TEXTS

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Manufacturing is known as the production of goods that are necessary for modern life from
raw materials. The word manufacture comes from the Latin manus (hand) and facere (to
make). Originally manufacturing was accomplished by hand, but most of today's modern
manufacturing operations are highly mechanized and automated
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Whenever an accident occurs that results in an injury (medical case), damage of equipment
and material, or both. Then prompt accident investigation by the inmediate manager is
required. These are some safety instructions to prevent accidents. They encourage
employees to be safety conscious to reduce risk of accidents: wear protective clothes all the
time; keep your workplace tidy; keep clear the areas between benches and around
machines; put away tools when they are not in use, and clean machines after use them.
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The bead wire tire invented by C.K. Welch in 1891 marks an important breakthrough in tire
history. That same year, the Michelin brothers patented tires that could be mounted or
demounted by hand. In 1904, Firestone and Goodyear Tire Company developed straight
sided wire bead tires and almost all the tire manufacturers in the US were following their
manufacturing
techniques
by
1908.
Meanwhile in 1913, Britain developed the radial ply method which broke from the
previous bias ply method which used tire code fabric.
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The inspiration for the design of a robot manipulator is the human arm, but with some
differences. For example, a robot arm can extend by telescopingthat is, by sliding
cylindrical sections one over another to lengthen the arm. Robot arms also can be
constructed so that they bend like an elephant trunk. Grippers, or end effectors, are
designed to mimic the function and structure of the human hand. Many robots are
equipped with special purpose grippers to grasp particular devices such as a rack of test
tubes or an arc-welder.
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The Industrial Revolution began in England in the middle of the 18th century when the first

modern factories appeared, primarily for the production of textiles. Machines, to varying
degrees, began to replace the workforce in these modern factories. The cotton gin, created
by the American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793, mechanically removed cotton fibers from the
seed and increased production. In 1801 Joseph Jacquard, a French inventor, created a
loom that used cards with punched holes to automate the placement of threads in the
weaving process.
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The address of an e-mail message includes the source and destination of the message.
Different addressing conventions are used depending upon the e-mail destination. An
interoffice message distributed over an intranet, or internal computer network, may have a
simple scheme, such as the employees name, for the e-mail address. E-mail messages
sent outside of an intranet are addressed according to the following convention: The first
part of the address contains the users name, followed by the symbol @, the domain
name, the institutions or organizations name, and finally the country name.
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You can drill holes, of course, with a power drill. But you can also strip paint, install screws,
and sand and polish objects with this versatile tool. Here are the basics of using a drill.
-Make sure the cord is long enough to reach from the electrical outlet to the place where you
plan to use the drill.
-Use the chuck key that comes with the drill to open the chuck.
-Plug the drill in.
-Press the trigger before you make contact with the work.
-Slowly touch the tip of the bit to the work and apply steady but light pressure.
-Maintain the pressure on the drill and the trigger until the hole is completed.
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Production, in economics is the manufacture and processing of goods or

merchandise, including their design, treatment at various stages, and financial
services contributed by bankers. However, manufacturing is producing goods that are
necessary for modern life from raw materials.

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Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to
manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of
what is known as systems engineering principles. The systems approach is a methodology of
decision-making in design, operation, or construction that adopts (1) the formal process known

as the scientific method; (2) an interdisciplinary team; and (3) a formal sequence of procedure
employing the principles of operations research.
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Henry Ford (1863-1947) was an American industrialist, best known for his pioneering
achievements in the automobile industry. Ford was born on a farm near Dearborn, Michigan,
on July 30, 1863, and educated in district schools. He became a machinist's apprentice in
Detroit at the age of 16. From 1888 to 1899 he was a mechanical engineer, and later chief
engineer, with the Edison Illuminating Company. In 1896, after experimenting for years in his
leisure hours, he completed the construction of his first automobile, the Quadricycle. In 1903 he
founded the Ford Motor Company.
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There are three main processes involved in virtually all manufacturing: assembly, extraction,
and alteration. Assembly is the combination of parts to make a product. For example, an
airplane is assembled when the manufacturer puts together the engines, wings, and
fuselage. Extraction is the process of removing one or more components from raw materials,
such as obtaining gasoline from crude oil. Alteration is modifying or molding raw materials
into a final productfor example, sawing trees into lumber.
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A red-dyed alcohol thermometer measures an outside air temperature of about 6 C

(about 43 F). In a thermometer, an expanding fluid such as alcohol or mercury is trapped
within a closed glass rod. As the fluid expands or contracts, it is measured by marks
calibrated for given temperatures. The scale may be marked for either the Celsius or
Fahrenheit temperature scales or both.

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Refrigeration is the process of lowering the temperature and maintaining it in a given

space for the purpose of chilling foods, preserving certain substances, or providing an
atmosphere conducive to bodily comfort. Storing perishable foods, furs, pharmaceuticals,
or other items under refrigeration is commonly known as cold storage. Such refrigeration
checks both bacterial growth and adverse chemical reactions that occur in the normal
atmosphere.