oME 228- THERMAL SCIENCES

FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS

LEVEL-5
PREREQUISITE- Phy 104
Number of Credits-2
GOALS- To introduce the students of civil engineering to the basic concepts of thermal engineering and
.to demonstrate the application of these principles in the engineering systems
SYALLABUS- Properties of ideal gas and liquid vapor phases of pure substance. laws of
thermodynamicsand their basic applications. Ideal, airpower, vapor power and refrigeration cycles. Basic
.air conditioning processes, One dimensional steady state heat transfer
-TEXT BOOKS
.Cengel,Y.A. and Turner ,R.H., Fundamentals of Thermal- Fluid Sciences,2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill,2005-1
.Cengal,Y.A., Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer,1st Edition, McGraw-Hill,1997-2

Eastop & Mc. Conkey, Applied Thermodynamics by Longman .3

:Course Objectives
To familiarize the .1
students with basic
concepts, devices and
properties used in thermal
.science
To prepare the student to .3
effectively use knowledge
of thermodynamics in the
analysis of basic thermal
systems such as engines,
refrigerators and heat
.pumps

:Course Outcomes
be able to determine the thermodynamic properties of pure substances, ideal gases and .1
.mixture of vapor and liquids
be able to find the correct phase and remaining properties of a substance when a set .2
of properties is given

To introduce Student to 4
basics of air conitioning

understand the use of psychometric chart for the evaluation of properties of dry and 1
.wet atmosphere
understand the basic air conditioning processes and their performance through the use 2
.of psychometric chart
.have a basic understanding of different modes of heat transfer .1

To familiarize the .4
students with basic
concepts of heat transfer

understand the functioning of heat- engine , refrigerator and heat pump.1

analyze the standard ideal working cycles with regard to the properties heat and .2
.work transfer behavior
be able to calculate performance of thermal systems in terms of thermal .3
.efficiencies and CO.P
.given an actual device , analyze the corresponding ideal device .4

understand the laws that govern the different modes of heat transfer and to calculate .2
.thermal resistances involved
.analyze the heat transfer by using thermal resistances and thermal circuit models .3

To provide students with .5

the basic principles
required for understanding
conduction heat transfer

Assessment
Method
Homework

be able to determine heat transfer through plane and curved walls .1

be able to comprehend how heat transfer and thermal engineering impact the .2
structural design of building walls

Number/Type

Instructor
Assessed

TA/Grader
Assessed
X

Peer/Self
Assessed

Mid Terms/Final
Exams
Quizzes
Computer Tools
Used

X
X

(EES)

TUTORIAL SHEETS

Basics Work, Heat and Energy

.Classify the following processes as heat or work. Give reasons (1)
.Temperature rise of a gas in a cylinder when it is compressed by the piston.Heating of aroom when an electric iron is plugged in.Solar heating of a room.Heating of an insulated room by burning candlesNitrogen at an initial state of 300K,150 kPa and 0.2 m3 is compressed by (2)
.isothermal process to a final pressure of 800 kPa. Find work done
.What is difference between heat transfer and work transfer(3)
Show that for a closed system under going constant pressure process(4)
Qnet in-Wnet out=H2-H1
A mass of 15kg of air in a piston cylinder deviceis heated from 250C to 770C by (5)
passing current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the
cylinder is kept constant at 300kPa during the process and a heat transfer of 60KJ
.occurs.Determine the electrical energy supplied
A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.5 m3 of a gas (Cp=1.04 kJ/kg-K, (6)
R=297J/kg-K) at 400 kPa and 270C. An electric heater outside the cylinder is
switched on. It passes 5A current for 5minutes from a 120V source. The gas expands
at constant pressure and heat lost to the surroundings is 2800J.What is the final
.temperature of the gas
PROPERTIES OF GASES AND MIXTURES
Complete the table,Fluid water (1)
T,oC
P,kPa
u,kJ/kg
phase
400
1825
220
Saturated vapor
190
2000
4000
3040
Determine specific volume of super heated water at 10 MPa and 400 oC using (2)
The ideal gas equation (I)
The generalized compressibility chart (II)
Steam table(II)
.Find the error involved in first two cases
A tank whose volume is unknown is divided into two parts by a separating partition. (3)
One side of the tank contains 0.01 m3 of refrigerant 134a that is saturated at 0.8 MPa,
while the other side is evacuated. The partition is removed and tank fills the entire

volume of the tank. If the final state of the refrigerant is 25 oC and 200 kPa, determine the
.volume of the tank
Further Problem
A rigid tank contains 50 kg 0f saturated liquid at 900C.Determine pressure and volume 1
contained in the tank
Calculate specific volume, specific enthalpy and specific internal energy of steam at 2
150 kPa and having a dryness fraction of 0.85
Calculate dryness fraction of steam at 700 kPa pressure having an enthalpy of 2500 3
.kJ/kg
A rigid tank having a volume of 2.5 m3 contains 5 kg of saturated liquid vapor mixture 4
at 750C. It is heated slowly till it just contains saturated vapor. Find the temperature of the
.steam at that time
Steam at 150 bars has a specific enthalpy of 3400 kJ/kg. Calculate temperature, specific 5
.volume, specific internal energy and quality of steam
A piston cylinder device encloses 0.1 cubic meter of steam having a mass of 0.5 kg at 6
0.4 MPa. Heat is added to the steam at constant pressure till its temperature reaches to
.3000C. Determine heat transfer and work done
FIRST LAW FOR CLOSED SYSTEM
A fluid in a rigid tank having an internal energy of 800 kJ is stirred by a paddle (1)
wheel doing 100 kJ of work. The tank looses 500 kJ of heat to the surroundings. Find
.change in internal energy
A piston cylinder device contains 25 gms of saturated water vapor at 300 kPa. An (2)
electrical heater is placed within the device. The heater is switched on and it draws a
current of 0.5 Amperes from a source of 120 V for 10 minutes. A heat loss of 30 kJ occurs
.from the device to the surroundings. Determine the final temperature of the water
A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.5 m3 of a gas (Cp=1.04 kJ/kg-K, (3)
R=297J/kg-K) at 400 kPa and 270C. An electric heater outside the cylinder is
switched on. It passes 5A current for 5minutes from a 120V source. The gas expands
at constant pressure and heat lost to the surroundings is 2800J.What is the final
temperature of the gas
A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.5 m3 of a gas (Cp=1.04 kJ/kg-K, (4)
R=297J/kg-K) at 400 kPa and 270C. An electric heater outside the cylinder is
switched on. It passes 5A current for 5minutes from a 120V source. The gas expands
at constant pressure and heat lost to the surroundings is 2800J.What is the final
.temperature of the gas
Water is being heated in a closed pan on the top of a cooking range while it is (5)
being stirred by a paddle wheel. During this process 30 kJ of heat are added and
paddle wheel work amounts to 500N-m. If the heat loss to the surroundings from the
.pan is 5 kJ find the final energy of the system if its initial energy is 10 kJ
A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of two processes. During the first (6)
process 40 kJ of heat are transferred to the system and system does 60 kJ of work.

During the second process 45 kJ of work are done on the system Determine the heat
transfer during the second process and calculate the net heat transfer and the work
.done during cycle
A classroom of 50 students capacity is to be air-conditioned by two window units (7)
of 5 kW rating each. The class is illuminated by 12 light bulbs of 100 W each. The
rate of heat transfer to the room from the surroundings is 15000 kJ/h. If the room
temperature is to be kept constant at 20oC, determine the minimum number of air
.conditioning units needed to do the job
FIRST LAW FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
(1) Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200 oC and 30 m/s. It leaves at 100
kPa and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80x10 -4 m2. Find the mass flow rate
through the nozzle, temperature at the exit of the nozzle and the area of the nozzle at its
exit.
(2) Air enters a compressor at 100 kPa, 25 oC and with a negligible velocity. It leaves the
compressor at 1 MPa, 347o C and at a velocity of 90 m/s. The compressor is cooled at a
rate of 1500 kJ/min and power input to the compressor is 250 kW. Determine the mass
flow rate through the compressor.
(3) 12 kg/s of steam enters steadily though a turbine at 10 MPa, 450 oC and 80 m/s. The
steam leaves at 10 kPa and 50 m/s with a 92% quality. Find change in the kinetic energy,
power out put from the turbine and area of the inlet passage of the turbine.
(4) A well insulated valve is used to throttle steam from 8 Mpa and 500 oC to 600oC. Find
the final temperature.
(5) A hot water stream at 80oC enters a mixing chamber with mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s
where it mixes the cold water stream which is at 20 oC. It is desired that the mixture be at
40oC. Assuming the pressure is homogenous in the mixing chamber find the flow rate of
the cold water.
(6)Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 10Mpa, 500K, 80m/s and at a rate of 3kg/s. It
leaves at 20kPa and 50m/s. If the power output from the turbine is 2MW, determine the
temperature of the steam at the exit of the turbine.
(7) Steam at 3 MPa and 4000C enters an adiabatic nozzel steadily with a velocity of
40m/s and leaves at 2.5 MPa and 300m/s. Determine exit temperature and area ratio of
the nozzle.
(8) Refrigerant 134a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 800 kPa to a pressure of
140 kPa. Find final temperature and specific volume.
(9) Helium is compressed from 120 kPa and 310 K to 700 kPa and 430 K. A heat loss of
20 kJ/kg occurs during compression. If the kinetic and potential energy changes are
insignificant and mass flow rate is 90 kg/min, find the power input to the compressor.
(10) Argon gas enters steadily an adiabatic turbine at 900 kPa and 450 oC with a velocity
of 80 m/s. It leaves the turbine at 150 kPa with a velocity of 150 m/s. the inlet of the
turbine is 60 cm2. If the power output from the turbine is 250 kW determine the exit
temperature of the argon.
(11) Steam at 5 MPa and 500 oC enters nozzle steadily with a velocity of 80 m/s and
leaves it at 2 MPa and 400oC. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm 2 and the heat lost from

the nozzle is 90 kJ/s. Determine the mass flow rate of steam, exit velocity of steam and
the exit area of the nozzle.
(12) Air at 80 kPa and 127 oC enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily at a rate of 6000 kg/h
and leaves it at 100 kPa. The velocity of the air steam is decreased from 230 m/s to 30
m/s at it passes through the diffuser. Find the exit temperature of air and the exit area of
the diffuser.
(13) Liquid water enters at 300 kPa and 20oC a mixing chamber a rate of 1.8 kg/s where it
is mixed with superheated steam at 300 kPa and 300 oC. If the mixture leaves the mixing
chamber at 60oC, determine the mass flow rate of the super heated steam.
(14) Water is heated in an insulated constant diameter tube by a 7 kW electric heater
placed inside it. If the water enters the heater at 15oC and leaves it at 70oC, find the mass
flow rate of the water.
(15) Water at 100 bar and 100 oC enters a boiler at a rate of 10 ton/hr and leaves
superheated at 400 oC. Calculate the fuel consumption rate if the boiler efficiency is 90%
and the fuel calorific value is 40 MJ/kg.
(16) Steam at 0.07 bar and 88% dryness fraction exits from a steam turbine and enters a
steam condenser at rate of 100 ton/hr. Calculate cooling water flow rate if the cooling
water temperature rise is oC.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at arate of 280GJ/h. Heat lost from (1)
the steam to the surroundings is 8GJ/h and the waste heat transferred to the sink is 145
.GJ/h. Determine the power output in MW and thermal efficiency of the power plant
A car engine with the power out put of 70 Kw has an efficiency of 30%. (2)
.Determine rate of fuel consumption if the heating value of the fuel is 49000 Kj/kg
A steam power plant with a power output of 200 MW consumes coal at a rate of (3)
60000 kg/h. The heating value of the coal is 30000 Kj/kg, determine the thermal
efficiency of the power plant
A 50 Kw electric car is powered by an electric motor mounted in the engine room. (4)
If the motor has 90% efficiency calculate the heat supplied by the motor to the engine
.room
A household refrigerator has a cop of 1.8. It removes heat from the refrigerated (5)
space at a rate of 100 Kj/min. Determine the electric power consumed by its
.compressor and the rate at which heat is transferred to the kitchen
kg of watermelon at 200C are to be cooled to 80C by placing these in a 10 (6)
refrigerator of COP 2.5 and requiring a power input of 500 W. The specific heat of
.watermelons is 4.2 Kj/kg-0C. Calculate the time taken for the cooling of watermelons
Determine the COP of a refrigerator that removes heat from a food compartment (7)
at a rate of 8000 Kj/h for each Kw of power it is supplied. Also determine the rate of
.heat rejection to the surroundings
An air conditioner removes heat steadily from a house at a rate of 750Kj/min (8)
while consuming power at arate of 6 Kw. Determine the COP of the air conditioner
.and the rate of heat transfer from the room
A house can be heated either by electric resistance heaters or by a heat pump. A (9)
household consumes 1200 kWh of electric power in a month by using these electric

resistance heaters .The price of electricity is 9 Sr/kWh. Find the net saving of the
.household owner if he replaces the resistance heaters by a heat pump of COP 2.5
A heat pump is used to maintain a house at aconstant temperature of 240C. The (10)
heat lost through the walls and windows is 60000Kj/h whereas the heat generated in
the house by all means is 4000 Kj/h .For a COP of 2.5 determine the power input to
.the heat pump
A Carnot engine operates between a source temperature of 1000K and asink (11)
temperature of 300K. If the heat engine is supplied heat at a rate of 800Kj/min,
.determine the thermal efficiency, and power out put of the engine
An engine designer claims to have designed an engine that receives 800 Kj of (12)
heat from a source at 400K and produces 250 Kj of net work output while rejecting
?the waste heat to a sink at 300K. Is it possible
A Carnot engine having a thermal efficiency of 55% rejects heat at a rate of 800 (13)
Kj/ min to lake at 150C. Find the power of the engine and the temperature of the
.source
A Carnot refrigerator operating in aroom at 250C consumes 2 Kw of powerwhile (14)
.keeping the food in it at 30C. Determine rate of heat rejection
A building has an air conditioning load of 150 MWh when the unit cost of the (15)
,power is 50 halalas per kWh. Two air conditioners are available in the market
Air conditioner unit (A) has COP of 3.2 and its initial cost is 22000 SR, unit (B) has
COP of 5 with an initial cost of 30000 SR. If maintenance cost and other cost are
same which unit you will choose if you wish to use the unit for 2 years and if you
.wish to use it for 5 years
A Carnot engine receives heat fro a reservoir at 9000C at a rate of 800 Kj/ min (16)
and rejects heat to the surroundings, which are at 270C. The entire work out put of the
engine is to be use to drive a carnot refrigerator whose food compartment is at -50C
and that also rejects heat to the same surroundings which are at 270C. Determine the
maximum rate of heat removal from the food compartment and the total heat that is
.rejected by the heat engine and the refrigerator
AIR-CONDITIONING
(1) A house contains air at 250C and 65% relative humidity. Will the moisture on the
inner surface of window condense when the window temperature decreases to 100C?
(2) The room temperature is 400C and it has 40% relative humidity. A man wearing glass
enters this room after a a long walk in a temperature of 8 0c. Will his glasses become
fogged?
(3) he dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of atmosphere are 250C and 200C respectively.
Determine specific humidity, relative humidity and specific enthalpy of air.
(4)The dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of atmosphere are 25 0C and 200C respectively.
Determine specific humidity, relative humidity and specific enthalpy of air and dew point
temperature.
(5) The air in a room is at 32 0C and 60% relative humidity. Determine specific humidity,
specific enthalpy, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, and specific volume of
air.

(6) The air in a room is at 26 0C and 70% relative humidity. Determine specific humidity,
specific enthalpy, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, and specific volume of
air.
(7) The air in a room is at 28 0C and 70% relative humidity. Determine specific humidity,
specific enthalpy, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, and specific volume of
air
(8) The dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of atmosphere are 24 0C and 170C
respectively. Determine specific humidity, relative humidity and specific enthalpy of air,
specific volume and dew point temperature