Momentum Transfer - 1 (4009)

CHEE4009
Transport Phenomena
Semester 1, 2016
Lecturer: Prof. D. D. Do
What are Transport Phenomena?
Domain of Chemical Engineering

Process Design
Transport Phenomena
& Science
Product Design
Objectives in CHEE4009
Unify the various transfers (momentum, heat and mass)
Formulate a shell balance to obtain an equation describing the transfer
Impose physical constraints (boundary conditions)
Solve differential equations for various examples by analytical means
Extrapolate solutions of simple systems to analyze complex systems
etc
Assessments
3 Assignments (15%)
1 on momentum transfer (5% each)
1 on heat transfer (5% each)
1 on mass transfer (5% each)
1 Mid Semester Test (20%)

1 Final closed book examination (65%)
Text books
Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot, Transport
Phenomena, Wiley, second edition, NY, 2002
This is a very good book in Transport Phenomena. However, there
are many books on the same subject available in the library.
References
R. G. Rice and D. D. Do, Applied Mathematics for
Chemical Engineers, Second Edition, Wiley, New
York, 2012.
This book is a good source of various basic mathematical methods of
solving various transport problems in chemical engineering
You also find many more applied mathematics books for engineers in
the library
An Overview of Transport Principles

Momentum
Heat
Mass
Quantity
Stress
Heat Flux
Mass Flux
Driving Force
Velocity
gradient
Temperature
Gradient
Concentration
Gradient
Parameter
Characterizing
the Transport
Viscosity
Thermal
Conductivity
Diffusion
Coefficient
Basic law
Newton law
Fourier law
Fick law
yx =
dv x
dy
qx = k
dT
dx
J x = DAB
dC
dx

Transport
equation
Type of
equation
Momentum
Heat
Mass
Balance around a
finite shell having
surfaces
perpendicular to the
transport directions
Balance around a
finite shell having
surfaces
perpendicular to the
transport directions
Balance around a
finite shell having
surfaces perpendicular
to the transport
directions
1st order ODE in

terms of shear stress
2nd order ODE in
terms of velocity
1st order ODE in

terms of heat flux
2nd order ODE in
terms of temperature
1st order ODE in

terms of mass flux
2nd order ODE in
terms of concentration

Boundary
conditions (BC)
Methods of
analysis
Momentum
Heat
Mass
BC of 1st kind
BC of 2nd kind
BC of 4th kind
BC of 1st kind
BC of 2nd kind
BC of 3rd kind
BC of 4th kind
BC of 1st kind
BC of 2nd kind
BC of 3rd kind
BC of 4th kind
Calculus, vector
analysis, separation
of variables,
Laplace transform,
combination of
variables, numerical
analysis
Calculus, vector
of variables,
Laplace transform,
combination of
variables,
numerical analysis
Calculus, vector
of variables, Laplace
transform,
combination of
variables, numerical
analysis
Overview contents
Momentum transfer
Heat transfer
Mass transfer
Momentum Transfer Part I
Contents of Momentum Transfer

Macroscopic versus Microscopic
Newtonian fluids versus non-Newtonian fluids
Examples:
1: Flow on flat plate
2: Flow though circular tube (Newtonian fluids)
3: Flow of Bingham (non-Newtonian) fluid through tube
Other examples .
Molecular flow versus continuum flow

Surface tension
Things seem to be simple!

Fluid flow (momentum), heat transfer and mass transfer have been learnt
before, but only at the process (macroscopic) level
Here we shall deal with at microscopic level
So what are these two levels?
Illustrated with a few simple examples
Process vs Microscopic
Example 1: Adsorption of dye into carbon
About few hours later
Process level
Microscopic level
Example 2: Gas Absorber
Liquid
Gas
Process level
Microscopic level
Example 3: Heating of a flowing fluid
Process level
Microscopic level
The Beauty of Microscopic Analysis

Better understanding of the transfer mechanism
Better description of the dependence of transfer on the
system parameters
Mathematical treatments of all three transfers are identical
For similar geometrical systems, solutions obtained for one type of
transfer can be directly used on the other transfers
Minimize the experimental efforts
Process versus Microscopic

Example 1: Adsorption of dye into carbon
About few hours later
Process level
Overall mass transfer coefficient
Microscopic level
Diffusion coefficient, pore size, particle size

Example 2: Gas Absorber
Liquid
Gas
Process level
Overall mass transfer coefficient
Microscopic level
Velocity, diffusion coefficient, solubility

Example 3: Heating of a flowing fluid
Process level
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Microscopic level
Velocity, thermal conductivity
Newton law of viscosity

Exit
Railway
Station
Friction is felt only when you walk either slower or faster

than other people
The extent of friction depends on the type of clothes (i.e.
property of the medium)
Example of Two Parallel Plates (1)

y
x
Shear force
y
Shear force is due to the difference in the velocities

Definition of Shear Stress:
is the force exerted in the x-direction on the surface of constant y
by the fluid in the region of lesser y:
Surface at which the force is acting
Shear force
yx
Flow direction

Direction of shear stress transport:
The shear stress is moving in the y-direction because the
bottom molecular layer exerts a shear stress on the next
layer which in turn exerts a shear stress on the subsequent
layer

In this example, the shear stress is induced by the
motion of the bottom plate.
Shear stress can also be induced by the pressure
gradient or a gravity force
The pressure force is a force acting on a surface
The gravity force is the force acting on a volume
Newton law
The shear stress is generally a function of the velocity gradient and the
properties of the fluid
If the fluid is called Newtonian, the relationship between the shear stress
and the velocity gradient is:
yx =
v x
y
where vx is the fluid velocity in the x-direction

is the viscosity of the fluid
NOTE!!
Flow direction is x
Shear direction is y
y
x
Important reminder about the shear

stress
The shear stress yx is the force exerted
in the x-direction
on a surface of constant y
by the fluid in the region of lesser y
Newtonian Fluids
By definition, a fluid is called a Newtonian fluid if Newton
law is applicable to that fluid
Air, water are Newtonian fluids
The viscosity of Newtonian fluids is constant for a given

temperature and pressure (i.e. independent of velocity and its
gradient).
Gases: At moderate pressure, the viscosity is independent of pressure and
increase with T. The temperature dependence is between T0.6 and T.
Liquids: The viscosity decreases with temperature
Viscosity
Units: Pa-s (g/cm/s = poise)
Magnitudes:
Air @ 20 C:
Liquid water @ 20 C:
0.00018 g/cm/s
0.01 g/cm/s = 0.001 Pa-s
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Fluids that do not satisfy Newton law are called non-Newtonian fluids
Many biochemical and pharmaceutical fluids are non-Newtonian fluids
There is no general relationship that relates shear stress, velocity and

velocity gradient. Rather there are empirical correlations that take the
following general functional form:
v x
f yx ,
, v x , fluid properties = 0
y
This means that the shear stress is not only dependent on the fluid properties,
but also on the velocity and its gradient (strain)
For any fluids, one can write
yx =
Pseudo-plastic
v x
Newtonian
The coefficient is regarded as the

apparent viscosity. Generally it
depends on the current state of the
fluid
yx
Dilatant
If decreases with increasing rate of

shear (-dvx/dy), the behavior is termed
pseudoplastic.
If increases with increasing rate of
shear (-dvx/dy), the behavior is termed
dilatant.
Latex paint
Corn starch in water
v x
y
Empirical Correlation Equations
Correlation equations are empirical and the parameters do not bear any
physical meaning. These parameters are function of temperature, pressure
and compositions of the fluid. These equations should not be used outside
their range of validity
Bingham model
Ostwald-de Waele model
Eyring model
Ellis model
Reiner-Philippoff model
Non-Newtonian Fluids: Graphical representation
yx
Bingham Fluid
Ostwald-de Waele (Pseudo-plastic)
Newtonian Fluid
Ostwald-de Waele (dilatant)
dv x
dy
Bingham model
The model equations are
yx = 0
dvx
0
dy
dvx
=0
dy
if
if
yx > 0
yx < 0
Two parameters: 0 and 0

Behavior:
The fluid remains rigid when the shear stress is less than the yield
stress 0
When the shear stress is greater than 0, the Bingham fluid behaves
somewhat like a Newtonian fluid
Bingham model
The model equations are
yx = 0
dvx
0
dy
dvx
=0
dy
if
if
yx > 0
yx < 0
Two parameters: 0 and 0

Behavior:
The fluid remains rigid when the shear stress is less than the yield
stress 0
When the shear stress is greater than 0, the Bingham fluid behaves
somewhat like a Newtonian fluid
The model equation is (two parameters)
yx
dv x
= m
dy
n1
dv x
dy
yx
n<1
n=1
n>1
The apparent viscosity is a function of

the velocity gradient
-dvx/dy
Behavior:
If n < 1: pseudo-plastic
If n = 1: Newtonian
If n > 1: dilatant
Theory of Viscosity of Gases

Molecular Force Field theory (1)
Developed by Chapman and Enskog
This theory is based on the pairwise potential energy between two
molecules
The most popular equation that describes this potential energy was developed
by Lennard-Jones
12 6
( r ) = 4
r
r
It is known as the Lennard-Jones 12-6 equation
The two molecular parameters are and

The famous LJ 12-6 equation

( r ) = 4
r
12
(r)
The parameter is called the

collision diameter, and is
defined as the distance at which
the potential energy is zero
The parameter is called the
well-depth of the interaction
potential. It is a measure of the
strength of interaction

Without going into details (beyond the level of this subject), the expression
for viscosity of monatomic gases derived from this theory is
MT
= 2 .6693 10
2

5
The parameter is called the collision integral and it is a function of

temperature. Tabulation of this is given in Appendix E.2 (page 866).
Viscosity of Mixtures
Useful semi-empirical equation was proposed by Wilke
xi i
mix =
i =1
x
j
j= 1
x is the mole fraction
ij
Mi
1
1 +
ij =
Mj
8
1 / 2
1/ 2 M 1/ 4
1 + i j
j M i
Procedure of Transport Phenomena

Analysis (1)
First principles:
Draw a physical diagram
Identify all transport mechanisms
Choose a frame of coordinates
Draw a shell
Such that its surfaces must be perpendicular to the transport directions
Carry out the momentum balance around the shell

Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
momentum
in
momentum
out
on
the
system
Steady State
In the limit of the shell shrinking to zero, this balance equation should be a
first-order differential equation in terms of shear stress
Procedure of Transport Phenomena

Analysis (2)
Use the appropriate equation that relates the shear stress to the velocity,
the balance equation of first-order differential equation in terms of shear
stress will become a second order differential equation in terms of
velocity
If the fluid is Newtonian, that appropriate equation is the Newton law;
otherwise use the appropriate equation for non-Newtonian fluids
Impose physical constraint on the boundary of the system

This should give the boundary conditions (BCs) for the differential equation
of the previous step
Solve the differential equation & BCs for the velocity distribution
Knowing the velocity distribution, maximum velocity, average velocity,
volumetric flow rate and shear stress can be determined
Boundary conditions
At solid-fluid interface, the fluid velocity equals to the velocity of the
solid surface. This is called boundary condition of the first kind (Dirichlet
BC)
At gas-liquid interface, the shear stress is zero owing to the fact that the
gas viscosity is low. Boundary condition of the second kind (Neumann
BC)
At liquid-liquid interface, the shear stresses and the velocities are
continuous across the interface. This is called boundary condition of the
fourth kind.
What to follow?
A number of fluid flow problems with simple geometry.
These are to show the application of the first principles.
Results of simple problems are useful in understanding the
system, and very often they are used in solving related
complex problems.
Example 1:
Flow on Flat Plate (1)
Draw the physical diagram
x
z
Direction of shear transport
L
x
x + x
Example 1:
Momentum balance
x + x
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
= 0
momentum
in
momentum
out
on
the
system
(WL) xz x
( WL) xz x + x
+ (WLx)g cos = 0
x
This is the momentum balance equation for a FINITE shell of thickness x
What we need is an equation which is valid at ANY point!
Example 1:
Now let us make the shell as thin as possible (mathematically
this is equivalent to taking the limit of x to zero)
lim
x 0
xz
x + x
xz
+ g cos = 0
Recall the definition of derivative
df ( x)
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
= lim
x 0
dx
x
Example 1:
Rewrite the momentum balance equation:
lim
x 0
xz x + x xz x
x
+ g cos = 0
The limit is:
d xz
+ g cos = 0
dx
This is the first-order differential equation in terms of shear stress.
Upon deriving this equation, nothing has been said about the type of fluid. This means
that this equation is valid for both Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid.
Example 1:
Now this is the place where you have to specify the fluid. If the fluid is
Newtonian, the Newton law can be applied
dv z
xz =
dx
Substitute this into the balance equation:
d xz
+ g cos = 0
dx
d 2vz
g cos
=
2
dx
The final equation is a second-order differential equation in terms of

velocity
Example 1:
Having the required balance equation in differential form, we need to
specify the boundary conditions. This is achieved by considering the
constraint at the boundaries of the system
At Solid-Fluid interface, the velocity is zero

x = ;
v=0
At Gas-Liquid interface, the shear stress is zero

x = 0;
xz = 0
x = 0;
- dvz/dx = 0
Example 1:
Thus the balance equation and its boundary conditions are:
d 2vz
g cos
=
2
dx
x = 0;
dvz/dx = 0
x = ;
vz = 0
Integrate the balance equation with respect to x once

g cos
dv z
=
x + C1
dx

Integrate it one more time

g cos x 2
v z =
+ C1 x + C 2
The solution for velocity

distribution contains two
constants of integration
They can be found from
the two boundary conditions
Example 1:
The velocity distribution is
g cos x 2
v z =
+ C1 x + C 2
2
g cos
dv z
x + C1
=
dx

Apply the first boundary condition:

x = 0;
dvz/dx = 0
g cos
(0) + C1
0 =

C1 = 0
Apply the second boundary condition:

x = ;
vz = 0
g cos 2
+ C 2
0 =
2
g cos 2
C 2 =
2
Example 1:
Now we know the two constants of integration, C1 and C2. The final
solution for the velocity distribution is:
2
g cos
x
v z ( x) =
1
2
Knowing the velocity distribution, you can obtain:

The maximum velocity
The average velocity
The volumetric flow rate
The shear stress that the fluid exerts on the plate
Fundamental variable
Example 1:
Maximum Velocity
occurs at the gas-liquid interface, x = 0 (can be easily proved with calculus)
v max = v z ( x ) x =0
v max
2
g 2 cos x
1
=
2
x =0
g 2 cos
=
2
Example 1:
Average velocity:
is defined as a velocity when multiplied by the cross-sectional area will give
the volumetric flow rate.
Thus, to obtain the average velocity we must obtain the volumetric flow rate
first.
Example 1:
2
g 2 cos x
v z ( x) =
1
2
Volumetric Flow Rate:

Have to start from the first principles (shell!!!)
x
x + x
vz(x)
The flow rate through the differential area of Wx is

2
g 2 cos x
1
dQ = (Wx ) v z ( x ) = (Wx )
2
Example 1:
The flow rate through the differential area (Wx) is
2
g 2 cos x
1
dQ = (Wx ) v z ( x ) = (Wx )
2
Thus the total flow rate through the cross section area of the film
is simply the integration of the differential flow rate dQ with
respect to x, from x = 0 to x =
2
g 2 cos x
1
Q = dQ = (Wdx )
2
gW3 cos
Q =
3
Example 1:
Now we know the volumetric flow rate. The average velocity is simply the
volumetric flow rate divided by the cross-sectional area (which is W)
v ave
gW3 cos
2
3
cos
=
=
=
W
W
3
Thus the average velocity is two third of the maximum velocity
v max
g 2 cos
=
2
Example 1:
The force that the liquid film exerts on the plate:
First we calculate the shear stress (force per unit area) at the plate
(i.e. x = ). The area of the plate is WL
Apply the Newton law
x
F
= xz
A
x =
dv z
=
dx
x =
Example 1:
First we calculate the shear stress (force per unit area) at the plate (i.e. x = ). The
area of the plate is WL
2
x 2
cos
Apply the Newton law

v ( x) =
1
z
F
= xz
A
x =
dv z
=
dx
F = g ( WL) cos
Differentiate
x =
g cos
dv z ( x )
x
=
dx

Example 1:
Volume of the liquid above the plate

Gravity force of the film downward
Force acting along the z-direction (flow direction)
This is the expected result, which can be derived without solving transport problem
Example 1:
Finally we complete the analysis of the first example.
and
you now become an expert in Transport Phenomena analysis
Lets practice your newly acquired expertise to the same system, but the
fluid is now a non-Newtonian fluid rather than the Newtonian fluid.
Lets do this with the Ostwald-de Waele model for nonNewtonian fluid
The model equation is (two parameters)
yx
dv x
= m
dy
n1
dv x
dy
yx
n<1
n=1
n>1
The apparent viscosity is a function of

the velocity gradient
-dvx/dy
Behavior:
If n < 1: pseudo-plastic
If n = 1: Newtonian
If n > 1: dilatant
Example 2:
Flow of a non-Newtonian fluid on a Plate (1)
Draw the physical diagram (as we have done before)
Direction of shear transport
L
x
x + x
Example 2:
Momentum balance
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
= 0
momentum
in
momentum
out
on
the
system
(WL) xz x
( WL) xz x + x
+ (WLx)g cos = 0
x
This is the momentum balance equation for a FINITE shell of thickness x
Example 2:
Now let us make the shell as thin as possible (mathematically this is
equivalent to taking the limit of x to zero)
lim
x 0
xz
x + x
xz
Why are we doing this?

x
+ g cos = 0
Recall the definition of derivative
df ( x)
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
= lim
x 0
dx
x
Example 2:
Rewrite the momentum balance equation:
lim
x 0
xz x + x xz x
x
+ g cos = 0
The limit is:
d
xz + g cos = 0
dx
This equation is exactly the

same as that obtained in Example 1
This is the first-order differential equation in terms of shear stress. Upon

deriving this equation, nothing has been said about the type of fluid
because the above equation is merely a force balance equation.
Example 2:
Now we have to specify the fluid. If the fluid is a Ostwald-de Waele nonNewtonian fluid, the constitutive equation that relates the shear stress and
the velocity gradient is
dv
xz = m z
dx
n 1
dv z
dx
compared to
dv z
xz =
dx
Substitute this into the balance equation:
d xz
+ g cos = 0
dx
d dv z
m
= g cos
dx dx
Differential equation involves absolute sign
Example 2:
Having the required balance equation in differential form, we need to
specify the boundary conditions. This is achieved by considering the
constraint at the boundaries of the system
At Solid-Fluid interface, the velocity is zero

x = ;
v=0
At Gas-Liquid interface, the shear stress is zero

x = 0;
x = 0;
xz = 0
dv
xz = m z
dx
n 1
dv z
=0
dx
Example 2:
Thus the balance equation and its boundary conditions are:
n
d dv z
m
= g cos
dx dx
Integrate this equation once, we get:

n
dv
m z = (g cos ) x + C1
dx
It is clear from the boundary condition 1 that C1 = 0

n
dv z
m
= (g cos ) x
dx
x = 0;
dvz/dx = 0
x = ;
vz = 0
Example 2:
n
dv z
m
= (g cos ) x
dx
This equation involves an absolute sign and it must be removed before the
differential equation could be integrated.
Recognizing that dvz/dz is negative, we can rewrite the equation as follows:
1/ n
m v z = (g cos )
dv z
1/ n
= [(g cos ) x ]
dx
1/ n
To find C2, you need to apply the second boundary condition
x = ;
vz = 0
1/ n
x (1/ n ) +1
+ C2
(1 / n ) + 1
Example 2:
The final solution for the velocity distribution is:
n
vz =
n+1
n+1
g cos
1/ n
x ( n + 1) / n
1
Knowing the velocity distribution, you can obtain:

The maximum velocity
The average velocity
The volumetric flow rate
The shear stress that the fluid exerts on the plate
Example 2:
Maximum Velocity
occurs at the gas-liquid interface, x = 0 (can be easily proved with calculus)
vmax = v z ( x ) x =0
n
=
n + 1
n +1
g cos
m
1/ n
vmax
1/ n
n n +1 g cos
=
n + 1
m
x
1

( n +1)/ n
x =0
Example 2:
Average velocity:
is defined as a velocity when multiplied by the cross-sectional area will give
the volumetric flow rate.
Thus, to obtain the average velocity we must obtain the volumetric flow rate
first.
Example 2:
Volumetric Flow Rate:
Have to start from the first principles
n n +1g cos
vz =
n+1
m
x
x + x
vz(x)
The flow rate through the differential area of Wx is

dQ = (W x ) v z
1/ n
n n +1 g cos
= (W x )
n + 1
m
x ( n +1)/ n
1
1/ n
x ( n + 1) / n
1
Example 2:
The flow rate through the differential area (Wx) is
dQ = (W x ) v z
1/ n
n n +1 g cos
= (W x )
n + 1
m
x ( n +1)/ n
1
Thus the total flow rate through the cross section area of the film is simply the
integration of the differential flow rate dQ with respect to x, from x = 0 to
n n +1g cos
Q = dQ = (Wdx )
n
+
1
m
nW
Q=
2n + 1
2 n+1
1/ n
g cos
x ( n +1) / n
1
1/ n
Example 2:
Now we know the volumetric flow rate. The average velocity is simply the
volumetric flow rate divided by the cross-sectional area (which is W)
v ave =
Q
=
W
nW
2n + 1
2 n +1
g cos
1/ n
n +1
n g cos
2n + 1
m
1/ n
Thus the average velocity is related to the maximum velocity as:
v ave
n +1
=
v max 2n + 1
For n < 1 (pseudoplastic fluids), the average velocity is getting closer to the
maximum velocity
Example 2:
First we calculate the shear stress (force per unit area) at the plate (i.e. x = ).
The area of the plate is WL
Apply the Ostwald-de Waele model
dv z
F
= xz = m
A
dx
n 1
dv z
dx
F = g ( WL) cos
1/ n
dv z
1/ n
= [(g cos ) x ]
dx
Example 2:
Volume of the liquid above the plate

Gravity force of the film downward
Force acting along the z-direction (flow direction)
Simple Examples so far

The two examples, thus far, are simple,
BUT
Their results can be useful in solving more complex problems, such as
Drainage of liquid film from a vertical plate
That will be done later, but next we will consider another simple example
of flow through a circular tube.
Example 3:
Flow of Liquid through a Circular Tube (1)
Flat plate:
Circular tube:
Laminar flow
No end effects
Laminar flow
No end effects
Rectangular
Gravity as the driving force
Cylindrical
Pressure force & gravity force
as the driving force
Example 3:
Example 3:
Draw the physical diagram
R
0
r
r+r
z
L
z+z
Example 3:
Momentum balance
vz(r,z)
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
momentum in momentum out on the system
z+z
(2rz ) rz (r, z )
[2(r + r )z] rz (r + r, z )
(2rr ) p(z )
+
(2rr ) p(z + z ) +
+
+
{[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z ) {[(2rr ) v z (r, z + z )] } v z (r, z + z ) (2rrz ) g cos
=0
Example 3:
Momentum balance
vz(r,z)
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
z+z
(2rr ) p(z )
(2rr ) p(z + z ) +
(2rrz ) g cos
Example 3:
Momentum balance
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
vz(r,z)
(2rz ) rz (r, z )
+
{[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z )
z
F=
d ( mv )
dt
z+z
Example 3:
Momentum balance
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
vz(r,z)
2 ( r + r ) z rz ( r + r, z )
{( 2 rr ) v ( r, z + z ) } v ( r, z + z )
z
F=
d ( mv )
dt
z+z
Example 3:
Mathematical convention
[2(r + r )z] rz (r + r, z ) = (2rz ) rz (r, z ) r =r + r

{[(2rr ) v z (r, z + z )] } v z (r, z + z ) = {[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z ) z=z+ z
Rate of momentum out
2 ( r + r ) z rz ( r + r, z )
{( 2 rr ) v ( r, z + z ) } v ( r, z + z )
z
Example 3:
Momentum balance
vz(r,z)
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
(2rz ) rz (r, z )
[2(r + r )z] rz (r + r, z )
(2rr ) p(z )
+
(2rr ) p(z + z ) +
+
+
{[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z ) {[(2rr ) v z (r, z + z )] } v z (r, z + z ) (2rrz ) g cos
=0
Example 3:
Momentum balance
vz(r,z)
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
(2rz ) rz (r, z ) r =r
[2(r + r )z] rz (r + r, z )
(2rr ) p(z )
+
(2rr ) p(z + z ) +
+
+
{[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z ) z=z {[(2rr ) v z (r, z + z )] } v z (r, z + z ) (2rrz ) g cos
=0
Example 3:
Momentum balance
vz(r,z)
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
(2rz ) rz (r, z ) r =r
+
{[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z ) z=z
(2rz ) rz (r, z ) r =r + r
(2rr ) p(z )
(2rr ) p(z + z ) +
+
+
{[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z ) z=z+ z (2rrz ) g cos
=0
Example 3:
Momentum balance
vz(r,z)
Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting

+
=0
(2rz ) rz (r, z ) r =r
+
{[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z ) z=z
Thickness of shell
(2rz ) rz (r, z ) r =r + r
(2rr ) p(z )
(2rr ) p(z + z ) +
+
+
{[(2rr ) v z (r, z )] } v z (r, z ) z=z+ z (2rrz ) g cos
2rz
=0
Example 3:
Momentum balance
vz(r,z)
r rz (r, z ) r = r + r r rz (r, z ) r = r
r
r v 2z (r, z )
z = z + z
r v 2z (r, z )
r p(z ) z =z + z r p(z ) z = z
z
+ rg cos
z=z
=0
Now take the limit when the shell shrinks to zero, i.e.
( )
v 2z
dp
(r rz ) r
r + r g cos = 0
r
z
dz
means the equation

is valid at any point
Example 3:
Momentum balance
vz(r,z)
( )
v 2z
dp
(r rz ) r
r + r g cos = 0
r
z
dz
Since the fluid is assumed incompressible, the velocity is independent of
axial distance z
dp
(r rz ) r + r g cos = 0
r
dz
Shear transport
(friction)
Pressure
driving force
Gravity
driving force
Example 3:
Boundary conditions
At the surface of the tube,
the velocity is zero
r = R; v = 0
At the center of the tube,
shear is zero (i.e. the gradient
of velocity is zero)
r = 0; dv/dr = 0
Example 3:
The momentum balance equation is
dp
(r rz ) r + r g cos = 0
r
dz
Integrate this equation once
r 2 dp r 2
r rz
+ g cos + C1 = 0
2 dz 2
Applying the boundary condition: r = 0;
dv/dr = 0
we get C1 = 0
Therefore the equation is
r 2 dp r 2
r rz
+ g cos = 0
2 dz 2
Is C1 always zero?
Example 3:
the momentum balance equation is
r 2 dp r 2
r rz
+ g cos = 0
2 dz 2
To proceed further, you need to
specify the type of fluid. Let us
start with the Newtonian fluid
r dp r
rz
+ g cos = 0
2 dz 2
xz =
dvz
dx
dv z r dp r
+ g cos = 0
dr 2 dz 2
Integrate
r 2 dp r 2
v z
+ g cos + C 2 = 0
4 dz 4
Example 3:
the momentum balance equation is:
r 2 dp r 2
v z
+ g cos + C 2 = 0
4 dz 4
dv/dr = 0 has been used before
Since the boundary condition r = 0;
in determining the constant C1, you have to use the remaining boundary
condition r = R; v = 0 to determine the constant C2.
R 2 dp R 2
(0)
+
g cos + C 2 = 0
4 dz 4
R 2 dp R 2
C2 =
g cos
4 dz 4
Example 3:
.the solution for the velocity is
r 2 dp r 2
R 2 dp R 2
v z =
g cos
+
g cos
4 dz 4
4 dz 4
Simplifying the equation
R 2 r 2 dp
+ g cos
v z =
4 dz
But the pressure gradient is dp

dz
PL P0
L
The solution for the velocity distribution is
R 2 r 2 P0 PL
v z (r ) =
+ g cos
4 L
Pressure
force
Driving
force
Gravity
force
No driving force=no flow
Example 3:
So the final solution for the velocity distribution is
R 2 r 2 P0 PL
v z (r ) =
+ g cos
4 L
From this, you can calculate

the maximum velocity
the volumetric flow rate
the average velocity
the force that the fluid exerts on the tubes surface
Example 3:
So the final solution for the velocity distribution is
R 2 r 2 P0 PL
v z (r ) =
+ g cos
4 L
To simplify the symbols, lets define a new pressure variable to include the
combined effect of static pressure and gravitational force
P' = P + g z'
So
P'0 = P0 + g (0)
z = 0
P'L = PL + g ( L cos )
R r
v z (r ) =
4
2
P'0 P'L
z = - Lcos
Example 3:
The maximum velocity is the velocity at the center of the tube
v max
R 2 r 2 P0 PL
=
+ g cos
4 L
v max
R 2 P0 PL
=
+ g cos
4 L
Example 3:
Volumetric flow rate is obtained by applying the shell principle
vz(r)
r
r+r
The differential flow rate through a differential area at r with a thickness
of dr is
dQ = (2rdr ) v z (r )
Therefore the volumetric flow rate is

R
Q = dQ = (2rdr ) v z (r )
0
The most celebrated equation
(P'0 P'L )R 4
Q=
8L
Hagen-Poiseuille
Example 3:
Now you know the volumetric flow rate. The average velocity is simply
the ratio of the volumetric flow rate and the cross-sectional area of the tube
(P'0 P'L )R 4
(
Q
P'0 P'L )R 2
8L
v average =
=
=
2
2
R
R
8L
If you prefer to write the average velocity in terms of the differential

pressure gradient, it is
v average
dP R 2
=
dz 8
Example 3:
Force acting on the tubes surface. This can be obtained as the product of
the shear stress and the surface area of the tube
F = A rz
r =R
= (2RL ) rz
r =R
The shear stress at the surface can be obtained from the Newtons law
R 2 r 2 P0 PL
v z ( r ) =
+ g cos
4 L
rz
r =R
dv z
dr
=
r =R
Hence
F = R 2 (P'0 P 'L )
This is expected
(P'0 P'L )R
2L
F0 = R 2 P0
FL = R 2 PL
Example 3:
Summary
(P'0 P'L )R 4
Q=
8L
v average
P'0 P'L )R 2
(
=
8L
Hagen-Poiseuille equation
The most celebrated equation in fluid flow
Recap
Flow over a flat plate
Newtonian fluids
Non-Newtonian fluids
Flow through a circular tube

Newtonian fluid
How about non-Newtonian fluid??

Momentum Transfer - 1 (4009)

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Momentum Transfer - 1 (4009)

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CHEE4009

What are Transport Phenomena?

Domain of Chemical Engineering

1 Mid Semester Test (20%)

An Overview of Transport Principles

An Overview of Transport Principles

1st order ODE in

1st order ODE in

1st order ODE in

An Overview of Transport Principles

Momentum Transfer Part I

Contents of Momentum Transfer

Molecular flow versus continuum flow

Things seem to be simple!

The Beauty of Microscopic Analysis

Minimize the experimental efforts

Process versus Microscopic

Diffusion coefficient, pore size, particle size

Process versus Microscopic

Process versus Microscopic

Newton law of viscosity

Friction is felt only when you walk either slower or faster

Example of Two Parallel Plates (1)

Example of Two Parallel Plates (2)

Example of Two Parallel Plates (3)

Example of Two Parallel Plates (4)

where vx is the fluid velocity in the x-direction

Important reminder about the shear

The viscosity of Newtonian fluids is constant for a given

There is no general relationship that relates shear stress, velocity and

The coefficient is regarded as the

If decreases with increasing rate of

Non-Newtonian Fluids: Graphical representation

Two parameters: 0 and 0

Two parameters: 0 and 0

The apparent viscosity is a function of

Theory of Viscosity of Gases

Theory of Viscosity of Gases

The parameter is called the

Theory of Viscosity of Gases

The parameter is called the collision integral and it is a function of

x is the mole fraction

Procedure of Transport Phenomena

Carry out the momentum balance around the shell

Procedure of Transport Phenomena

Impose physical constraint on the boundary of the system

Recall the definition of derivative

The limit is:

The final equation is a second-order differential equation in terms of

At Solid-Fluid interface, the velocity is zero

At Gas-Liquid interface, the shear stress is zero

Integrate the balance equation with respect to x once

Integrate it one more time

The solution for velocity

Apply the first boundary condition:

Apply the second boundary condition:

Knowing the velocity distribution, you can obtain:

Volumetric Flow Rate:

The flow rate through the differential area of Wx is

Thus the average velocity is two third of the maximum velocity

Apply the Newton law

Volume of the liquid above the plate

The apparent viscosity is a function of

Direction of shear transport