Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(d)
(e)
From the information provided, summarize values of both RMR (Rock Mass Rating) and Q
(Tunnelling Quality) that you estimate to be valid within the three rock mass "zones".
Use the rock mass classifications to estimate the standup time for an unsupported tunnel and also
estimate support requirements, if needed.
For the purposes of preliminary design, you have been asked to develop estimates of the strength
envelopes for the three rock mass conditions around the drift, i.e., representing the "normal"
conditions as well as the conditions in the two zones of poorer quality rock which the exploration
drilling has identified. Show all three estimated strength envelopes on an appropriate plot.
Use Kirsch equations or Phase2 to predict the elastic stresses over radial distances of 0 to 4 m from
the top and from the side of the tunnel.
Combine (c) and (d) on an appropriate plot(s) and comment on your findings.
Submit a short report in memo format. Clearly presents your main rock mass strength and tunnel
performance recommendations/concerns in the three rock masses, with accompanying logic. This report
should also include your plots. (5-page maximum)
PART A and B)
Made by: Jess Omar Machorro Bretn; Eva Betchelin Wakerkwa; Ferdinand Simson Yasirori; John Wickliff Fouw;
Wandi Abraham Bayowa
Figure 1. Schematic
representation of the
general zone, representing
Zone A, B and C.
CHARACTERISTICS
ZONE C:
OF
Obtaining of the RMR and Q of zone C, in function of Table 12.1: The Rock Mass Rating
system (after Bieniawski, 1989) and Table 12.2: Q-system parameters (Hudson and
Harrison; Engineering Rock Mechanics, an introduction to the principles):
Rock Mass Rating
In function of the table and the result of Rock Mass Rating, we can obtain the conclusion
that the zone C is characterized by VERY GOOD ROCK, and getting that result, we can
conclude that the Rock is Class #I with an average stand-up time equal to 20 yr for 15m
span.
Q-System of Rock Mass Classification
Applying the formula of Q-System
RQD = 85%
Q=
RQD J r J w
J n J a SRF
Made by: Jess Omar Machorro Bretn; Eva Betchelin Wakerkwa; Ferdinand Simson Yasirori; John Wickliff Fouw;
Wandi Abraham Bayowa
85 1 1
0.5 1 1
Q=(170)(1)(1)
Q=
Jn = 0.5
Jr = 1
Ja = 1
Jw = 1
Q=170
SRF = 1
In function of the table and the result of Q-System, we can conclude that the Zone C, the
Rock is EXTREMELY GOOD, it means (and also in function of RMR) that we DO NOT
REQUIRE ANY KIND OF SUPPORT.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ZONE A:
RQD=100
i=1
xi
L
RQD=
46 m
( 100 )=46
100 m
In function of the table and the result of Rock Mass Rating, we can obtain the
conclusion that the zone A is characterized by GOOD ROCK, and getting that result,
we can conclude that the Rock is Class #II with an average stand-up time equal to 1
yr for 10m span.
RQD J r J w
J n J a SRF
46 1 0.66
Q=
0.5 2 1
Q=(92)(0.5)(0.66)
Q=
Made by: Jess Omar Machorro Bretn; Eva Betchelin Wakerkwa; Ferdinand Simson Yasirori; John Wickliff Fouw;
Wandi Abraham Bayowa
Jw = 0.66
Q=30.36
SRF = 1
In function of the table and the result of Q-System, we can conclude that the Zone C, the
Rock is GOOD, it means (and also in function of RMR) that we NEED THE NEXT
SUPPORTS: EXCAVATION= Top heading and bench 1.0-1.5m advance in top heading.
Install support concurrently with excavation, 10m from face; ROCK BOLTS=
Systematic bolts 4-5m long, spaced 1-1.15m in crown and walls with wire mesh;
SHOTCRETE= 100-50mm in crown and 100mm in sides; STEEL SETS= Light to
medium ribs spaced 1.5m where required.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ZONE B:
RQD J r J w
J n J a SRF
25 0.5 0.33
Q=
45 4 2.5
Q=(0.55)(0.12)(0.13)
Q=
Jr = 0.5
Ja = 4
Jw = 0.33
Q=0.0085
SRF = 2.5
In function of the table and the result of Q-System, we can conclude that the Zone B, the
Rock is EXCEPTIONALLY POOR, it means (and also in function of RMR) that we NEED
Made by: Jess Omar Machorro Bretn; Eva Betchelin Wakerkwa; Ferdinand Simson Yasirori; John Wickliff Fouw;
Wandi Abraham Bayowa
THE NEXT SUPPORTS: EXCAVATION= Full face, 1-1.5 advance. Complete support
20m from face; ROCK BOLTS= Locally, bolts in crown 3m long, spaced 2.5m with
occasional wire mesh in crown; SHOTECRETE= 50mm in crown where required.
PART C)
v= ?
Considering the weight of Rhyolite () and the deep (z),
we obtain the Vertical Stress as:
V =z MPa
And if:
= 26.5 KN/m3
z = 500 m
H= 2.2 v
Then:
V =13.25 MPa
V =( 0.0265 )( 500 )
H =29.15 Mpa
1=80.43 MPa
Zone A:
If:
S= 0.0205
c = 185 MPa
MAXIMUM STRESS
MAXIMUM STRESS
Zone B:
If:
S= 0.00198
c = 185 MPa
1= 0.00198 ( 185 MPa )
1=8.23 MPa
MAXIMUM STRESS
Made by: Jess Omar Machorro Bretn; Eva Betchelin Wakerkwa; Ferdinand Simson Yasirori; John Wickliff Fouw;
Wandi Abraham Bayowa
PART D)
Kirsch Equations
PARAMETERS
V= 13.25MPa
H= 29.15MPa
a= 3m
r= 3+ [0-4m]
k= 2.2
FORMULA
[ ( )
V
a2
3 a4
=
( 1+ K ) 1+ 2 + ( 1K ) 1+ 4 cos 2
2
r
r
] [
3(3)4
3(3)4
13.25 V
32
13.25
32
( 1+ 2.2 ) 1+ 2 + ( 12.2 ) 1+ 4 cos ( 290
=)
( 1+ 2.2 ) 1+ 2 + ( 12.2 ) 1+ 4 cos ( 29
2
2
3
3
6
6
=6.6 MPa [ ( 3.2 ) ( 1+1 ) +(1.2)(1+3)(1) ]
=6.6 MPa [( 3.2 ) ( 1.25 ) + (1.2 )( 1.1 9 ) (1 ) ]
=6.6 MPa ( 4+1.43 ) =32.6 MPa
=6.6 MPa ( 6.4 +4.8 ) =73.92 MPa
=
( )
= 0 (Sidewalls)
=10.56 MPa
= 0 (Sidewalls)
( )
=20.58 MPa
] [
3(3)4
3(3)4
13.25
32
13.25
32
=)
( 1+ 2.2 ) 1+ 2 + ( 12.2 ) 1+ 4 cos ( 29
=
( 1+ 2.2 ) 1+ 2 + (12.2 ) 1+ 4 cos ( 290
2
2
7
7
4
4
=6.6 MPa [ ( 3.2 ) ( 1+1.56 ) + (1.2 )( 1.95 ) (1 ) ]
=6.6 MPa [( 3.2 ) ( 1.18 ) + (1.2 )( 1.1 0 ) (1 ) ]
=6.6 MPa ( 4.99+2.34 ) =48.4 MPa
=6.6 MPa ( 3.78+ 1.32 ) =33.7 MPa
( )
= 0 (Sidewalls)
=17.49 MPa
3(3)4
13.25
32
( 1+ 2.2 ) 1+ 2 + ( 12.2 ) 1+ 4 cos ( 290 )
2
5
5
=6.6 MPa [ ( 3.2 ) ( 1.36 ) + (1.2 )( 1.39 ) (1 ) ]
=6.6 MPa ( 4.352+1.668 ) =39.7 MPa
( )
= 0 (Sidewalls)
= 0 (Sidewalls)
( )
=16.2 MPa
Made by: Jess Omar Machorro Bretn; Eva Betchelin Wakerkwa; Ferdinand Simson Yasirori; John Wickliff Fouw;
Wandi Abraham Bayowa
CONCLUSIONS
For first instance, we can see that there are 3 main zones: ZONE C, characterized by a
RMR and Q as very Good Rock with a high resistance and that do not need any kind of
support for much time (20yr for 15m span). The results from Strength criteria and Kirsch
equations say us that the major principal stress ( 1), in Kirsch equations, 0 m of radial
distance, is less than Strength Criteria ( 1=80.43MPa > = 73.92MPa), it means that the
tunnel structure can hold for a long time the major stress induced by rock weight and
gravity; ZONE A, Characterized by a RMR and Q as Good Rock with minor resistance and
need support for increase the stand-up time. The results from Strength criteria and Kirsch
equations say us that the major principal stress ( 1), in Kirsch equations,0 m of radial
distance, is more than Strength Criteria ( 1=26.49MPa < = 73.92MPa), it means that the
tunnel structure need more support, because principal stress is less and the tunnel could
not hold for long time; ZONE B, characterized by a RMR and Q as Poor Rock with any
resistance and need more and higher quality of support to increase or maintain a good
stand-up time. The results from Strength criteria and Kirsch equations say us that the major
principal stress (1), in Kirsch equations,0 m of radial distance, is more than Strength
Criteria (1=8.23 MPa < = 73.92MPa), it means that is a dangerous zone of the tunnel
structure and we need to build efficient support.
REFERENCE
Aimiyinun. In-situ stress [online]. Obtained from: http://wenku.baidu.com/link?
url=z_huWGIPrzmGVziqoqV8m4R-94h3a7NPQ2yCBppYfJYr_nNMClqD14EBEs8I9kTFoBqCWhQko08tZpBjZV_zSyNIJK0nKj6ZfXv0n
BqZg3 . November 20, 2015.
BRADY, B.H.G.; BROWN, E.T. Rock Mechanics for underground mining. Third edition.
Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2005.
CHI, Xiuwen. Rock Mechanics &Rock Engineering, Course Reader & Notes. 2011.
GIBSON, W.H. Rock Mass Strength derived from Rock Mass Characterization. SRK
Consulting, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Updated version of the paper published in
the Journal of Australian Geomechanics Vol 41 No March 2006. Obtained from:
http://www.srk.com/files/pdfs/rock_mass_strength_gibson_rev_2.pdf . November 23, 2015.
HUDSON, John A.; HARRISON, John P. Engineering rock mechanics an introduction to the
principles. Pergamon.
EBERHARDT, Erick. Rock Engineering practice and design. Lecture 8: Stress analysis
around underground openings.