize these frames. Essentially, your story will serve
as a mirror image of the clients life experiences. The actual reframing will
take place after you have introduced the conflict in your story and once the
hero or main character begins changing his viewpoint or actions to resolve

the problem.
When the character in story begins taking action, you can be sure that the
client is taking full stock of the events and that the vital messages integrated
with the metaphor are being received and analyzed by the clients
subconscious mind.
Its not always easy to create the perfect parallelisms, but its not impossible
either. The best piece of advice that I can give to you with regards to
metaphors is to simply practice and practice until you discover your own
personal techniques that will make the whole metaphor-making process
easier.
When you are done telling your story it is important to encourage amnesia or
forgetting. Before you react to this seemingly crazy idea, let me remind you
that once the trance state is off, the conscious mind comes to the fore once
again.
And what does the conscious mind do? It specializes in taking apart
information and rejecting ideas. To keep the story or metaphor in the clients
subconscious mind and in his memory, you have to trigger amnesia at the
end of the story while the client is still in trance. Do not tell the client to
forget the story after you have reoriented him.
That wont work because of the law of reversed effort. The more the client
tries to forget the story, the more he will remember it because the forgetting
requires conscious action and that means the conscious mind has to
continually recall what has to be forgotten in the first place.
Introducing the Hypnotic Metaphor

A university professor went to visit a famous Zen master. While the master
quietly served tea, the professor talked about Zen. The master poured the
visitor's cup to the brim, and then kept pouring. The professor watched the
overflowing cup until he could no longer restrain himself. "It's overfull! No
more will go in!" the professor blurted. "You are like this cup," the master
replied, "How can I show you Zen unless you first empty your cup?"
The term metaphor comes from the Greek word metapherein, meaning to
carry over or transfer (meta = beyond, between, or over + pherein = to
bring or to bear). In Greek, a metaphor is something that moves other
things between places. A moving van or baggage cart, for example, would
literally be a metaphor in Greece. When applied to deeper levels of
experience, what becomes transferred or carried over by a metaphor are
relationships, placement of attention, feelings, beliefs, thoughts, limiting
values, wrong presuppositions, etc.
According to Websters Dictionary, a metaphor is a figure of speech in
which a word or phrase denoting one kind of object or action is used in place
of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them and involves the
transference of the relation between one set of objects to another set for the
purpose of brief explanation.
In the innovative and mind-expanding book, Metaphors We Live By,
linguist George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson say, The essence of
metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of
another and "We understand experience metaphorically when we use a
gestalt from one domain of experience to structure experience in another
domain."
A symbol is the smallest unit of metaphor, consisting of a single object,
image, or word representing the essence of the quality or an attribute it
stands for.
The following is Carl Jung's definition of a symbol. "A word or an image is
symbolic when it implies something more than its obvious and immediate
meaning. It has a wider 'unconscious' aspect that is never precisely defined
or fully explained. Nor can one hope to define or explain it. As the mind
explores the symbol, it is led to ideas that lie beyond the grasp of reason."
The following quotes about hypnotic metaphors illustrates their importance:

"Brain scientists have, in fact, repeatedly and fruitfully used metaphors,
analogies, and models in their attempts to understand their data. The theme
of this essay is that only by the proper use of analogical reasoning can
current limits of understanding be transcended. Furthermore, the major
metaphors used in the brain sciences during this century have been provided
by inventions that, in turn, were produced by brains. Thus, the proper use of
analogical reasoning sets in motion a self-reflective process by which,
metaphorically speaking, brains come to understand themselves." (Pribram,
1990).
"Analogy and metaphor are central to scientific thought. They figure in
discovery, as in Rutherford's analogy of the solar system for the atom or
Faraday's use of lines of magnetized iron filings to reason about electric
fields. They are also used in teaching: novices are told to think of electricity
as analogous to water flowing through pipes or of a chemical process as
analogous to a ball rolling down a hill. Yet for all its usefulness, analogical
thinking is never formally taught to us.
We seem to think of it as a natural human skill, and of its use in science as a
straightforward extension of its use in commonsense reasoning. For
example, William James believed that 'men, taken historically, reason by
analogy long before they have learned to reason by abstract characters'. All
this points to an appealing intuition: that a faculty for analogical reasoning is
an innate part of human cognition. (Gentner and Jeziorski, 1983).
Hypnotic metaphor is one of the most elegant tools available for assisting
people in the process of personal transformation, healing, and growth. The
major purpose of hypnotic metaphor is to pace and lead an individuals
experience through the telling of a story, which helps that individual access
resources necessary for change.
In a therapeutic context, metaphors are used as tools for transformation,
facilitating new patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. If constructed
properly, they are very successful and powerful in fostering the change
because they communicate directly with the subconscious mind, bypassing
the critical faculty of the conscious mind.
Metaphors and stories, in a hypnosis context, may be useful:
To provide a key mechanism for changing our modes of representing

the world.
To cause something to be remembered.

To make, demonstrate, explain or illustrate a point.
To create generative realities.

To open up possibilities and strategies.
To normalize or otherwise re-contextualize a particular position or

content.
To carry multiple levels of information.

To facilitate new patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.
To stimulate lateral thinking and creativity.

To reframe or redefine a challenge or situation.
To introduce doubt into a position that holds that there is only "one"
way.
To provide or guide associations and thinking along certain lines.

To allow the client to form a choice or find his own direction.
To bypass normal ego defenses.
To allow the client to process directly at a subconscious level (indirect

suggestions).
To shift the subject or redirect the discussion.
To suggest solutions and new options.

To provide a gateway between the conscious and the unconscious.
To pass suggestions to the subconscious mind.

To increase rapport and communication.
To facilitate retrieval of resource experiences.
To lighten up the mood.
Metaphors (imaginative, but not literal, descriptions of objects, events,

processes etc.) can enrich and accelerate the emergence and sharing of ideas
and models. If the process is used properly, it greatly reduces the likelihood
that people are operating on assumption or misinterpretation and all the
problems that this can cause. A metaphorical story in a hypnosis context
consists of elements that symbolically represent the client's problem and
offers a solution to the client's problem in an indirect manner.
According to Robert Dilts, a developer, author, trainer and consultant in the
field of NLP, a metaphor is essentially a fantasy, which places the reality
of the listener at some level. The meaning of a story or metaphor is typically
not in the specific events that make up its content (its surface structure),
but rather in the underlying patterns or principles it conveys (its deep
structure).
The value of metaphor is that it can bypass conscious resistances, and serves
to stimulate creativity and lateral thinking in relation to a problem.
Metaphorical thinking provides a gateway between the conscious and the
unconscious and between left brain and right brain processing.
Hypnotherapeutic metaphors encourage people to focus on the deeper

structure relationships between their reality and that of the story. The
therapeutic value of the metaphor lies in the similarity of its deep structure to
the deep structure of the problem (formal properties), even though the
surface level characters and details (the content) are very different.
The fact that stories and metaphors are non-literal also makes it possible for
them to provide a way of thinking that is different from the way of thinking
that is creating the problem. One of the main characteristics of therapeutic
metaphors is that they are open-ended, thereby allowing listeners to draw on
their own resources for a solution.
Like all other forms of communication, a great deal of the influence of a
therapeutic metaphor comes from the non-verbal meta messages that
accompany the oral presentation. Voice inflection, gestures and facial
expression are used to convey a large portion of the metaphors meaning.
Key words and phrases may be marked out by shifts in voice tone and
tempo. Embedded messages, analogical markings (discussed in a later
chapter) and other linguistic and non-linguistic techniques may also be
employed within the context of a metaphor to enhance and increase the
effectiveness of its outcome.
Symbolism and Isomorphism

There are two major components in creating a hypnotherapeutic metaphor:
symbolism and isomorphism.
Symbolism involves the substitution of one referential index for another.
Metaphor is defined as a figure of speech in which something is spoken of
as if it were another. In the case of hypnotherapeutic metaphors, the client
and her circumstances are spoken of as if they were the characters in a
story. A symbol is a character, situation or object that stands for some aspect
of the clients reality.
Isomorphism involves establishing similarities between the behaviors,
relationships and situations of different individuals (e.g. the client and the
symbolic character).
In general, symbols will identify the structural aspects of the metaphors,
while isomorphism will deal with the relational or syntactic components.
The use of analogies or metaphors in hypnosis is common and important. It
involves relating the new to something already known, so that the new may
be understood by analogy with the known. Metaphors are used widely in
hypnosis to pass suggestions to the subconscious mind while bypassing or
occupying critical faculties. Typically a short phrase or story that has more
than one meaning and at least one of the inherent meanings carries a
hypnotic suggestion. A hypnotic metaphor is like a Trojan horse.
Ericksonian Metaphors
Dr. Milton Erickson's work was the inspiration for using metaphors in a
therapeutic context. Milton H. Erickson has done more than any other
individual to change the way in which hypnosis is practiced. Many of
Erickson's methods for communicating with the subconscious mind, using
sophisticated language patterns and metaphors, are recognized now as
desirable and essential for effective change.
Unorthodox psychiatrist, congenial family doctor, ingenious strategic
psychotherapist and master hypnotist, Milton Ericksons influence has
revolutionized Western psychotherapy. Thanks largely to Erickson, the
subject of hypnosis has shed its shackles of superstition and is now widely
recognized as one of the most powerful tools for change.
Erickson emphasized indirect communications to the so-called unconscious,
the use of anecdotes and metaphors to shift the frame of experiential
reference, embedded (unconsciously marked-out) language phrasings, the
trance experience as a generalized metaphor to re-shape consciousness, and
what might be called a meta-level regression psychology, in which one
pointed not to the content of past experiences (to expose repressed traumatic
material, for example)...but to the structure of certain typical childhood (or
life-stage) experiences of growing up (what Ernest Rossi called "Early
Learning Sets"), in order to utilize those structures as re-usable metaphors to
re-shape one's current (problematic) experiences. Naturalistic and
conversational hypnosis as well as strategic interaction, metaphors, tasks,
and his personal and creative qualities were Ericksons major therapeutic
tools.
The major elements of constructing a hypnotherapeutic metaphor, according

to Robert Dilts, include:
Transferring focus from the individual to some character in the story.
Pacing the individuals problem by establishing an isomorphism with
respect to the behaviors, events, and characters in the story that are parallel
to those in the individuals situation.
Accessing resources for the individual within the context of the

story.
Finishing the story such that a sequence of events occurs in which the
characters resolve the conflict and achieve the desired outcome.
Erickson told many stories and told them to a variety of clients. As he said
of his treatment for a young, anorexic girl, "My treatment for Barbie was to
tell her short stories, metaphors, suspenseful stories, intriguing stories,
boring stories. I told her all kinds of stories, little stories" (Zeig, 1980). He
illustrated the experiences he wanted his clients to retrieve as they fixated
their attention upon the dramatic aspects of an unfolding story line about
someone else. Clients were free to create their own meaning from the
stimulus offered and even have learnings too painful for the conscious mind
to tolerate. After all, it was "only a story."
As such, metaphor can be considered an altered framework through which a
client is free to entertain novel experiences.
Any of the therapeutic goals illustrated with metaphor will be interpreted
differently by each unique person who filters them through perceptions and
experiences unique to his or her personal history. But still, the stories are
constructed and delivered (emphasizing and detailing particular experiences
with indirect suggestions) based on specific therapy goals. These stories
stimulate clients to do a good bit of focused thinking which facilitates
retrieval of resource experiences not commonly available or associated to in
particular problem contexts.
Milton H. Erikson has been called the most influential hypnotist of our time.
Closely related to his therapy was his use of "teaching tales." Calling upon
shock, surprise, confusion - with generous use of questions, puns, and
playful humor - he seeded suggestions indirectly and positively with
therapeutic metaphors.
The truth is that metaphor is an incredibly powerful and rich way to
communicate ideas. Metaphors engage the conscious mind and the
unconscious mind at the same time. They get a logical message across while
at the same time activating your imagination and emotions. Engaging the
mind at all levels allows you to transmit ultra-compelling communications
deep into the mind to make them permanently powerful.
Sample Motivation Metaphor #1

Picture yourself on a hike in the woods. You are hiking up a large hill.
Along the way, you lightly trip on a root that is sticking out of the ground.
You look back at it and realize that its more obvious when you look back at
it than when you were approaching it. It was a tricky spot and you now feel
that you can continue on without tripping on another root. Now you know
what to look for. So you continue on your hike up this hill. You come upon
an area that is more steep than lower down on the hill. You take a look at
this area and analyze the best path to take. To the right of you, you see a
steep and rocky slope. This looks challenging. To the left of you, you see a
path that traverses back and forth along the side of the hill. Its longer and
may take you more time than the other path. Either path is fine to take, you
know that both of them will lead you to the same place you want to be. You
know that just beyond these paths is a beautiful waterfall. This is your goal,
to get to the spot where abundant water flows freely toward you. You choose
the path that is best for you. Picture yourself taking that path. Visualize what
the ground looks like and the trees around you. Notice how this path makes
you feel. At certain times, perhaps you feel challenged and out of breath. At
other times, perhaps you feel a sense of accomplishment. You continue on
your journey and you feel content hiking up this hill. Now, listen for the
water. You can hear it. You know it is just up ahead of you. You see a few
obstacles in your way, but you gracefully get past them and now you have
arrived at the beautiful and abundant waterfall. The water is flowing swiftly
and steadily toward you. This is what you have been hiking toward all this
time. It was worth the effort. You feel fulfilled by the sight of this waterfall.
You know that you can stay here as long as you would like and this makes
you feel good. (End).
Do you see how this metaphor relates to motivation? The tree stump
represents an obstacle. The paths represent different choices you make. The
entire time you are focused on the end result, to get to the waterfall, which is
a metaphor for your goals.
Sample Wealth Metaphor #2

I want you to picture a person. This person is someone unknown to you. Her
name is Megan. She owns a bakery. She opened her bakery years ago and it
has changed and grown over the years. At one point, there was a mediumsized electrical fire, which badly damaged one of the walls in Megans
bakery. It set her back shortly, but she was able to upgrade her equipment
and since then she has been able to bake more goods in the same amount of
time as before. This came at a good time because she began getting more
and more customers. She keeps a positive attitude because making bread
satisfies her. Now, watch Megan in her bakery and see how effortlessly she
is able to make bread from very few ingredients. She is able to create bread
whenever she wants. She can add a different ingredient to make a different
kind of bread. Now watch Megan as she assembles cake batter. Some of the
ingredients are similar to the ingredients in bread, but they are different
quantities. She is able to create an entirely different baked good using
slightly different ingredients. Megan is resourceful, always looking for new
ideas for baked goods. She knows she is capable of creating any kind of
baked good. These various baked goods provide a wonderful life for her and
her family. (End).
In the second wealth metaphor, the fire is a setback, but you learn that it
allows Megan to expand her output. You see that a negative event can have
positive outcomes. You picture her creating bread out of seemingly very few
ingredients. The baked goods, as a whole, represent wealth. The various
types of baked goods represent revenue streams.
Sample Weight Loss Metaphor #3

Picture Tim in his car. He drives a fast sports car. Visualize him on a
winding road. He can drive fast, but he has less control over his car when he
does this. He can drive slow, but it takes him longer to get somewhere.
Notice that just by changing pressure on two pedals (brake and gas) that he
can control the speed of his car. His car gets him from point A to point B
whenever he wants. Tim can go wherever he wants in his car. By simply
pressing on his gas pedal more, he can go faster. He can turn in any direction
he wants. He follows the signs and the lights, but it is his choice to stay
straight or to turn. Tim can even look into his rearview mirror and see where
hes been. Sometimes he does this. However, most of the time he looks
forward into the windshield to see where he is going to go. He is content
driving in his car. (End).
Now, in metaphor #3, driving the car represents the path to weight loss.
Each turn involves a choice and a decision. The speed of his car represents
time and how long it takes to get to your ideal weight. Each drive is
different, just as each goal is different. The rear view mirror represents the
past and the windshield represents the future.

Your suggested practice is to write one metaphor for the following person:
Ryan is an entrepreneur. His business has steadily grown in the past few
years, but he wants to take it to the next level. He has control over every
aspect of the business and it is becoming too much for him to handle. He
doesnt know how he will have time to hire and train someone. He is
concerned that he might lose clients in the process. He is questioning if it is
worth it to expand his company.
Write a metaphor that will help Ryan.
APPENDIX
Appendix A: The Meta-Model
The meta-model, a concise set of linguistic information gathering tools has
been designed to reconnect a persons language to the experience that is
represented by their language.
Essential to the useful application of this material is the concept that
language is not experience, but rather a representation of experience. And,
this idea is a healthy way of looking at the people who support and aide
people in altering, not completely changing their lives. Its the interaction
between internal and external experience. Since we construct buildings with
blueprints of what came before, we build upon life changes with the same
sort of knowledge --- tools provided by the meta-model is priceless. The
meta- model connects or crosses lines or intersects language and experience.
Three Universal Modeling Processes
Our world and how we gauge the overwhelming information highway
bearing down on us, comes through our five senses. Combined with our
brains, they sculpt the models we use to guide our behavior. We need them
to make sense of what came before, so we can move ahead with the now, in
a better and healthier fashion. Nothing is judged as good, bad, healthy, sick,
or crazy only possibilities to cope effectively and respond imaginatively to
our environment.
In order to be a valuable therapist, its imperative to comprehend the
patient/clients sense of the world. Each patients behavior, no matter how
complex or strange is only seen in the context of the choices, or lack of
choices they design or sculpt out for themselves. Its not that theyre choices
are wrong. Perhaps, they dont have enough choices available to

successfully confront a problem.
We all try to make the best choices we can with the information available at
any given moment. So many of us have adopted models lacking in useful
choices, proven by the difficult and endless conflicts handed down from
generation to generation. It is not the world that lacks choices but the
individuals model of the world, say Grinder and Bandler.
Our models come through three universal processes: generalization,
deletion, and distortion. Through them we discover how to survive, grow,
learn, understand, and experience the richness the world has to offer. If we
mistake our subjective reality for reality, these same processes limit us,
smother any chance we have of flexibility.
Generalization: Method we use or develop during our original, and often
forgotten, experiences. Our roles work for us because weve learned to
generalize. If a youngster learns to open a door by turning the knob, the
child transfers this experience to other types of activities that closely
resemble the same process. If you walk into a pitch-black room your first
instinct is to feel around for the light switch. Once youve learned how to
operate the system, create light, you do it.
This can also be limiting. If a man fails sexually in a way that he believes
successful, then generalizes that moment and resolves that sex isnt his
thing, he woefully denies himself pleasure, love and intimacy. If a woman
stubbornly comes to a decision that all men are insensitive based on very
limited and selective experiences, like the man whose given up sex, she
misses out on some of lifes greatest joys.
We all make too many generalizations based on what works or doesnt work
in any given situation. If a child understands, from a very early age, that
crying and whining gets him whatever he wants, the child will manipulate
his family and friends, until someone gets wise and refuses him. It feels like
abuse, when its really just no. If the child generalizes only the former
behavior and not the latter, he may not be able to generate more appropriate
and useful behavior in the company of his peers. If a young man generalizes
only those behaviors that are useful among fellow males, he may experience
great difficulty in obtaining respect and interest from women. Whether or
not a generalization is useful must be evaluated in the particular context.
Deletion: Another method that helps us cope in a healthy and successful
manner, and provides limits we must maintain. Like the delete button on a
computer, which helps us quickly lose what we dont want, deletions work
only when we selectively pay attention to certain aspects of our experience
and exclude others. We can zero in on certain portions or experiences above
all others. Some people can read a book while people chat and fuss all
around them. They can delete that noise as easily as blaring TV or stereo.
Tuning out helps us cope with too much external stimuli.
Even though, its limiting, we need to delete portions of our experiences so
we can obtain what seems important and necessary in our lives. Teenagers
who play the pity card, carrying on that they are the only ones picked on, or
that whatever the issue its only happening to them, has yet to develop a
useful model of the world. If a therapist drops out for a moment or two
during a session, he or she foregoes all sensory information and limits his or
her own experience as well as that of his client.
Distortion: The third process permits us to shift sensory information. It
gives us license to make plans for the future or turn dreams into reality.
Fiction, art, and even science give us a wide berth to interpret or misinterpret
what we see or perceive. Authors, painters and scientists craft their own
reality, while reconstructing or distorting established world-views, which
can be changed through a brush stroke or a word. There are countless ways
we limit ourselves through distortion.
When someone distorts all criticism with, "I'm unlovable, any and all value
in the criticism is lost along with the chance to grow and change. If the
process of relating is disassociated from relationship, the parties involved
suffer a loss. The relationship becomes amorphous, out there, out of control.
Its no longer unique.
Since these three universal modeling processes are expressed in language
patterns, we utilize a set of linguistic tools known as the meta-model to
challenge them when they limit rather than expand a person's behavioral
choices.
The meta-model teaches the listener how to hear and respond to another
person who wants to communicate with them. Content can fluctuate
substantially, but the form of the information gives the listener the chance to
respond and obtain the fullest meaning from the communication. The metamodel provides us with the tools to quickly discern the richness and the
limits of the information given, in addition to the human modeling processes
used by the speaker. If we listen and respond with meta-model distinctions,
we create infinite ways of understanding and learning from any specific
communication.
The meta-model distinctions fall into three natural groupings:
.
Gathering Information
Limits of the Speaker's Model

Semantic Ill-formedness Gathering information: We gain an

accurate and full description of the content through appropriate
questions and responses. The process aids in re-establishing the
speaker's language with his or her experience. There are four subdistinctions in this category.
Deletion (About Whom or What?)
Lack of Referential Index (Who or What?)
Unspecified Verbs (How?)
Nominalizations (Thing or Event rephrased as a Process)
Deletion: The ability to recognize when a deletion occurs and, then,

recovering the deleted information aids in restoring a fuller representation of
the experience. When recovering missing material, the meta-modeler
questions: ABOUT WHOM? ABOUT WHA T?
I don't get it.(Response) You don't get what? (Or) What dont you
get?
I'm frightened.(Response) What or whom are you frightened of?
I don't like the book.(Response) What about the book, don't you like?
He's incredible.(Response) Why is he incredible?
Hes an incredible friend.(Response) Hes an incredible amongst whom?
(Or) Between whom?
With deletions, ask, How, specifically? will elicit information concerning
the representational system used by the client.
I don't get it.(Response) How, specifically, do you know you dont get
it? It's just not that simple to me. (i.e., visual representation)
Lack of Referential Index: A type of generalization, which limits a
person's model of the world by omitting the detail and richness necessary to
have a variety of options for coping. We can take an experience and
generalize it so that it's totally out of perspective or proportion. Challenge a
lack of referential index and question: WHO SPECIFICALLY? WHAT
SPECIFICALLY?
No ones interested in me.(Response) Who, specifically, isnt interested
in you?
They are pigheaded.(Response) "Who, specifically, is pigheaded?
"This is difficult.(Response) What, specifically, about this is difficult for
you?
Unspecified Verbs leave us in the dark when it comes to description. Verbs
are relatively vague. "Kiss" is much more specific than touch. When
someones hurt, it can be physical - a gunshot wound, or emotional - a nasty
look or callous word from a loved one. Verb specification reunites the
person more fully to their experience. To challenge unspecified verbs, ask:
HOW SPECIFICALLY?
He doesnt want me.(response) How, specifically, doesnt want you?
They overlooked me.(response) "How, specifically, did they overlook
you?'
The children push me to discipline them.(response) "How, specifically, do
the children push you to discipline them?"
Nominalizations: Words transformed from verbs, or process words, into

nouns which turns an ongoing process into a thing or an event. When this
happens, choices disappear and must be hooked up with the ongoing,
dynamic process of life. Reversing nominalizations help a person see that
what they had considered an event over and beyond their control is, in
fact, a continuing process that can be changed.
Nominalizations are distinguished from regular nouns in several ways.
Visualization: picture a wheelbarrow. Fill it up with a chair, cat and last but
not least, your mother. What would happen if you tried to put failure, virtue,
projections, and confusion into that same wheelbarrow? Nominalizations are
not persons, places, or things tossed into that wheelbarrow. Another way to
test for nominalizations is to check whether the event word fits into a
syntactic frame. If yes, its a nominalization.
an ongoing problem (nominalization)an ongoing elephantan ongoing
chairan ongoing relationship (nominalization)
To transform a nominalization back into a process word, use it as a verb in
the response:
I don't get any acknowledgment.(Response) How would you like to be
acknowledged?
Concentrate.(Response) What do you want me to concentrate on?
I regret my choice.(Response) Does anything stop you from choosing
again?
I want assistance.(Response) How do you want to be assisted?
Another group of meta-model distinctions are called limits of the speaker's
model. They identify unsupported generalizations or restrictions in a

persons thinking and you can sustain a person and enrich their model of the
world by expanding it. Two distinctions in this category:
Universal Quantifiers (All or nothing thinking)
Modal Operators (Must and cant thinking)
Universal Quantifiers: Words like ALL, EVERY, ALWAYS, NEVER and
NOBODY fall into this category. Highlight the generalization
described by the speaker's universal quantifiers, exaggerate it
through voice quality or insert additional universal quantifiers, which
serves to challenge them, assists in finding the exception to their
generalization and helps the quantifiers identify more choices. You
can also ask whether the speaker has had an experience that
contradicts his or her own generalization. I never get anything
right.(Response) You absolutely never ever get anything right?
(Or) Have you ever gotten anything right? You're always yelling at
me." (Response) I'm always yelling at you? It's impossible to do
whats necessary.(Response) Have you ever done whats
necessary?
Modal Operators of Necessity indicates a lack of choice: HAVE TO,
MUST, CANT, ITS NECESSARY. Challenging these modal
operators pushes a person beyond the limits theyve accepted. Two
superb answers that challenge the limits are: WHAT STOPS YOU?
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU DID? The reply, What stops
you? takes the person back to the past where they discover the
experience from which this generalization was formed. What would
happen if you did? demands that the client head to the future and
imagine possible consequences. These responses help someone
achieve a richer and fuller model of the world. I cant work that out.
(Response) What stops you?
You have to find the answers today by Tuesday. (Response) What would
happen if I dont?
I have to bake six dozen cookies. (Response) What will happen if you
dont?
I cant say Im sorry one more time.(Response) What will happen if you
do?(Or) What stops you from trying one more time?
The third group of distinctions: semantic ill-formedness. The significance of
recognizing sentences based on unsubstantiated responsibility, assumptions
or judgments allows you to help the person in identifying the portions of
their model that are distorted in some way. Once the speaker is responsive to
those portions of their model based on unsubstantiated beliefs rather than
fact, it gives them greater choice and freedom. These ill-formed portions
frequently stop the person from acting in ways they would otherwise choose
to act. The three classes of semantic ill-formedness are:
Cause and Effect (Perceived responsibility)
Mind Reading (Assumptions)
Lost Performative (Judgements)
Cause and Effect: An action on the part of one person causes another
person to behave in a particular way or to experience some emotion or
inner state. When a person believes there are no choices on how to
respond to the challenge, it permits them to explore and question their
cause-effect connection. And they can speculate on other possible
responses to choose from. The challenge: HOW DOES X CAUSE Y?

Your drawings make me uncomfortable.(Response) "How do my
drawings make you uncomfortable? (Or) "...make you feel uneasy?
You annoy me.
(Response) How do I annoy you? How is it possible that I annoy you?
(Or) ... make you feel aggravated?
I'm angry because you're never on time.(Response) How does my being
late make you angry?
Mind Reading: The speakers belief that one person knows what another
person thinks or feels without direct communication from the second person.
If the speaker acts on assumptions rather than information mind reading can
do much to inhibit the usefulness of a person's model of the world. The
challenge to mind reading: HOW SPECIFICALLY, DO YOU KNOW X?
The challenge helps the speaker become aware of, and even to question,
those assumptions he or she may have previously taken for granted.
Most people believe Im much too slow.
(Response) How, specifically, do you believe that most people think youre
too slow?
I bet you understand what Im going through.
(Response) How, specifically, do you know I understand what youre going
through?
I get what his day is like.(Response) How, specifically, do you get what
his day is like?
In no way does he think about the cost of what hes doing.
(Response) How, specifically, do you know he doesnt think about the cost
of what he?
Lost Performative refers to statements made in the form of a generalization
about the world rather than recognized as part of the speakers model of the
world. Usually, they are judgments. The speaker uses a lost performative
when applying rules from his model of the world on others. Called laying
your trip on somebody else, the purpose of this challenge enables the speaker
to have his own rules and opinions, while content to let others own theirs.
Sometimes with the use of the lost performative, the speaker may not be
aware of other options or possibilities. To challenge it, ask FOR WHOM?
Its wrong to jaywalk.(Response) Its wrong for whom to jaywalk?
This is the best route to take.(Response) This is the best route to take for
whom?
Thats a ridiculous thing to do. (Response) Ridiculous for whom?
The meta-model is simply a set of tools that establishes better
communication, which helps and expects your client to communicate more
clearly: Asking what, how, and who in response to the specific form of the
clients language. Your skills as a meta-modeler depend on your willingness
and ability to implement the questions and the responses provided by the
meta-model.
When you implement the meta-model, pay careful attention to your internal
processes. A formalization of intuitive behavior, you can turn to meta-model
responses rather than refer to your own internally generated experience to
understand a clients communication. When a client declares, "My father
hurt me," you must ask, How? if you want to fully comprehend what the
surprising statement means. Should the client have suffered physical or
verbal attacks, or was just plain invisible, you must probe to find out the
meaning behind the word hurt. However, if you understand what is meant
by the word "hurt" by simply calling on your own experience, then you are,
in fact, meeting the client at your model for the world, not his.
The meta-model permits you to remain attuned to your clients perception of
the world instead of slipping into your own subjective experience for
understanding. You can easily insert the appropriate meta-model responses
at those points where you previously would have had to refer to your own
internal experience to understand or attempt to understand your client's
meaning.
Suppose a client says, I'm afraid of crowds. If you go with, Oh yeah,
afraid of crowds, yes, I know about that, then youve bypassed an
important opportunity to further connect the client on his level. If you use
the responses provided by the meta- model How do you know you are
afraid of crowds? What frightens you about crowds? What keeps you from
being comfortable in crowds? youll be able to keep up with your clients
experience and help them generate answers and new possibilities for growth
from his or her own resources. These resources might be ones you have yet
to develop.
Once you discover these points youll experience and understand a given
communication. The meta-model questions will definitely boost your value
as a therapist and facilitate the integration of the meta-model internally as
part of your automatic unconscious behavior. Get a friend to produce
sentences that contain a meta-model violation. With each one, determine
how your intuitions express themselves.
If someone says, "My feelings were hurt," form a mental picture and youll
figure out how they were hurt, how and by whom? If you remember
visually, kinesthetically or auditorally a time when your own feelings were

hurt, than you "understand" the experience from your point of view, not the
clients. Once youre aware of your own internal processes, youll learn to
hold onto the signals that push you inside yourself instead of staying in the
present. Once youve identified your own signal, youll automatically insert
the meta-model responses instead of your own internalizations. Each time an
internal bell goes off, alerting you that something is missing or doesn't make
sense, youll know that a meta-model response is both constructive and
suitable.
Practically speaking, the meta-model is rooted in human intuition. If you
learn, and trust, those intuitions, the meta-model is a speedy and
straightforward process. Expressed in any representational system, the
intuitions are visual, auditory, kinesthetic. If someone says, The King
himself, your intuition tells you something was left out. The picture needs
more color. If you represent kinesthetically, you don't know what the king
did. Neither of these representations is complete until you know the answer
to "the King did what?" No matter how your intuitions express themselves,
insert the meta-model question now and youll extract the fullest possible
meaning from the communication.
To utilize these intuitions in teaching the meta-model distinctions: (1)
generate sentences that contain one pattern of meta-model violation; (2) ask
the learner what his experience is; (3) once youve determined how the
learners intuitions express themselves concerning this pattern, reverse the
process and make them ask the appropriate meta-model question make it
an integral portion of the expression of those same intuitions. If the learner
has an incomplete picture, hell ask for more information. If hes puzzled,
slip in the best possible question which will help him put the piece in place.
If its odd or out of tune, insert question that will harmonize the chords and
strip away the dissonant ones. Alter the statements and the content with the
meta-model violation and the repetition necessary to integrate the metamodel question with the intuition should remain stimulating.
Intuitions will vary within a person for the various patterns. A feeling for
universal quantifier might be present as well as a picture for nominalizations
and a sound for cause and effect. Each person has a unique set, yet each
person falls into consistent patterns. Once the patterns are established, these
exercises can help further integrate them into everyday behavior.
Make sure to learn or teach the three meta-model categories outlined in the
appendix: Gathering Information, Limits of the Speakers Model and
Semantic Ill- formedness. You, or the student, will appropriately organize
the meta-model for easy and full integration and conscious and unconscious
processes.
Meta-Model Outline Summary:
A. Gathering Information
1.
Deletion
2.
Lack of Referential Index
3.
Unspecified Verbs
4.
Nominalizations
B. Limits of the speakers model

1.
Universal Quantifiers
2.
Modal Operators
C. Semantic Ill-formedness
1. Cause and Effect
2. Mind Reading
3. Lost Perfomative
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Module 19: How to Use Metaphors in a Hypnosis Session .............................. 112

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Module 1: Hypnosis in Medicine and

Healing is based on the concept of making whole. You heal something

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Hypnosis might have begun as something that is almost unfathomable or

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Module 1 Suggested Practice

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Module 2: Hypnotic Rapport Building

therapist because you will only be able to use a general approach to

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We are not deeply involved in the problems themselves; we only stand at a

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Module 2 Suggested Practice

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Module 3: Creating Sessions for People

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Module 3 Suggested Practice

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Module 4: Dealing with Medical

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Module 4 Suggested Practice

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Module 5: Arm Raise Induction

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I am also on the Board of Directors of the American Lung Association in Los

I have a client-base consisting largely of people who need to lose weight or

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your attention shifts to what is happening directly in front of you. This is

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concerned, the physiological responses are the same regardless of whether

reasonable plan, and refuse to treat him if he insists on attempting to

6. Likewise, if another healthcare professional refers a client to you for

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spin things positively. Instead of saying a person is afraid to fly, say he

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Recording your Sessions

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Controlling the Environment

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I want to completely control the environment (for this reason, I generally

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Clients to Refer Out

Module 5 Suggested Practice

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Module 6: Bucket Lowering Induction

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Module 6 Suggested Practice

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Module 7: Balloon Raise Induction

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Cause Effect: (A>B)

Ex: I must take care of her.