Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Mathematics and Computation

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/amc

Haar wavelet method for solving Fishers equation

G. Hariharan a,*, K. Kannan a, K.R. Sharma b
a
b

Department of Mathematics, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 402, Tamilnadu, India

Department of Chemical Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 402, Tamilnadu, India

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Keywords:
Reactiondiffusion equations
Fishers equation
Numerical simulation
Haar wavelets
Adomain decomposition method

a b s t r a c t
In this paper, we develop an accurate and efcient Haar wavelet solution of Fishers equation, a prototypical reactiondiffusion equation. The solutions of Fishers equation are characterized by propagating fronts that can be very steep for large values of the reaction rate
coefcient. There is an ongoing effort to better adapt Haar wavelet methods to the solution
of differential equations with solutions that resemble shock waves or fronts typical of
hyperbolic partial differential equations. Moreover the use of Haar wavelets is found to
be accurate, simple, fast, exible, convenient, small computation costs and computationally attractive.
2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The problems of the propagation of nonlinear waves have fascinated scientists for over 200 years. The modern theory of
nonlinear waves, like many areas of mathematics, had its beginnings in attempts to solve specic problems, the hardest
among them being the propagation of waves in water. There was signicant activity on this problem in the 19th century
and the beginning of the 20th century, including the classic work of Stokes, Lord Rayleigh, Korteweg and de Vries, Boussinesque, Benard and Fisher to name some of the better remembered examples [15,30]. We would like to solve the well-known
and classical KolmogorovPetrovskiPiscounov reactiondiffusion equation known as KPP equation. The solitons appear as a
result of a balance between weak nonlinearity and dispersion. Soliton is dened as a nonlinear wave characterized by the
following properties:
(i) A localized wave propagates without change of its properties (shape, velocity, etc.).
(ii) Localized wave are stable against mutual collisions and retain their identities.
On the other hand, the delicate interaction between nonlinear convection with genuine nonlinear dispersion generates
solitary waves with compact support that are called campactons [22,25,26]. Unlike soliton that narrows as the amplitude
increases, the compactons width is independent of the amplitude. However, when diffusion takes part instead of dispersion,
energy release by nonlinearity balances energy consumption by diffusion, which results in traveling waves or fronts [14].
Traveling wave fronts are an important and much studied solution form for reactiondiffusion equations, with important
applications to chemistry, biology and medicine [23]. Such solutions were rst studied in the 1930s by Fisher for the scalar
equation

oU o2 U
2 U1  U:
ot
ox
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: nethra@yahoo.co.in (G. Hariharan), kannan@maths.sastra.edu (K. Kannan), jyothi_kalpika@yahoo.com (K.R. Sharma).
0096-3003/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.amc.2008.12.089

G. Hariharan et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

285

A traveling wave solution U(x, t) = U(n = x  ct), propagating with a speed c, is restricted to be positive and bounded [5].
Therefore the boundary conditions for the traveling wave solution are usually

Un ! 1 ! 1;

Un ! 1 ! 0:

In addition 0 6 U(x, t) 6 1 and c > 0 is the wave speed. Both Fisher and KPP found that Eq. (1) has an innite number of traveling wave solutions of characteristic speeds c P 2. Fisher also carried out a very accurate and detailed numerical computation of the shock like prole of the traveling wave of minimum speed. Useful summaries of recent advances in this area have
been provided by Wazwaz [2529], Feng and Li [9], Boumenir [3], Whitham [30] and Zhou [31].
The well-known Fishers equation combines diffusion with logistic nonlinearity. Fisher proposed Eq. (1) as a model for the
propagation of a mutantgene, with U denoting the density of an advantageous. This equation is encountered in chemical
kinetics [19] and population dynamics, which includes problems such as nonlinear evolution of a population in a one-dimensional habitat, neutron population in a nuclear reaction. Moreover, the same equation occurs in logistic population growth
models [5], ame propagation, neurophysiology, autocatalytic chemical reactions, and branching Brownian motion
processes.
The mathematical properties of Fishers Equation (FE) have been studied extensively and there have been numerous discussions in the literature. Excellent summaries have been provided in [5]. One of the rst numerical solutions was presented
in literature with a pseudo-spectral approach. Implicit and explicit nite differences algorithms have been reported by different authors such as Parekh and Puri and Twizell et al. A Galerkin nite element method was used by Tang and Weber
whereas Carey and Shen [6] employed a least-squares nite element method. A collocation approach based on Whittakers
sinc interpolation function [4] was also considered in [2]. The work in [10] considered a nonlocal form of FE. The exact solitary wave solution of Eq. (1) was not obtained until 1979. Noting the Painleve property of Eq. (1) and using the Laurent series [24], Ablowitz and Zepetella [1] looked for a solution of the form

Uz

6 a1

a0 a1 z . . . ;
z2
z

where z = x  ct. The solution can then be found by solving nontrivial recursion relations, where the exact solution

Ux; t




2


1
1
5
b
1

tanh p x  p t
2
2
2
2 6
6

is readily obtained, where b is a constant. Wang [24] recovered the same solution by introducing the transformation U = w2/a
and used the equation

dw
aw1  w
dz

to obtain an exact solution for the generalized Fishers equation

oU o2 U
2 U1  U a :
ot
ox

The exact solution of Eq. (6) obtained by Wang [24] was given by

Ux; t




2=a


1
a
a4
b
1

;
tanh  p x  p t
2
2
2
2a 4
2 2a 4

where b is a constant.
Maliet [19] showed that traveling wave solutions of complicated nonlinear wave equations were found with the aid of
tanh functions. With the tanh method, Wang [24] formally derived

Ux; t

 


  2
1
1
5
p x  p t
1  tanh
4
2 6
6

as a solution to Fishers equation (1) which represents a shock waves structures.

Brazhnik and Tyson [5] have shown that for quadratic Fisher equation in two spatial dimensions that, along with a plane
wave, there exist several other traveling waves with nontrivial front geometry. Explicit solutions and approximations have
been obtained in [5]. Mansour [20] showed that traveling wave solutions of a nonlinear reactiondiffusion-chemotaxis model for bacterial pattern formation. Olmos and Shizgal [21] have shown that a pseudo-spectral method of solution of Fishers
equation.
Abdul-Majid Wazwaz showed that analytical study on Burgers, Fisher, and Huxley equations and combined forms of
these equations.
As stated before, several studies in the literature, employing a large variety of methods, have been conducted to derive
explicit solutions for Fishers equation (1) and for the generalized Fishers equation (6). For more details about these investigations, the reader is advised to see Refs. [5,14,23,24] and the references therein.

286

G. Hariharan et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

This paper is devoted to study the Fishers equation, generalized Fishers equation and nonlinear diffusion equation of the
Fishers type. We introduce a Haar wavelet method for solving Fishers equation (1) with the initial and boundary conditions
(2), which will exhibit several advantageous features:
(i) Very high accuracy fast transformation and possibility of implementation of fast algorithms compared with other
known methods.
(ii) The simplicity and small computation costs, resulting from the sparsity of the transform matrices and the small number of signicant wavelet coefcients.
(iii) The method is also very convenient for solving the boundary value problems, since the boundary conditions are taken
care of automatically.
Beginning from 1980s, wavelets have been used for solution of partial differential equations (PDE). The good features of
this approach are possibility to detect singularities, irregular structure and transient phenomena exhibited by the analyzed
equations. Most of the wavelet algorithms can handle exactly periodic boundary conditions. The wavelet algorithms for solving PDE are based on the Galerkin techniques or on the collocation method.
Evidently all attempts to simplify the wavelet solutions for PDE are welcome one possibility for this is to make use of the
Haar wavelet family. Haar wavelets (which are Daubechies of order 1) consists of piecewise constant functions and are therefore the simplest orthonormal wavelets with a compact support. A drawback of the Haar wavelets is their discontinuity.
Since the derivatives do not exist in the breaking points it is not possible to apply the Haar wavelets for solving PDE directly.
There are two possibilities for getting out of this situation. One way is to regularize the Haar wavelets with interpolating
splines (e.g. B-splines or Deslaurier-Dabuc interpolating wavelets). This approach has been applied by Cattani [7], but the
regularization process considerably complicates the solution and the main advantage of the Haar wavelets the simplicity
gets to some extent lost. The other way is to make use of the integral method, which was proposed by Chen and Hsiao [8].
Lepik [1618] had solved higher order as well as nonlinear ODEs by using Haar wavelet method. There are discussions by
other researchers [12,13].
The paper is organized the following way. For completeness sake the Haar wavelet method is presented in Section 2.
Function approximation is presented in Section 3. The method of solution the PDE is proposed in Section 4. Some numerical
examples are presented in Section 5. Concluding remarks are given in Section 6.
2. Haar wavelets
Haar functions have been used from 1910 when they were introduced by the Hungarian mathematician Haar [11]. The
Haar transform is one of the earliest examples of what is known now as a compact, dyadic, orthonormal wavelet transform.
The Haar function, being an odd rectangular pulse pair, is the simplest and oldest orthonormal wavelet with compact support. In the mean time, several denitions of the Haar functions and various generalizations have been published and used.
They were intended to adopt this concept to some practical applications as well as to extend its in applications to different
classes of signals. Haar functions appear very attractive in many applications as for example, image coding, edge extraction,
and binary logic design.
Recently, Haar wavelets have been applied extensively for signal processing in communications and physics research, and
have proved to be a wonderful mathematical tool. After discretizing the differential equations in a conventional way like the
nite difference approximation, wavelets can be used for algebraic manipulations in the system of equations obtained which
lead to better condition number of the resulting system.
The previous work in system analysis via Haar wavelets was led by Chen and Hsiao [8], who rst derived a Haar operational matrix for the integrals of the Haar function vector and put the application for the Haar analysis into the dynamical
systems. Then, the pioneer work in state analysis of linear time delayed systems via Haar wavelets was laid down by Hsiao
[12], who rst proposed a Haar product matrix and a coefcient matrix. Hsiao and Wang proposed a key idea to transform
the time-varying function and its product with states into a Haar product matrix. Kalpana and Raja Balachandar [13] presented Haar wavelet based method of analysis for observer design in the generalized state space or singular system of transistor circuits.
The orthogonal set of Haar function hi(t) is shown in Fig. 1. This is a group of square waves with magnitudes of 1 in certain intervals and zeros elsewhere.
For applications of the Haar transform in logic design, efcient ways of calculating the Haar spectrum from reduced forms
of Boolean functions are needed.
The Haar wavelet family for t 2 [0, 1] is dened as follows:

for t 2 mk ; k0:5
;
>
< 1;
k0:5m k1

hi t 1; for t 2 m ; m ;
>
:
0;
elsewhere:

Integer m = 2j (j = 0, 1, 2, . . . , J) indicates the level of the wavelet; k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , m  1 is the translation parameter. Maximal level of resolution is J. The index i is calculated according the formula i = m + k + 1; in the case of minimal values. m = 1, k = 0

287

G. Hariharan et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

S.No.

Integrals of Haar
functions

Haar functions

1.

h0(t)

h1(t)

2.

1
0
1

1
1

h2(t)

-1

h3(t)

4.

-1

h4(t)

5.

-1

h5(t)

6.

-1

h6(t)

7.

-1

h7(t)

8.

0
-1

0.25
0

0.25
0

-1

3.

0
0.5

0.125
0

0.125
0

0.125
0

0.125
0

Fig. 1. First eight Haar functions and their integrals.

we have i = 2, the maximal value of i is i = 2M = 2J+1. It is assumed that the value i = 1 corresponds to the scaling function for
which h1  1 in [0, 1]. Let us dene the collocation points tl = (l  0.5)/2M, (l = 1, 2, . . . , 2M) and discretise the Haar function
hi(t); in this way we get the coefcient matrix H(i, l) = (hi(tl)), which has the dimension 2M  2M.
The operational matrix of integration P, which is a 2M square matrix, is dened by the equation

PHil

tl

QHil

tl

hi tdt;
Z t
dt
hi tdt:

10
11

The elements of the matrices H, P and Q can be evaluated according to 8, 10 and 11.

1
H2

!
;

1 1
2

2 1

1
P2
4
1

;
1

7
6
6 1 1 1 1 7
7
6
7;
H4 6
7
6
6 1 1 0
0 7
5
4
0

8 4 2 2

6
64
1 6
6
P4
16 6
61
4

2

1 1

1

32 16 8 8 4 4 4 4
6 16
0
8 8 4 4 4
4 7
7
6
7
6
6 4
4
0
0 4 4
0
0 7
7
6
4
0
0 4 4
0
0 7
1 6
7
6 4
P8
7:
6
7
64 6 1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
7
6
6 1
1
2 0
0
0
0
0 7
7
6
7
6
4 1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0 5
1

1

2

7
2 7
7
7;
7
0 7
5
0

288

G. Hariharan et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

Chen and Hsiao [8] showed that the following matrix equation for calculating the matrix P of order m holds

Pm

1
2m

2mPm=2

Hm=2

H1
m=2

where O is a null matrix of order

m
2

!
;

 m2 ,

HmXm Dhm t 0 hm t1    hm tm1 

12

T
1
and mi 6 t < i m1 and H1
mxm m H mxm diagr
It should be noted that calculations for P(m) and H(m) must be carried out only once; after that they will be applicable for
solving whatever differential equations. Since H and H1 contain many zeros, this phenomenon makes the Haar transform
must faster than the Fourier transform, and it is even faster than the Walsh transform. This is one of the reason for rapid
convergence of the Haar wavelet series.

3. Function approximation
Any function y(x) 2 L2[0, 1) can be decomposed as

yx

1
X

cn hn x;

13

n0

where the coefcients cn are determined by

c n 2j

yxhn xdx;

14

R1

where n = 2j + k, j P 0, 0 6 k < 2j. Specially c0 0 yxdx.

The series expansion of y(x) contains an innite terms. If y(x) is piecewise constant by itself, or may be approximated as
piecewise constant during each subinterval, then y(x) will be terminated at nite terms, that is

yx

m1
X

cn hn x cTm hm x;

15

n0

where the coefcients cTm and the Haar function vector h(m)(x) are dened as

cTm c0 ; c1 ; . . . ; cm1 
and h(m)(x) = [h0(x), h1(x), . . . , hm1(x)]T where T means transpose and m = 2j.
4. Method of solution of Fishers equation
Consider the Fishers equation

ou o2 u
u1  u

ot ox2

16

with the initial condition u(x, 0) = f(x), 0 6 x 6 1 and the boundary conditions u(0, t) = g0(t), u(1, t) = g1(t), 0 < t 6 T.
Let us divide the interval (0, 1] into N equal parts of length Dt = (0, 1]/N and denote ts = (s  1)Dt, s = 1, 2, . . . , N. We assume
that u_ 00 x; t can be expanded in terms of Haar wavelets as formula

u_ 00 x; t

m1
X

cs nhn x cTm hm x;

17

n0

where  and 0 means differentiation with respect to t and x, respectively, the row vector cTm is constant in the subinterval
t 2 (ts, ts+1].
Integrating formula (17) with respect to t from ts to t and twice with respect to x from 0 to x, we obtain

u00 x; t t  ts cTm hm x u00 x; ts ;

ux; t t 

t s cTm Q m hm x

18
0

ux; t s  u0; t s xu 0; t  u 0; t s  u0; t;

_ t cTm Q m hm x xu_ 0 0; t u0;

_
ux;
t:
By the boundary conditions, we obtain

u0; ts g 0 ts ; u1; t s g 1 t s ;
_
_
u0;
t g 00 t; u1;
t g 01 t:

19
20

G. Hariharan et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

289

Putting x = 1 in formulae (19) and (20), we have

u0 0; t  u0 0; ts t  t s cTm Q m hm x g 1 t  g 0 t  g 1 ts g 0 t s ;

21

u_ 0 0; t g 01 t  cTm Q m hm x  g 00 t:

22

Substituting formulae (21) and (22) into formulae (18)(20), and discretizising the results by assuming x ? xl, t ? ts+1 we
obtain

u00 xl ; t s1 t s1  t s cTm hm xl u00 xl ; ts ;

23

uxl ; ts1 t s1  ts cTm Q m hm xl uxl ; t s  g 0 t s g 0 ts1

xl t s1  t s cTm Pm f g l t s1  g 0 t s1  g 1 t s g 0 t s ;
_ l ; ts1 cTm Q m hm x g 00 t s1 xl cTm Pm f g 01 ts1  g 00 ts1 ;
ux

24
25

where the vector f is dened as

f 1; 0; . . . ; 0 T :
|{z}
m1elements

In the following the scheme

_ l ; ts1 u00 xl ; t s1 uxl ; ts1 1  uxl ; t s1

ux

26

which leads us from the time layer ts to ts+1 is used.

Substituting Eqs. (23)(25) into Eq. (26), we gain

cTm Q m hm xl xl cTm Pm f g 01 t s1  g 00 t s1  g 00 t s1 u00 xl ; ts1 uxl ; ts1 1  uxl ; ts1 :

From formula (27) the wavelet coefcients

cTm

27

can be successively calculated.

5. Test problems
Problem 1. Consider the following problem:

ou o2 u
u1  u;

ot ox2

0<x<1

subject to a constant initial condition u(x, 0) = k

cTm Q m hm xl xl cTm Pm k g 01 ts1  g 00 t s1  g 00 t s1 u0 xl ; ts1 uxl ; t s1 1  uxl ; ts1 :

28

From formula (28) the wavelet coefcients cTm can be successively calculated.
ket
Using Adomian decomposion method, the exact solution in a closed form is given by ux; t 1kke
t which is in full
agreement with the results in [24].

Fig. 2. Comparison between exact and Haar solution of Fishers equation x = 20 and k = 12.5.

290

G. Hariharan et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

Fig. 3. Comparison between exact and Haar solution of Fishers equation x = 5 and k = 12.5.

Fig. 4. Comparison between exact and Haar solution of Fishers equation x = 10 and k = 12.5.

Computer simulation was carried out in the cases m = 32 and m = 64, the computed results were compared with the exact
solution, more accurate results can be obtained by using a larger m (see Figs. 24).
Problem 2. In this case we will examine the Fishers equation

ou o2 u
u1  u;

ot ox2

0<x<1

subject to the initial condition

ux; 0

1
1 ex 2

From formula (27) the wavelet coefcients cTm can be successively calculated.

G. Hariharan et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

This process is started with

uxl ; t s
u0 xl ; ts

1 ex 2
2ex

;
1 ex 3
"
#
ex  2e2x
:
u00 xl ; ts 2
1 ex 4
Problem 3. Consider the Fishers equation

ou o2 u
6u1  u;

ot ox2

0<x<1

subject to the initial condition

ux; 0

1
1 ex 2

The exact solution in a closed form is given by

ux; t

1
1 ex5t 2

This process is started with

uxl ; t s
u0 xl ; ts

1 ex 2
2ex

;
1 ex 3
"
#
ex  2e2x
00
:
u xl ; ts 2
1 ex 4
It is worth noting that applying the scheme proposed above for the Fishers equation

ut uxx au1  u;
1

the solution is ux; t 

1e

pa

bigl

x5at
6

2 can be compared with the Haar solution.

Problem 4. Consider the Fishers equation

ou o2 u
1  u;

ot ox2

1 < x < 1; t > 0

with the data u(1, t) = u(1, t) = 0 and the initial condition u(x, 0) = 0.
The exact solution of the model problem is given by

ux; t 1 

 

1
2
cosh x 16 X
1n cos2n  1px=2
2p
exp

1

2n

1

t :
cosh 1 p n1 2n  12n  12 p2 4
4

Problem 5. Consider the generalized Fishers equation

ou o2 u
u1  u6

ot ox2
1
subject to the initial condition ux; 0 1e3=2x
.
1=3

The solution in a closed form is given by

ux; t





1=3
1
3
5
1
tanh 
x t
:
2
4
2
2

In a similar manner, we can show that for the generalized Fishers equation

ut uxx u1  ua ;

291

292

G. Hariharan et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 211 (2009) 284292

the solution by Wang [7] is given by

ux; t




2=a


1
a
a4
b
1
:
tanh  p x  p t

2
2
2
2a 4
2 2a 4

6. Conclusion
The theoretical elegance of the Haar wavelet approach can be appreciated from the simple mathematical relations and
their compact derivations and proofs. It has been well demonstrated that in applying the nice properties of Haar wavelets,
the partial differential equations can be solved conveniently and accurately by using Haar wavelet method systematically.
Haar wavelets approach for the Fishers equation and the generalized Fishers equation is proposed. In comparison with
existing numerical schemes used to solve Fishers equation, the scheme in this paper is an improvement over other methods
in terms of accuracy. Another benet of our method is that the scheme presented here, with some modications, seems to be
easily extended to solve model equations including more mechanical, physical or biophysical effects, such as nonlinear convection, reaction, linear diffusion and dispersion.
Acknowledgement
The authors of this paper wish to thank the reviewers for their useful comments towards the improvements of the paper.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]

M. Ablowitz, A. Zepetella, Explicit solutions of Fishers equation for a special wave speed, Bull. Math. Biol. 41 (1979) 835840.
K. Al-Khaled, Numerical study of Fishers reactiondiffusion equation by the Sinc collocation method, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 137 (2001) 245255.
A. Boumenir, Power series solutions for the KPP equation, Numer. Algor. 43 (2006) 177187.
J.P. Boyd, Chebyshev and Fourier Spectral Methods, Dover, New York, 2000.
P. Brazhnik, J. Tyson, On traveling wave solutions of Fishers equation in two spatial dimensions, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 60 (2) (1999) 371391.
G.F. Carey, Y. Shen, Least-squares nite element approximation of Fishers reactiondiffusion equation, Numer. Methods Part. Differ. Eq. 11 (1995)
175186.
C. Cattani, Haar wavelet spline, J. Interdisciplinary Math. 4 (2001) 3547.
C.F. Chen, C.H. Hsiao, Haar wavelet method for solving lumped and distributed-parameter systems, IEE Proc.: Part D 144 (1) (1997) 8794.
Z. Feng, Yang Li, Complex traveling wave solutions to the Fisher equation, Physica A 366 (2006) 115123.
S.A. Gourley, Travelling front solutions of a nolocal Fisher equation, J. Math. Biol. 41 (2000) 272284.
A. Haar, Zur theorie der orthogonalen Funktionsysteme, Math. Annal. 69 (1910) 331371.
C.H. Hsiao, W.J. Wang, Haar wavelet approach to nonlinear stiff systems, Math. Comput. Simul. 57 (2001) 347353.
R. Kalpana, S. Raja Balachandar, Haar wavelet method for the analysis of transistor circuits, Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AE) 61 (2007) 589594.
T. Kawahara, M. Tanaka, Interactions of traveling fronts: an exact solution of a nonlinear diffusion equation, Phys. Lett. A 97 (8) (1983) 311314.
Y. Kuramoto, Chemical Oscillations, Waves and Turbulence, Springer, Berlin, 1984.
U. Lepik, Numerical solution of evolution equations by the Haar wavelet method, J. Appl. Math. Comput. 185 (2007) 695704.
U. Lepik, Numerical solution of differential equations using Haar wavelets, Math. Comp. Simul. 68 (2005) 127143.
U. Lepik, Application of the Haar wavelet transform to solving integral and differential equations, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Phys. Math. 56 (1) (2007)
2846.
W. Maliet, Solitary wave solutions of nonlinear wave equations, Am. J. Phys. 60 (7) (1992) 650654.
M.B.A. Monsour, Travelling wave solutions of a nonlinear reactiondiffusion-chemotaxis model for bacterial pattern formation, Appl. Math. Model. 32
(2008) 240247.
D. Olmos, Bernie D. Shizgal, A pseudospectral method of solution of Fishers equation, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 193 (2006) 219242.
P. Rosenau, J.M. Hyman, Compactons: solitons with nite wavelengths, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (5) (1993) 564567.
J. Sherratt, On the transition from initial data traveling waves in the FisherKPP equation, Dynam. Stab. Syst. 13 (2) (1998) 167174.
X.Y. Wang, Exact and explicit solitary wave solutions for the generalized Fishers equation, Phys. Lett. A 131 (4/5) (1988) 277279.
A.M. Wazwaz, Partial Differential Equations: Methods and Applications, Balkema Publishers, The Netherlands, 2002.
A.M. Wazwaz, A study of nonlinear dispersive equations with solitary-wave solutions having compact support, Math. Comput. Simul. 56 (2001) 269
276.
A.M. Wazwaz, The modied decomposition method and Pade approximations for solving the ThomasFermi equation, Appl. Math. Comput. 105 (1999)
1129.
A.M. Wazwaz, An analytical study of Fishers equation by using Adomian decomposition method, Appl. Math. Comput. 154 (2004) 609620.
A.M. Wazwaz, Analytical study on Burgers, Fisher, Huxley equations and combined forms of these equations, J. Appl. Math. Comput. 195 (2008) 754
761.
G.B. Whitham, Linear and Nonlinear Waves, Springer, New York, 1974.
M.C. Zhou, An application of traveling wave analysis in economic growth model, Appl. Math. Comput. 200 (2008) 261266.