Fe¢hwn na¡ë£−a ¢aÙ¹¡ j¡ep¡C ¢h−d±a i¨¢j−a psL ¢hhaÑ−el C¢aLb¡

Al©f−SÉ¡¢a jS¥jc¡l

−hq¡l fËn¡p−el f¢ÕQ−j a¡L¡−e¡l g¥lpv ¢j−m¢Rm Fe¢hwn na¡ë£l −no¡−n¢o, kMe ¢aÙ¹¡ f¡−sl
°hL¥ãf¤l Sefc¢V−a Cw−lS fËn¡p−Ll¡ S¡y¢L−u h−p¢R−mez Smf¡C…¢s e¡−j, ¢Lwh¡ S¥m¢f−N¡¢l - −kje¢V
lh¡VÑ ØV¥u¡VÑ h−m b¡L−ae - Sefc¢Vl f¢l¢Q¢al p¡−b p¡−b j¡b¡i¡‰¡ h¡ AMÉ¡a L¡¢mL¡N” c£OÑ O¤j −i−‰ E−W
hpmz
E−õMÉ, L¡¢mL¡N”, c¤NÑ¡N”, q¢lN” h¡ jceN” q¡V e¡jL Sefc…−m¡ djÑi£l¦ ¢fm¢NËj g¡c¡−ll¡
CaÙ¹a ÙÛ¡fe Ll−a L¡fÑZÉ L−le¢e Hhw −j¡u¡j¡l£, −j¡l‰¡, e¡LL¡¢VNR, Y¡w¢Yw…¢s e¡jL fË¡Q£e hp¢a…−m¡l
j¡−T −L±m£−eÉl −S−l a¡l¡ pjL¡m£e l¡Sü S¢l−fl j¡e¢Q−œ ByQs L¡V−aJ prj q−u¢Rmz SmY¡L¡, p¤¤a‰¡,
dlm¡ ¢h−d±a EhÑl A’m¢V−a psLS¡−ml ¢hÙ¹«¢aJ −j¡V¡j¤¢V −p pju −b−Lz
1859 MË£ø¡−ë AbÑ¡v BS −b−L ¢WL −csn hRl B−N −hq¡l h¡ L¥Q¢hq¡l l¡−SÉl f§aÑ¢hi¡−Nl
SeÈm−NÀ fËQ¢ma f¡−u q¡yV¡ fb…−m¡−L p¢l−u l¡M−m −k …¢VQ¡−lL psL Bj¡−cl eS−l B−p, hoÑ¡ −n−o a¡−a
Qm−a Qm−a f¢bL LMeJ Smd¡l¡u h¡d¡fË¡ç q−ae, LMeJ h¡ d¡e−r−a a¡l −MC q¡¢l−u −kaz f§−hÑ d¤h¢s
Hhw c¢r−Z lwf¤lN¡j£ psL c¤¢V H−cl j−dÉ fËd¡ez
h¡wm¡l −j¡Nm A¢dL¡l kMe ¢hÙ¹«aal q−u −hq¡−ll à¡lfË¡−¿¹ a¡l A¢Ù¹aÆ −O¡oZ¡ Ll¢Rm, −O¡s¡O¡V
h¡ BlJ Eš−l lwf¤−ll j¡¢mL¡e¡ hcmJ O−V¢Rm −p Bj−mz 1687 MË£ø¡−ë −O¡s¡O¡−Vl −j¡Nm −g±Sc¡l
Ch¡ca M¡yl L¡¢Le¡ cM−ml c¤-cnL f−l −hq¡−ll n¡pL l©fe¡l¡u−Zl p¡−b −j¡Nm−cl −h¡T¡fs¡l gmnË¥¢a−a
 fË¡ ¿¹ Q QÑ¡
−h¡c¡, f¡VNË¡j, f§hÑi¡−N −j¡Nm A¢dL¡l ü£L«a qmz M¡Se¡ Bc¡−ul rja¡ lCm −L¡Q n¡pL−cl q¡−az
jq¡l¡S¡J a¡ ¢hmrZ h¤−T¢R−me, e−Qv Q¡Lm¡…−m¡ e¡¢Sl −cJ−ul e¡−j CS¡l¡ −eJu¡l ¢fR−e Bl −L¡eJ
L¡lZ b¡L−a f¡−l e¡z 1765 l 12 BNø −j¡Nm h¡cn¡ ¢àa£u n¡q Bmj Cw−lS −h−e−cl h¡wm¡, ¢hq¡l,
E¢soÉ¡l −cJu¡¢e j”¥l Ll¡l ¢LR¥L¡−ml j−dÉ j¡¢mL¡e¡ hcm qm Bh¡lz lwf¤−ll ¢hË¢Vn Ad£ea¡ ü£L«a qmz
hËþf¤œ a£−l d¤h¢sl p¡−b L¥Q¢hq¡−ll −k¡N¡−k¡N O−V¢Rm BlJ B−Nz fl¡œ²¡¿¹ nœ¥l Bœ²j−Z ¢fR¥
q−V d¤h¢sl Ešl f§−hÑ c¤§NÑj l¡P¡j¡¢V h¡ BlJ Eš−l ec£ S‰mhým i¨M−ä p¡j¢uL BnËu NËqZ Se−N¡ù£Na
°eL−VÉl L¡l−Z pqSal q−u EWaz hml¡jf¤l, L«o·f¤l R¥y−u pw−L¡n f¡l q−u d¤h¢sN¡j£ psL¢V d−l pñha
fË¡Ze¡l¡u−Zl jªa¥Él fl −j¡Nm −pe¡f¢a Að−ll l¡S¡ l¡j¢pwq l¡P¡j¡¢V A¢ij¤−M ANËpl q−u¢R−mez
−N¡u¡mf¡s¡ A’−m −j¡Nm A¢dL¡l ¢hÙ¹«a q−m d¤h¢s Hhw p¢æ¢qa Hm¡L¡ lwf¤−ll fËn¡p¢eL
A¢dL¡−l Q−m −Nmz −cJu¡¢e m¡−il fl hËþf¤−œl BlJ ES¡−e −k¡N£−O¡f¡ h¡ AeÉ a−V −N¡u¡mf¡s¡u
Cw−lSl¡ p¡j¢lL Hhw fËn¡p¢eL cçl…−m¡ ÙÛ¡fe L−l¢Rmz
1772 H i¥V¡−e h¾c£ l¡S¡ °d−kÑɾcÊe¡l¡uZ Hhw a¡yl −cJu¡e−L j¤š² Ll¡l m−rÉ L¥Q¢hq¡l
fËn¡p−el Cø C¢äu¡ −L¡Çf¡e£l nlZ¡Na qJu¡l ¢hou¢V f¡W−Ll S¡e¡ B−Rz ¢qj¡m−ul p¡e¤−c−n i¥V¡−el
n¢š²¢hÙ¹¡−l Ba¢ˆa Cw−lS−cl fËÙ¹¡h¢V m¤−g ¢e−a pju m¡Nm e¡z l¢qjN” flNe¡ AbÑ¡v BS−Ll qm¢ch¡¢s,
−cJu¡eN”, A¾cle M¡php, h„£N” A’−m l©fe ¢pw Sj¡c¡−ll n¡pe¡d£e Hm¡L¡V¥L¥ h¡c ¢c−m −hq¡−ll phÑœ
−p pju −i¡V ¢Qe¡wöL fafa L−l Es−Rz lwf¤−ll L−mƒl f¡¢mÑw Hl B−c−n L¡−çe −S¡¾p Q¡l¢V −a¡f Hhw
HL −L¡Çf¡e£ −pe¡ pq −j¡Nmq¡V q−u iNh¿¹e¡l¡u−Zl f¢lQ¡me¡d£e e¡¢Sl −cJ−ul ¢n¢h−l −k¡N ¢c−mez k¤NÈ
h¡¢qe£l q¡−a N£a¡mcq, h¡m¡X¡‰¡, −j¡u¡j¡l£l ¢ho j¡M¡−e¡ i¥V¡e£ h¡y−nl −Lõ¡…−m¡l fae OV−a m¡Nmz
−hq¡l cMm f¡m¡ −no q−m Cw−lS −g±S f¢ÕQ−j ANËpl qmz
1665 MË£ø¡−ë −hq¡l¡¢df¢a fË¡Ze¡l¡u−Zl jªa¥Él AhÉh¢qa f−l e¡¢Sl−cJ jq£e¡l¡u−Zl f¤−œl¡
¢pwq¡pe cM−m p−Qø q−m °hL¥ãf¤−ll l¡uLa SN−ch J i¥S−c−hl qÙ¹−r−f ¢h−â¡q c¢ja qu Hhw
fË¡Ze¡l¡u−Zl f¤−œl¡ rja¡u A¢d¢ùa qez f¡VNË¡−jl fË¡Q£eaÆ −b−L Ae¤¢ja qu °hL¥ãf¤−ll h¡¢qe£ pñha −p
Sefc A¢aœ²j L−l j¡ep¡C-Hl f¢ÕQj a£−l −fy±−R¢Rmz h¡¢Z−SÉl fË−u¡S−e H fb¢Vl hým hÉhq¡−ll p¡rÉ
pjp¡j¢uL ¢hhlZ…−m¡−a l−u−Rz
L¡−çe −S¡¾p 1773 Hl S¡e¤u¡l£−a −j¡u¡j¡l£, m¡mh¡S¡l, n£amL¥¢Q q−u f¡VNË¡−j Ef¢ÙÛa
q−u¢R−mez 30 S¡e¤u¡l£ f¡VNË¡j −b−L L−uL j¡Cm Ešl f¢ÕQ−j QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡u −f±−R ¢a¢e −L¡Çf¡e£l
NiZÑl−L a¡yl Smf¡C…¢s Bœ²j−Zl A¢ifË¡−ul Lb¡ S¡¢e−u¢R−mez
QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡l Ešl-f¢ÕQ−j ¢aÙ¹¡z j¡−T −qm¡f¡L¢s, −S¡sf¡L¢s, fcja£, −i¡Vf¢–z ¢aÙ¹¡ f¡l q−m
l¡uLa cfÑ−c−hl fËd¡e O¡y¢V Smf¡C…¢sz −kje¢V −p pju fË¢a¢V i¨jÉ¢dL¡l£ L−l b¡L−ae, cfÑ−chJ a¡l
hÉ¢aœ²j eez a¡yl h¡¢qe£ Cw−lS−cl S¡anœ¥ pæÉ¡p£ ¢c−u Ns¡z EμQ¡¢im¡o£ cfÑ−ch −p j¤q¨−aÑ i¥V¡e
L¥Q¢hq¡−ll −N¡mj¡−ml p¤¤−k¡−N i¥V¡−el p¡−b B−f¡−o ¢aÙ¹¡l f§−hÑ L¥Q¢hq¡−ll ¢LR¥ S¢j cMm Ll¡l üfÀ
−cM−Rez Cw−lS −g±−Sl Bœ²j−Z Smf¡C…¢s c¤−NÑl fae OVmz
cfÑ−ch Hhw a¡yl Ešlp§l£l¡ k¢c H OVe¡ −b−L ¢nr¡ ¢e−ae a−h qu−a¡ H A’−ml j¡e¢Qœ BS
AeÉlLj qaz ¢L¿¹¥ ¢hou¢V −pM¡−e −b−j lCm e¡z
62 

−cJu¡e pq l¡S¡ °d−kÑɾcÊe¡l¡u−Zl j¤¢š²m¡−il fl −L¡Çf¡e£ LaÑ«fr ¢qj¡m−ul −cn…−m¡−a

Cwm−äl fpl¡l h¡S¡l −f−a BNËq£ q−u EW−mez ¢aîa h¡ pcÉ fl¡¢Sa −i¡V¡¿¹ −cn (i¥V¡e) ¢L¿¹¥ ¢e−Sl
i¨M−ä −L¡eJ ¢h−cn£ h¡¢Z¢SÉL fË¢aà¾à£−L −cM−a l¡S£ ¢Rm e¡z g−m −h¡Nm, qÉ¡¢jmVe ¢Lð¡ pÉ¡j¤−um
fªù¡

 
 A l© f −SÉ¡ ¢a j S¥ j c¡ l 

V¡eÑ¡−ll ¢aîaj¤M£ ¢jne…−m¡ abÉ pwNË−ql jj−dÉ p£j¡hÜ lCmz AeÉ¢c−L °hL¥ãf¤l n¡¢pa −Ll¡¢¿¹ (œ²¡¢¿¹),
S−Òfn h¡ Bjh¡¢s g¡m¡L¡V¡ A’m Hhw L¥Q¢hq¡−ll Eš−l −p¡e¡f¤l, l¡u−Q‰¡, jl¡O¡V, Q−L¡u¡−M¢a,
afn£M¡a¡, f¡−l¡l f¡l °hL¥ãf¤l h¡ L¥Q¢hq¡−lll A¢eμR¡p−aÆJ Cw−lS fËn¡pL−cl ¢hQ¡−l i¥V¡e£ Hm¡L¡ h−m
ü£L«a q−u¢Rmz ü¡−bÑl NlS hs h¡m¡Cz
Fe¢hwn na¡ë£l ¢œ−nl cn−L i¥VV¡−e A¢ÙÛla¡ hª¢Ü −fmz pja−m −e−j
H−p i¥¢Vu¡ c¤×L«a£−cl m¤Wal¡S, A¢NÀpw−k¡NN h¡ AeÉ¡eÉ −g±Sc¡l£ Afl¡d °e¢j¢šL
hÉ¡f¡l q−u c¡ys¡mz fË¡−c¢nL n¡peLaÑ¡−cl −üμR¡Q¡l, f¡lØf¢lL à¾à, DoÑ¡l cl¦e
a¡y−cl H hÉ¡f¡−l fË¢ah¡c L−lJ ¢LR¥ qa ee¡z 1845 H LÉ¡Çf−hm B−rf L−l
h−m¢R−me,

The whole history of ourr connection with Bhutan is a

continuous record of injuriies to our subjects all along the
frontier of 250 miles, of dennials of justice and of acts of insult
to our Government.

i¥V¡−el BiÉ¿¹l£Z −N¡m−k¡−N ¢WL −−p pju S¢s−u fs−me ¢jœ l¡uL−al¡z
h¡N£ aq¢nmc¡l ql−N¡¢h¾c L¡Vj¡ h¡ L¡W¡j−L −L qaÉ¡ L¢l−u i¥V¡−el −eLeS−l a¡yl¡
fs−me h−V ¢L¿¹¥ Cw−lS−cl f−r a¡ −j−e −eeJu¡ L¢We q−u c¡ys¡mz HLSe Cw−lS
fËS¡ fll¡øÊ ¢ho−u e¡L Nm¡−μR H−qe ØfdÑ¡ −LE −cM¡−h a¡ a¡−cl d¡lZ¡l h¡C−l
¢Rmz gmax cfÑ−c−hl Ešl¡¢dL¡l£ phÑ−ch lwwf¤−l A¿¹l£Z q−mez
−L¡Çf¡e£ ¢L¿¹¥ h¡¢Z−SÉl −M¡u¡h −i¡−m ¢ez c¤u¡l Hm¡L¡l E−šSL
f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al j−dÉ plL¡l£ fË¢a¢e¢d ¢q−p−h C− C−Xe−L f¤e¡M¡u i¥V¡e clh¡−l f¡W¡−e¡
q−u¢Rmz −pM¡−e a¡yl Q¨s¡¿¹ Afj¡e OVmz j¤−−M juc¡ O−o, Q¢hÑa f¡−el Ah−no R¥y−s
C−Xe ¢jn−el pcpÉ−cl ü¡Na S¡e¡−e¡ qmz qqa¡n C−Xe M¡¢m q¡−a ¢g−l H−mez
Cw−lS−cl °d−kÉÑlJ HLV¡ p£j¡ ¢Rmz −jSl −S¢ˆ¾p C¢af§−hÑ c¤u¡l
A¢dNËq−Zl fËÙ¹¡h h¡−l h¡−l a¥m−mJ hÉhp¡l −cc¡q¡C ¢c−u −g¡VÑ EC¢muj a¡−a LZÑf¡a
L−l¢ez −no fkÑ¿¹ 1864 l 12 e−iðl c¤u¡l L LhS¡l m−rÉ i¥V¡−el ¢hl¦−Ü k¤Ü −O¡oZ¡
R¡s¡ Ef¡u lCm e¡z pwOoÑ, c¤u¡l A’−ml cMm m f¡Ju¡ Hhw n¡¢¿¹ Q¥¢š²l j−dÉ HL hRl
A¢aœ²¡¿¹ q−u¢Rmz lwf¤−ll −aya¥¢mu¡ jqL¥j¡, °hL¥ãf¤l Hhw ¢h¢Sa A’−ml pjeÄ−u
N¢Wa p¤¤pwhÜ ea¥e Smf¡C…¢s −Sm¡l pcl ll©−f 1869 Hl S¡e¤u¡l£l fËbj ¢ce¢V−a LmL
L¡a¡ −b−L
Smf¡C…¢s nq−ll BaÈfËL¡n OVmz L¥Q¢hq¡l:
L¥Q¢hq¡−ll d¤h¢s ¢eiÑla¡ M¡¢eLV¡¡ q−mJ qÊÊ¡p −f−a öl¦ Llm −p pju
q¡¢l
¢l−u k¡Ju¡
−b−Lz f§−hÑ hml¡jf¤l eN−ll p¢æL−V L¡mS¡ S¡¢e ec£−a −e±L¡−l¡qZ L−l hËþf¤œ q−u
Smf−b
S
d¤h¢s h¡ ES¡−e −N¡u¡mf¡s¡ Abh¡ c¢r−Z f§hhÑÑh‰ h¡ l¡t h¡wm¡u −f±yR¡−e¡ pjup¡−fr
q−mJ pqSp¡dÉ ¢Rmz 6  
63
plL¡l£ ¢e−u¡Nfœ q¡−a 1842 Hl −ghË¥u¡¢l j¡−p −j¢XLÉ¡m L−m−S
fË¢n¢ra −jd¡h£ R¡œ nÉ¡j¡QlZ plL¡l Bp¡jj ØV£j¡−l −Q−f −N¡u¡mf¡s¡u AhalZ L−l¢R−mez L¥Q¢hq¡−l
fªù¡

−f±y−R ¢a¢e jq¡l¡S¡ ¢n−h¾cÊe¡l¡u−Zl ¢Q¢Lvpp¡−bÑ ¢e−u¡¢Sa qez 1853 p¡−m ¢n−h¾cÊe¡l¡u−Zl cšL f¤œ

   
 fË¡ ¿¹ Q QÑ¡

−cni¡−Nl fl i¥−m k¡Ju¡ fb: HC fËS−eÈl

L¡−R f¡VNË¡j, m¡mj¢Zlq¡V A−Qe¡ e¡jz
pÉ¡−Vm¡CV −b−L BSJ ¢L¿¹¥ −cM¡ k¡u
j¡b¡i¡P¡-f¡VNË¡j ¢œ²VJ−uz …Nm
pÉ¡−Vm¡CV jÉ¡f −b−L −a¡m¡ A−eL…¢m R¢h
S¥−s −mM−Ll B−m¡QÉ A’−ml j¡e¢Qœ¢V
°a¢l q−u−Rz HM¡−e f§−hÑ d¤h¢s −b−L
f¢ÕQ−j ¢n¢m…¢s Hhw Eš−l c¤u¡l A’m
−b−L c¢r−Z lwf¤l fkÑ¿¹ −cM¡ k¡−μRz j¡−Tl
e−l¾cÊe¡l¡uZ ¢nr¡m¡−il SeÉ H f−b LmL¡a¡l E−Ÿ−nÉ k¡œ¡ L−lez 1859
p¡c¡ m¡Ce¢V i¡la-h¡wm¡−cn p£j¡e¡z
NË¡¢g„: A¢e¾cÉ i–¡Q¡kÑ
Hl −O¡l hoÑ¡u OO−l −gl¡l pju ¢a¢e Smf−b −pC −N¡u¡mf¡s¡−a −e−j¢R−mez
L¥Q¢hq¡
q¡−l −V¢mNË¡−gl a¡l −f±yR¡−e¡l B−N k¡ ¢LR¥ −k¡N¡−k¡N d¤h¢sl
−V¢mNË¡g A¢gp j¡llga l¢ra qaz 1869 p¡−mJ LmL¡a¡ h¡ AeÉ ÙÛ¡e −b−L
L¥Q¢hq¡−ll SeÉ −k p¡jNËNË£ Bp−R a¡l Mhl¡Mhl −cJu¡ −eJu¡l SeÉ d¤h¢sl −V¢mNË¡g
j¡ØV¡l−L −cu j¡öm h¡hc plL¡l£ M¡−a ¢eu¢ja MlQ h¡yd¡ ¢Rmz ¢pf¡q£l¡ aMeJ L¥Q¢hq¡l −b−L
M¡Se¡ ¢e−u d¤h¢s Ry¥−u LmL¡a¡l −L¡o¡N¡−l a a¡ Sj¡ Ll−Rz d¤h¢s −b−L plL¡l£ j¡m, Jo¤−dl h¡„, Hje¢L
Bj J g¥−ml Q¡l¡ Bjc¡e£l ASpË e¢Sl pjp¡¡j¢uL cÙ¹¡−h−S f¡WL f¡−hez
l¡SL£u f§aÑcç−ll e¢b−a 1869 H e−l¡šj c¡p, ¢nhde c¡p, L¡ÒV¥ epÉ h¡ −Vf¤ e−pÉl hml¡jf¤l
ps−L f¤m −jl¡j¢al f¡n¡f¡¢n Smf¡C…¢sNN¡j£ ps−L L«o· c¡p h¡ L¡n£e¡b c¡−pl h¡y−nl p¡y−L¡ h¡yd¡l
64 

abÉV¥L¥ −b−L B¾c¡S Ll¡ k¡u d¤h¢sl f¡n¡f f¡¢n Smf¡C…¢sJ …l¦aÆ −f−a öl¦ L−l−R L¥Q¢hq¡l fËn¡p−el
L¡−Rz 1868-69 p¡−m L−eÑm iÉ¡e−l−ee H Hhw −jSl jÉ¡L−X¡e¡−ôl °al£ l¡Sü S¢l−fl eLn¡u L¥Q¢hq¡l
fªù¡

l¡−SÉl −k …¢VLu ps−Ll −cM¡ −j−m, L¥Q¢hq¡l q¡l j¡b¡i¡‰¡ psL a¡−cl j−dÉ HL¢Vz

 
 A l© f −SÉ¡ ¢a j S¥ j c¡ l 

−cni¡−Nl fl i¥−m k¡Ju¡ fb: −L¡Q¢hq¡l-j¡b¡i¡P¡-f¡VNË¡j-qm¢ch¡¢s q−u f§¢ZÑu¡ fkÑ¿¹ Q−m ¢N−u¢Rm Ad¤e¡m¤ç
C¢j−NËne −l¡Xz −Qe¡L¡V¡ −j¡−s i¡la-h¡wm¡−cn p£j¡−¿¹l L¡−R a¡l −cq¡h−no f−s l−u−R C¢aq¡−pl e£lh p¡r£ q−u,
qua Bh¡l HL¢ce HC fb −S−N EW−h HC A−fr¡ ¢e−uz

1865-66 p¡−m i¥V¡e£ BNË¡p−el Bnˆ¡ c§l q−a c¤u¡l p£j¡−¿¹ f¡q¡l¡l fË−u¡Se£ua¡ A−eLV¡ qÊÊ¡p −f−u¢Rmz
SmY¡L¡ a£lhaÑ£ ¢Nm¡X¡‰¡ b¡e¡−L j¡b¡i¡‰¡u Hhw B¢mf¤lc¤u¡l A’−ml ih¡e£N” b¡e¡−L a¥g¡eN−” H
pju ¢e−u k¡Ju¡ qmz f−ll hRl ¢hm¢n J M¡N¢lh¡¢s g¡y¢sc¤−V¡ S¡j¡mc−q Hhw n£amL¥¢Q−a ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹¢la qmz
1893-94 H n£amL¥¢Ql g¡y¢sl b¡e¡u f¢lhaÑe O−Vz mrÉ Ll−m −cM¡ k¡u hml¡jf¤l, L¥Q¢hq¡l, f¡VNË¡j q−u
d¤h¢s Smf¡C…¢s pw−k¡NL¡l£ l¡Sf−b Be−L¡l¡ j¡b¡i¡‰¡ J a¥g¡eN” b¡e¡c¤−V¡l SeÈ q−u¢Rmz

1869 Hl L¥Q¢hq¡l −b−L f¢ÕQ−j j¡b¡i¡‰¡ q−u f¡VNË¡j j¤M£ psL¢V 1875-91 Hl pwú¡−ll fl pÇfËp¡¢la
q−u f¢ÕQj H¢j−NËne −l¡X e¡−j f¢l¢Q¢a m¡i L−lz 1897 Hl ¢hdÆwp£ i¨¢jL−Çfl fl °al£ f§aÑ ¢hi¡N£u
fË¢a−hc−e −cM¡ ¢N−u¢Rm psL¢Vl ¢fR−e −p pju fkÑ¿¹ hÉ−ul f¢lj¡Z fË¡u Bs¡C mr V¡L¡, k¡ l¡−SÉl ph
L¢V psL ¢fR¥ −j¡V hÉ−ul 30%z 1869 H psL¢V L¥Q¢hq¡l nq−ll Eš−l M¡Ns¡h¡¢s−a pªø q−u f¢ÕQ−j
j¢qoh¡b¡e, l¡S¡l q¡V, q¢lf¤lq¡V, Q¡f¡…¢s, jceN” O¡V q−u −a¡pÑ¡l a£−l −f±yR¡az −a¡pÑ¡ f¡l q−u M¢–
j¡l£, Q¾ce−Q±l¡, −c¡mw Hl L¥¢W V¡Jl£L¡V¡ O¡Vz V¡Jl£L¡V¡ O¡−V ¢n¢Pj¡l£ h¡ j¡ep¡C A¢aœ²j L−l
Lm¡lh¡¢s O¡V Hhw j¡b¡i¡‰¡ b¡e¡z j¡b¡i¡‰¡l f¢ÕQ−j p¤¤a‰¡l Smd¡l¡z p¤¤a‰¡ f¡l q−u fQ¡Ns, ¢nL¡lf¤l,
−j¡qef¤l, −aa¥mRs¡, i¡ä¡lcq, f¡VNË¡jz dlm¡ a£−ll fË¡Q£e Sefc f¡VNË¡−jl f¢ÕQ−j ¢aÙ¹¡l f¤hÑ a£−ll q¡V
−jM¢mN”z f¡VNË¡−jl Eš−l f¢ÕQ−j QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡z −jM¢mN”, f¡VNË¡j Hhw QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡l AhÙÛ¡e −ke HL
pj−L¡Z£ ¢œi¥−Sl ¢ae¢V n£oÑ¢h¾c¥−a, k¡l A¢ai¥¨−Sl c¤'j¡b¡u f¡VNË¡j J QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡z f¡VNË¡−jl fl dhmpa£
ec£ f¡l q−u −hmam£ q¡V, h¤¢sj¡l£, QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡z AeÉ¢c−L −jM¢mN” −b−L QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡ −f±yR−a ¢eSalg Hhw
−m¡b¡j¡¢l Hm¡L¡ f¡l q−mC qmz QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡ −b−L f¡¢en¡m¡, i¡Vf¡s¡, −qm¡f¡L¢s, fcja£, −S¡sf¡L¢s,
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psL¢V−a 24 ¢V −pa¥ Hhw fË¡u pjpwMÉL L¡mi¡−VÑl A¢Ù¹−aÆl Mhl f¡Ju¡ k¡uz
j¡b¡i¡‰¡−L lwf¤−ll p¡−bJ −hy−d −gm−a fËu¡p£ q−me HLC pju fËn¡p−Ll¡z
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L¡¢kÑ¢c¢O q¡V q−u hsM¡a¡ −f±yR¡−m lwf¤l −b−L L¡¢Le¡, −i¡Vj¡l£, q¡¢ah¡å¡ R¥y−u Bp¡ fb¢V −pM¡−e pwk¤š²
qaz pwk¤š² psL¢Vl HL Awn h¡Jl¡q¡V q−u f¡VNË¡j −f±yR¡az AeÉ Awn¢V S¡jNË¡j, L¥Q¢mh¡¢s, cqNË¡j q−u
−jM¢mN−” −f±yR¡az −jM¢mN” −b−L QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡ q−u Smf¡C…¢sl ¢c−L fËp¡¢la l¡Ù¹¡¢Vl p¤¤m¤L Bj¡−cl S¡e¡
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1878-86 p¡−m p¤¤a‰¡ O¡V −b−L 15 g¥V QJs¡ Hhw 13 j¡Cm mð¡ j¡b¡i¡‰¡ n£amL¥¢Q œ²n −l¡X
c¢r−Z n£amL¥¢Q−a ¢ceq¡V¡ −jM¢mN” ps−L ¢N−u −j−mz n£amL¥¢Q Hhw q¡¢ah¡å¡l j−dÉ q¡¢ah¡å¡ NË¡j£Z
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O¡V −b−L Eš−l g¡m¡L¡V¡ −l¡X e¡−j fËp¡¢la q−u¢Rmz psL¢Vl HC Aw−nl °cOÑÉ ¢Rm 6 j¡Cmz
iÉ¡e−l−ee Hl S¢lf j¡e¢Q−œ f§hÑ f¢ÕQjj¤M£ psL…−m¡ −b−L −h¡T¡ k¡u Llc¢jœ qJu¡l HL
na¡ë£l j−dÉ fËn¡p¢eL rja¡l i¡l−L¾cÊ f§hÑ −b−L f¢ÕQ−j p−l k¡−μRz qm¢ch¡¢s Smf¡C…¢s Abh¡
m¡mj¢Zlq¡V q−u q¡¢ah¡å¡, hsM¡a¡, h¡Jl¡, f¡VNË¡j, QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡ A¢ij¤−M fËp¡¢la −lmfb ¢hou¢V−L aÆl¡¢eÄa
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p¡−m p¤¤V¥‰¡ −pa¥
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cCi¡‰¡, A¾cle fM£q¡N¡, ¢Nm¡X¡‰¡ q¡V, −Ln nl£h¡s£z f¡VNË¡j −b−L Eš−l S¡j¡mcq q¡V q−u −r¢a A¢ij¤−M
fËp¡¢la ps−Ll p¡−b l¡Ù¹¡¢V −Lnlq¡−V ¢jma az p¤¤Mec£¢O O¡−V AeÉ HL¢V l¡Ù¹¡ −a¡pÑ¡ −f¢l−u hs ¢nj¤m…¢s, 67 
eh£−el −c¡m¡, m¡g¡h¡¢s, −h¡u¡mh¡¢s, −n¡mj¡l£
l£ q−u g¡m¡L¡V¡l c¢r−Z j¤Se¡C ec£ A¢aœ²j L−l h¡m¡p¤¤¾c−l
X¥X¥u¡ A¢aœ²j Llaz −r¢a Ry¥−u psL¢V −L¡jmjm¡C ec£l a−V −j¡l‰¡ q¡−V −f±yR¡az −Lnl q¡V −b−L AeÉ
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l¡S Bj−ml f§aÑcç−ll BÉ¡i¢mw −f¡VÑ¡l ¢ØVj C¢”e

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iÉ¡e−l−ee Hl eLn¡u Q¨s¡i¡ä¡l −b−L AeÉ HL¢V fb QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡ fkÑ¿¹ ¢hÙ¹«az

pw−r−f hm¡ Q−m j¡b¡i¡‰¡−L −L¾cÊ L−l −k psLS¡m HC Sefc¢Vl SeÈ j¤q¨−aÑ f¢lm¢ra qu, a¡
flhaÑ£ na¡ë£ öl¦−a S¢Vm −b−L S¢Vmal q−u¢Rmz f¢ÕQj H¢j−NËne −l¡X, j¡b¡i¡‰¡ n£amL¥¢Q œ²n −l¡X,
l¡Z£l q¡V q−u −j¡l‰¡ fkÑ¿¹ ¢hÙ¹«a QÉ¡wl¡h¡å¡ ¢gX¡l −l¡X, j¡b¡i¡‰¡ - g¡m¡L¡V¡ −l¡X, f¡VNË¡j i¥V¡e −l¡X,
L¡V¡j¡¢l j¡e¡h¡¢s −l¡X Hhw −Lnlq¡V fkÑ¿¹ ¢hÙ¹«a −r¢a j¡b¡i¡‰¡ NË¡j£Z psL - fË¡u −csn j¡Cm c£OÑ HC
fb…−m¡l c¤f¡−nl S£hed¡l¡ HL håeq£e NË¢¿Û−a hy¡d¡ fsmz

j¡ep¡C Hhw ¢aÙ¹¡l jdÉhaÑ£ Hm¡L¡ ¢L Aa£−al −L¡eJ A¢ÙÛla¡l ¢Qq² BSJ f¡a¡u f¡a¡u, O¡−p
O¡−p hqe L−l Q−m−R ? fQ¡N−sl e¡−j −Me Bj−ml −L¡eJ c¤NÑ nq−ll Øj«¢a ¢L m¤¢L−u B−R ? f’Ns ¢L
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j¡ep¡C Hhw p¤¤a‰¡l S−m m¡¢ma H A’m a¡−a h¡yd¡ f−sz fËp‰a hm¡ k¡u ¢aÙ¹¡l BlJ f¢ÕQ−j jämO¡V
f¡l q−m ¢ialNs, f’Ns Hm¡L¡z LMeJ j−e qu j¡b¡i¡‰¡ e¡j¢V−a k¢c WÉ¡P¡−s h¡¢qe£l AaÉ¡Q¡−ll ¢Qq²
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pª¢ø qu ¢L i¡−h ? C¢aq¡−pl −L¡e AåL¡l k¤−N S£hed¡l¡ H A’−m ¢œ²u¡n£m ¢Rm, S¡XÉ a¡−L −p¢ce −hy−d
−g−m¢e Øfø L−l a¡ ¢L hm¡ k¡u e¡ ? i¥V¡e k¤Ü −n−o nql Smf¡C…¢sl N−s JW¡l p¡−b j¡b¡i¡‰¡l S−eÈ
qua C¢aq¡−pl Bh¡l ¢g−l Bp¡z
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