ENDANGERED SPECIES OF THE AEGEAN SEA

Murat BLECENOLU1, and Melih Ertan INAR2

1
Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology
09010 Aydn
2
Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology 35100 zmir
mbilecenoglu@adu.edu.tr

1. Introduction
The Mediterranean Sea basin is recognized as one of the most important biodiversity
areas, where the extended Aegean and Levantine coastlines of Turkey were included to
globally defined 25 hotspots (Myers et al., 2000). Despite of the lack of knowledge on
several marine taxa, a modest biodiversity estimate indicates the presence of at least
17000 species non-uniformly scattered throughout the Mediterranean, in which the
highest number of Red List (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) species
are concentrated at the western shelves, Adriatic and Aegean Seas (Coll et al., 2010). A
breakdown of the major threats to several faunal taxa (see Cuttelod et al., 2008) revealed
the loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitats as a direct or indirect result of human
activities is the main threat to Mediterranean species, followed by pollution,
overexploitation (unsustainable harvesting, hunting and fishing), natural disasters,
invasive alien species, human disturbance, and bycatch, respectively in order of
importance.
The first law on species conservation, namely the Hunting Law, in Turkey's
history was put into force by 1937, during the presidency of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. But
considering specifically the marine realm, the concepts of "conservation" and
"biodiversity" are relatively new concerns of Turkey that were put into the governments
agenda quite lately. Right after the inclusion of legal texts on nature conservation within
the Turkish constitution (1982, i.e. article 56 - the State shall take the necessary
precautions towards the protection and utilization of natural resources), Turkey has
signed a couple of important treaties in the following years, such as the Barcelona and
Bern conventions. Research efforts made during the last few decades have revealed that
several priority habitats (as defined in EU Habitats Directive; such as Posidonia oceanica
meadows, coralligenous habitats, marine caves etc.) and high number of endangered
species are concentrated along the Aegean Sea coasts. These precious habitats thus
deserve a special concern in nature conservation activities, but efforts spent so far were
focused mostly on the monitoring of critically endangered species, while the ecosystem
approach has not yet to be implemented. Laws have been designed to protect threatened
and endangered species, but previous experiences have shown that species are effectively

583

preserved if special attentions are paid primarily to habitats (Bianchi and Morri, 2000).
This approach once more shows us the extreme importance of marine protected areas,
urgently to be handled and established by the government using the available datasets
obtained during several biodiversity projects carried out so far. An estimated 3461 km 2
of marine area is presently under legal protection (4% of total area) within 31 marine and
coastal protected areas in Turkey, which is well far from the expected figures. In this
review, the endangered marine species distributing throughout the Turkish Aegean Sea
coasts are examined. Not only the Red Lists of IUCN were taken into consideration, but
also the relevant international treaties signed by Turkey were also analyzed.
2. Status of Endangered Species of the Aegean Sea
An examination of Red Lists (IUCN) and appendices of rest of the international
treaties (Barcelona and Bern conventions) have revealed the presence of 146 endangered
marine species inhabiting the Aegean Sea, comprising 18 plant, 37 invertebrate and 90
vertebrate species (for full account, see the Appendix). In a couple of cases, entire species
of a particular taxonomical group are assessed to be endangered; for example all 10
marine mammal species inhabiting the Aegean Sea were listed by IUCN red lists, as is
the case for marine reptiles and Petromyzonti (Table 1). However, majority of the taxa
has not yet evaluated by the IUCN experts or covered by appendices of treaties, so the
proportion of endangered species as a percentage of the relevant local diversity is quite
low - for example, out of 1056 marine arthropod species occurring along the Turkish
Aegean Sea coast (Bakr et al., 2014), only seven species appear within red lists or
appendices of other conventions, which makes 0.7% of the local diversity.
The Bern Convention constitutes an instrument of major importance for the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity at the regional level, whose main
objective is to conserve wild flora and fauna and their natural habitats, especially those
requiring the co-operation of several States. With reference to marine taxa occurring in
the Aegean Sea, 78 species are currently covered by the Bern Convention. There are only
6 marine plants included in App.I (3 algae species and 3 flowering plant species), while
majority of the strictly protected species are animal taxa (49 sp.) and exploitation of 23
more species are to be regulated.
The Barcelona Convention comprises 22 contracting parties that are determined to
protect the marine and coastal environment of the Mediterranean, while focusing to
achieve sustainable development by boosting regional and national plans. By the recent
revisions made, the Barcelona convention now includes 104 protected species inhabiting
the Aegean Sea. The appendix II (endangered plant and animal species) lists 79 species,
while 25 species were mentioned in appendix III.

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Table 1. Number of threatened species in taxonomic groups in the Aegean Sea and
their proportions as a percentage of the relevant local diversity.
Number of Threatened Species

% of Local Diversity

Plantae

18

3,6

Porifera

11

Bryozoa

0,7

Cnidaria

5,8

Arthropoda

0,7

Mollusca

10

1,2

Echinodermata

3,9

Petromyzonti

100

Elasmobranchii

39

67,2

Actinopteri

20

4,5

Reptilia

100

Aves

18

50

Mammalia

10

100

IUCN is the world's main authority for the conservation status of species, and the
red lists of threatened species prepared are the most comprehensive inventory of the
global conservation status of organisms, assessing the risk of extinction of species. The
regional (Mediterranean and Europe) red lists include 49 (critically endangered: 13,
endangered: 15, vulnerable: 21) and 45 (regionally extinct: 2, CR: 13; EN: 13; VU: 17)
species, respectively.
2.1. Marine Algae and Seagrasses
Of almost 800 marine floral species of Turkey, slightly over 500 species were
recorded from the Turkish Aegean Sea coast (Takn et al., 2001; 2008), 3.6% of them
are under protection. Among these, the Cystoseira species are among the most important
marine ecosystem-engineers, forming extended canopies, which are sensitive to any
human disturbances, like the decrease in water quality, the coastal development and the
outbreak of herbivores (Gianni et al., 2013). By the recent revision of Barcelona
convention, all Cystoseira species (except for C. compressa) were listed as endangered,
corresponding to 10 species reported from Aegean coasts of Turkey (Takn et al., 2008).
Seagrass meadows rank among the most productive coastal habitats (Figure 1), playing
key roles in several ecological processes (see contributions presented in Aktan and Aysel,
2013). The overall decline of marine phanerogams in the Mediterranean has been
measured as approximately 10% over the last 100 years, which does not trigger any of
the threatened categories (thus several species were interpreted as "least concern"), but

585

Bern evaluates three of the species as strictly protected, while Barcelona lists four species
as endangered.
2.2. Marine Invertebrates
Among 37 endangered invertebrate species reported from the eastern Aegean Sea,
Mollusca had the highest number of species (10 sp.), followed by Porifera (9 sp.),
Cnidaria (7 sp.) and Arthropoda (7 sp.). Rest of the taxa is represented by a few number
of species.
Some of the Mediterranean sponge species are under pressure mainly of epidemic
diseases, direct and indirect effects of global warming and overfishing of bath sponges
(Pronzato, 1999; Pronzato and Manconi, 2008), but threat factors at the Aegean Sea are
primarily associated with antropogenic impacts (i.e. discharge of pollutants, alteration of
coastal ecosystems, etc.). Following the severe epidemic during 1986, which was resulted
by the mass mortality of sponges in several Mediterranean countries, the sponge fishery
was banned in Turkey (Fishery Bulletin no.3/1 of General Directorate of Fisheries and
Aquaculture).
The endangered molluscs of the Aegean Sea are threatened mainly by hobbyist
activities (for example illegal collection of cowry shells), human consumption (such as
of Lithophaga lithophaga) and bycatch of various fishing gears (i.e. bottom trawlers'
impact on Pinna beds, see Figure 2) (Katsanevakis et al., 2008). Collection of a few
species is banned by Turkish national measures, which certainly require an update.
As for the threatened marine crustaceans, the major negative impact is of course the
over- and illegal fishing activities, likely to be remained unsolved because of ineffective
governmental measures. Authors of this chapter have witnessed several times the fishing
of endangered lobster species illegally out of the permitted season. Due to their high
commercial values, many crustaceans are objected to IUU (illegal, unreported and
unregulated) fishing.
Several anthozoa species play vital role as bio-constructors, creating habitats that
act as a shelter for many other organisms, thus harboring a great biodiversity. Long-lived
sessile invertebrates (like corals) are clearly more prone to extinction due to their very
slow growth and recovery. The fragility of the colonies makes them very vulnerable to
environmental or human-induced impacts, and even centuries maybe required (for
example for black corals) to recover from disturbance. Of the cnidarians evaluated by
IUCN so far, only a single species occurring at Aegean Sea is critically endangered
(Isidella elongata); this species has very recently been recorded from Turkey, off
Gkeada coasts, without any description and figure (Gnlal and Green, 2014).
Considering the Turkish national legislations, there are only two cnidarian species banned

586

for fishing - the gold coral (Savalia savaglia) and the red coral (Corallium rubrum). The
existence of the latter species in Turkey is a matter of dispute and all relevant records lack
scientific basis (see nar et al., 2014).

Figure 1. Widespread marine phanerogams of the Aegean Sea (up: Posidonia

oceanica; bottom: Cymodocea nodosa) (Photos: M. Bilecenolu).
The Mediterranean red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, which was classified as
vulnerable by IUCN (in Mediterranean Red List), occurs along the northern Aegean Sea,
forming dense colonies at 30-50 m depths on rocky bottom in Edremit (Deli Mehmet
Sl) and Saroz Bay. It is known to be a bio-constructor species hosting many other

587

invertebrates and a key species in the coralligenous assemblages in the western

Mediterranean (Scinto et al., 2009). Like other gorgonians, this species is threatened by
disturbances such as destructive fishing activities, anchoring, uncontrolled and overfrequent diving, mucilaginous algal aggregates, algal invasions and mass mortality caused
by anomalous seawater temperature increases (Kipson et al., 2015).
Within the framework of a project performed in the Ayvalk National Park, a large
mortality of P. clavata was observed at Deli Mehmet Sl (30-35 m depth) in August
2012. Many dead and alive colonies of the species as well as those of Eunicella cavolini
in the area were densely covered by mucilagous algal aggregates, that are known to bloom
in some areas of the Mediterranean in summer (Rinaldi et al., 1995) (Figure 3). In the
area where no mooring system is available, anchoring of diving boats was also observed
to have a great impact on the colonies of this species as well as those of Eunicella cavolini,
caused fatal damages or displacement of colonies. Arda et al. (2004) also reported that
majority of colonies of Eunicella singularis (60% of colonies) in Saroz Bay (Toplarn
Burnu, brice) were badly damaged or death and that healthy colonies only comprised
20% of total colonies in the area.

Figure 2. Examples of endangered invertebrate species from the Aegean Sea (upper
left - Aplysina aerophoba; upper right - Pinna nobilis; lower left - Palinurus
elaphas; lower right - Paracentrotus lividus) (photos: M & D. Kaya Bilecenoglu)

588

Figure 3. Mucilagous algal aggregates threatening Paramuricea clavata (upper

picture) and Eunicella cavolini (lower picture) in Ayvalk National Park (Photos:
M.E. nar).

589

2.3. Marine Vertebrates

Among all marine taxa of the Aegean Sea, none were represented by such a high
number of endangered species, as vertebrates do. From a total of 90 threatened
vertebrates, majority belonged to fishes (especially cartilaginous ones). Problems that
several Mediterranean fish populations have been subjected to were mentioned in
hundreds of scientific papers, in which solutions are already proposed: reinforce fishing
regulations, create new marine reserves, reduce pollution and review fishing quotas, in
particular the number of captures allowed for threatened species (Abdul-Malak et al.,
2011). Turkey is yet to step forward in conservation of endangered fish, where we still
witness tragic actions taken by the government - such as the absurd permission of
spearfishing of the Mediterranean dusky grouper, by the recent official fishery bulletin.
Reptilia are represented by 3 sea turtle species in the Aegean Sea, which are almost
exclusively dependent on their nesting sites along the northern Levantine shores
(Trkozan and Kaska, 2010). Sea turtle sightings at the Aegean Sea is thus relatively low
when compared to Levantine shores, and major threats they face with is deliberate killing,
incidental fishery catch, boat strikes (especially during high tourism season, see Figure
4), habitat degradation and pollution. Marine mammals of the Aegean Sea include 9
cetaceans and 1 pinniped species, all listed under threat categories of red lists and covered
by many national/international legislations, indicating their very high level of importance.
Common threats of the cetacean species are reduced food availability caused by
overfishing and environmental degradation, entanglement in fishing gear and the
accumulation of toxins in their bodies from chemical pollution; while the current
dramatically low population of the single pinniped (Monachus monachus) is in part due
to the loss of appropriate habitat for breeding and feeding (foraging), marine pollution,
diseases, disturbance from maritime traffic and poor enforcement of legal protection
measures (IUCN, 2012).
3. Conclusive Remarks
Four MPAs are present along the Turkish Aegean Sea coastline: (1) Foa Special
Environmental Protection Area (SEPA), (2) Data-Bozburun SEPA, (3) Gkova SEPA,
and (4) Saros Bay SEPA. All of these areas are very important ecosystems for seagrass
meadows, coralligenous habitats, several seabirds, cetaceans, monk seals, marine turtles,
endangered sponge and coral species. However, the above mentioned localities are
alleged to be "under protection", since the status they bear do not prevent or decelerate
direct and indirect human impact (for example coastal urbanization, fishing activities,
pollution etc.). It is not principally more MPA's we need, but better managed and
regulated protected areas.

590

With reference to lack of bio-ecological knowledge on several endangered marine

species, a higher research effort is required, since taking protective measures will be
impossible without the absence of sound scientific data. Improving knowledge of understudied and under-protected species/habitats is strictly dependent on improved
governmental financing mechanisms. Persistence of governmental support plays a key
role in reaching the principal targets as defined by the convention of biological diversity
(CBD).

Figure 4. The spiny butterfly ray (Gymnura altavela) is a critically endangered

species that is mostly threatened by incidental fishery catches (the individual in the
photo was immediately released to the sea alive). The lower photo belongs to a
Caretta caretta most likely died because of a boat strike. (Photos: B. Ergev and M.
Bilecenoglu).

591

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Appendix. Endangered species of the eastern Aegean Sea (RL1: global red list; RL2:
Europe red list; RL3: Mediterranean red list). Red List Categories: RE - regionally extinct,
CR - critically endangered, EN - endangered, VU - vulnerable. Description of Bern
Convention Appendices - App.I: strictly protected flora species; App.II: strictly protected
fauna species; App.III: protected fauna species. Description of Barcelona Convention
Appendices - App.II: List of endangered and threatened species; App.III: List of species
whose exploitation is regulated.
Group/Species

RL1

RL2

RL3

Bern

Barcelona

Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskl) J.V.Lamouroux

App.I

App.II

Cystoseira amentacea (C.Agardh) Bory

App.I

Cystoseira mediterranea Sauvageau

App.I

Cystoseira spp. (except C.compressa)

App.II

Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus) Setchell

App.II

Sargassum hornschuchii C.Agardh

App.II

Lithophyllum tortuosum (Esper) Foslie

App.II

Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile

App.I

App.II

Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson

App.I

App.II

Zostera marina Linnaeus

App.I

App.II

Zostera noltei Hornemann

App.II

Aplysina aerophoba (Nardo, 1833)

App.II

Aplysina cavernicola (Vacelet, 1959)

App.II

App.II

Axinella cannabina (Esper, 1794)

App.II

Axinella polypoides Schmidt, 1862

App.II

App.II

Geodia cydonium (Jameson, 1811)

App.II

Hippospongia communis (Lamarck, 1814)

App.III

App.III

Sarcotragus foetidus Schmidt, 1862

App.II

Spongia officinalis Linnaeus, 1759

App.III

App.III

Tethya aurantium (Pallas, 1766)

App.II

App.II

ALGAE

SPERMATOPHYTA

PORIFERA

BRYOZOA
Hornera lichenoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
CNIDARIA
Cladocora caespitosa (Linnaeus, 1767)

EN

EN

App.II

Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas, 1766)

VU

Isidella elongata (Esper, 1788)

CR

Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758)

EN

App.II

594

Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826)

VU

Pennatula phosphorea Linnaeus, 1758

VU

Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819)

App.II

App.II

Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.III

App.III

Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788)

App.III

App.III

Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

App.II

VU

App.III

App.III

Scyllarides latus (Latreille, 1803)

App.III

App.III

Scyllarus arctus (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.III

App.III

Scyllarus pygmaeus (Bate, 1888)

App.III

App.III

Charonia variegata (Lamarck, 1816)

App.II

App.II

Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884)

App.II

App.II

Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

App.II

Luria lurida (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

App.II

Ranella olearium (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

App.II

Tonna galea (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

App.II

Zonaria pyrum (Gmelin, 1791)

App.II

App.II

Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

App.II

Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758

App.II

App.II

Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758

App.II

Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845)

App.II

App.II

Ophidiaster ophidianus (Lamarck, 1816)

App.II

App.II

Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)

App.III

App.III

App.III

App.III

EN

Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

VU

EN

VU

Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827)

VU

EN

EN

App.III

Carcharias taurus Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810

VU

CR

CR

App.II

Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)

Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider,
1801)

VU

CR

EN

App.II

App.II

VU

CR

VU

App.III

Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765)

VU

EN

VU

App.II

App.II

Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)

EN

Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill, 1815)

VU

CRUSTACEA

Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787)

MOLLUSCA

ECHINODERMATA

PETROMYZONTI
Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758
ELASMOBRANCHII
Alopias superciliosus Lowe, 1841

595

Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)

Dipturus batis (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

CR

CR

CR

App.II

Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

EN

Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy SaintHilaire, 1817)

VU

VU

App.II

EN

EN

EN

App.II

Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

CR

CR

App.II

VU

App.III

Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

VU

Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810

VU

CR

App.III

App.II

Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

VU

CR

CR

App.III

App.II

Leucoraja circularis (Couch, 1838)

EN

EN

CR

App.II

Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788)

EN

EN

EN

App.II

App.II

EN

App.III

VU

VU

EN

App.III

Mustelus punctulatus Risso, 1827

VU

App.III

Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

Mustelus asterias Cloquet, 1819

Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810)

VU

CR

VU

App.II

Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
1817)

VU

VU

CR

App.II

CR

VU

App.III

App.III

Raja radula (Delaroche, 1809)

EN

EN

Raja undulata Lacepde, 1802

EN

EN

Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758)

EN

EN

EN

App.II

Rostroraja alba (Lacepde, 1803)

EN

CR

CR

App.III

App.II

Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

VU

App.II

Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758

VU

EN

EN

App.III

Squatina aculeata Cuvier, 1829

CR

CR

CR

App.II

Squatina oculata Bonaparte, 1840

CR

CR

CR

App.II

Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758)

CR

CR

CR

App.III

App.II

Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1770

CR

RE

App.III

Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758

CR

App.II

App.II

App.III

App.III

Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758)

ACTINOPTERI

Alosa fallax (Lacepede, 1803)

Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)

CR

App.III

Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

VU

VU

Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834)

EN

EN

EN

App.III

App.III

Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

App.II

Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829

App.II

App.II

596

Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758)

Labrus viridis Linnaeus, 1758

RE

App.III

App.II

VU

VU

VU

Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

Opeatogenys gracilis (Canestrini, 1864)

Orcynopsis unicolor (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
1817)

VU

VU

Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas, 1770)

VU

App.III

Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758

VU

App.III

App.III

Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827

App.III

Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758)

EN

EN

App.III

Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

VU

App.III

App.III

Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758

App.III

EN

App.II

App.II

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)

EN

App.II

App.II

Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761)

VU

App.II

App.II

Gavia arctica (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan, 1763)

App.II

Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

App.II

Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769)

App.II

App.II

Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827)

VU

App.II

App.II

Microcarbo pygmaeus (Pallas, 1773)

App.II

App.II

Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761)

App.II

App.II

Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832

VU

App.II

App.II

Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758

App.II

App.II

Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811)

App.II

Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck, 1815)

App.II

Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758)

App.II

Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789)

App.II

App.II

Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770)

App.II

App.II

Larus armenicus Buturlin, 1934

App.II

Sternula albifrons (Pallas, 1764)

App.II

App.II

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758

App.II

Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763

App.II

EN

VU

App.II

App.II

EN

App.II

App.II

REPTILIA
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)

AVES

MAMMALIA
Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758

597

Grampus griseus (G. Cuvier, 1812)

App.II

App.II

Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779)

CR

CR

CR

App.II

App.II

Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758

VU

VU

EN

App.II

App.II

Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

App.II

App.II

Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846)

App.II

App.II

Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833)

VU

App.II

App.II

Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)

VU

App.II

App.II

Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, 1823

App.II

App.II

598

THE AEGEAN SEA

MARINE BIODIVERSITY,
FISHERIES, CONSERVATION
AND GOVERNANCE

Edited by
Tuncer KATAAN Ege University
Adnan TOKA Ege University
kr BEKTEPE Dokuz Eyll University
Bayram ZTRK Istanbul University

Publication No: 41

Istanbul 2015

THE AEGEAN SEA

MARINE BIODIVERSITY, FISHERIES,
CONSERVATION AND GOVERNANCE

Bu kitabn btn haklar Trk Deniz Aratrmalar Vakfna aittir. zinsiz baslamaz, oatlamaz.
Kitapta bulunan makalelerin bilimsel sorumluluu yazarlara aittir.
All right are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form by any means without the prior permission from the Turkish Marine
Research Foundation (TDAV). Authors are responsible for their articles conformity to scientific
rules.
Editor and Publisher cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the
use of the information contained in this book; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily
reflect those of Editors and Publisher.
Copyright: Trk Deniz Aratrmalar Vakf (Turkish Marine Research Foundation)
ISBN-978-975-8825-33-2
Citation:

Kataan, T., Toka, A., Beiktepe, ., ztrk, B. (Eds.) (2015). The Aegean Sea
Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservation and Governance. Turkish Marine
Research Foundation (TUDAV), Publication No: 41, Istanbul, TURKEY.

Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TDAV)

P.O. Box: 10, Beykoz / Istanbul, TRKYE
Tel: +90 216 424 07 72
Fax: +90 216 42407 71
E-mail: tudav@tudav.org
www.tudav.org

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