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With their usage in diverse industries and multiple applications, pipe fittings are available in a range of
dimensions, materials and fitting ends. All pipe fittings can be fabricated as per the exact specifications.
Fitting Types
- Pipe Adapter
- Pipe Cap
- Coupling - Flexible
- Coupling - Rigid
- Cross / 4-Way
- Elbow - 45
- Elbow - 90
- Elbow - Other Angle
- Elbow - Reducing
- End Bell
- Expansion Joint / Coupling
- Pipe Ferrule
- Pipe Flange
- Pipe Nipple
- Pipe Offset
- Pipe Plug
- Reducer - Concentric
- Reducer - Eccentric
- Return / Trap
- Side Outlet - Elbow
- Side Outlet - Tee
- Tee - Bullhead
- Tee - Reducing
- Tee - Standard
- Pipe Union
- Wye - Reducing
- Wye - Standard
Pipe Adapter
A pipe adapter is a fitting that is used to connect pipes of different
materials or pipes that require different joining methods. For example, it
can join a pipe that is threaded to a pipe or tube that is not threaded, one of
the most important type of pipe fittings. Adapters are available in various
materials like aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, steel, stainless, plastic etc,
depending on their final application. Apart from being available in various
materials, these are also custom made in a large range of sizes, depending
on their Inner and Outer Diameters (ID and OD).
Some of the popular types of adapters are :
Female Adapters
Male Adapters
Terminal Adapters
Hi Low converter Adapters
Twist to lock Y cord Adapters
Auto Converter Adapters
Conduit Box Adapters
Reduce Drive Adapters
Red Adapters
Threaded
Tapered
Anti-roll
Knurled
Slot Head / Slotted Head
Ret Ring / Retaining Ring
Tear Tab
Hanger Tip
Pull Tab
Vented
Coupling - Flexible
Coupling Flexible connect rotating members while allowing some degree
of angular or parallel misalignment. The key to a flexible coupling's
longevity is the elastomeric element that is sandwiched between the
coupling
halves.
Most coupling flexible manufacturers use compression-molded, rubberlike materials for their standard grommets. Torque tests and shock loads
are used to check the strength and durability of these coupling.
They can be made from different materials like steel, aluminum, cast iron
coupling etc.
Coil Spring
Double Loop
Tire
Flexible Link
Multi Jaw
Helical Flex
Magnetic
Metal Bellows
Diaphragm
Roller Chain
Schmidt
Shear
Sliding Block
Steel Grid
Spider
Flexible Disc
These cross fittings are mainly find their application in hardware industry and are made of different
materials, from PVC and aluminum to any other material of choice.
Elbow - 90
90 degree elbow, also called "90 bends or 90 ells", are manufactured as SR
(Short Radius) elbows and LR (Long Radius) elbows. SR (Short Radius)
elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.0 X diameter and are
typically used in tight areas where clearances are an issue. LR (Long
Radius) elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.5 X diameter and
are the more common type and used when space is available and flow is
more
critical.
This is a fitting device which is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree change in the direction of flow
of the content in the pipe. An Elbow is used to change the direction in piping and is also sometimes
called
a
"quarter
bend".
A 90 degree elbow attaches readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also attach to
rubber with stainless steel clamps. Available in many materials like silicon, rubber compounds,
galvanized steel etc, they connect rigid or IMC circuit together to allow for 90 degree bends.
The main application area of an elbow (90 degree) is to connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps,
and deck drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon material or NPT thread.
Elbow - Other Angle
Industrial elbows are fitting accessories often used in various industrial
sectors in pipe fitting. An elbow is frequently used in pressurized
applications and comes in different shapes and sizes for use in various
applications
.
They are manufactured using different plastic compounds for use in flow
lines for fluids and gases in industrial processes, medical and many other
specialized applications. They are constructed strictly with heavy
materials for rigid applications like extreme high/low temperature
resistance
etc.
Numerous elbow-to-elbow combinations are possible (the end of one elbow welded to another). 180
degree bends are easily fabricated this way. The two main types of Pipe elbow are:
Fixed Elbows
Adjustable Elbows
Also, while die-stamped fixed elbows offer a smooth, obstruction-free interior, gored fixed elbows
don't have as smooth an interior as die-stamped (they still are obstruction-free inside and cost about
20% to 30% less).
For odd angles, an adjustable-angle elbows are the best (the radius must at least be 1-1/2 times the
diameter of the pipe and made of 24-gauge metal). Pipe Elbow can be custom made for other angles
like :
30 degree
60 degree
130 degree
180 degree
Medical
Machinery
End Bell
End Bell is used in concrete vault wall to provide a smooth, safe
entrance to the conduit outside. They protect wiring which is being
pulled through the vault wall. An End bell is a socket that ideally suits to
connect one end of the pipe to the one end of the other pipe.
End bell pipe fittings are easier to install than conventional butt welding
pipe fittings and can be welded four to seven times faster than the
standard butt welding fittings. The wrought cold formed belled end pipe
fitting eliminates the problems of misalignment and wall thickness
mismatch that are inherent to butt welded joints.
Testing has proven that belled end pipe fittings are equal in burst and superior in fatigue. Manufactured
from pipe with starting wall thicknesses that is very close to the actual pipe wall nominal thickness, the
belled end pipe fitting when joined to pipe, creates a flex continuum.
When a belled end pipe fitting fillet joint is installed in applications involving pipe flexing and
vibrations, a longer life cycle can be expected. These can be manufactured from full finished, annealed
and pickled minimum wall welded and seamless pipe. The latest cold forming techniques are used to
produce belled end pipe fittings of superior quality and reliability.
Expansion Joint / Coupling
Expansion coupling are devices with at least one bellow or airtight
chamber, that absorb movement, stress, noise and vibration to protect pipe
or duct fittings. They allow for rigid mounting of pipes in constricted areas
and eliminate more complicated means of protecting piping from changes.
The joints, made usually of rubber or plastic, are manufactured in various
sizes to accommodate different pipe and duct sizes.
Expansion joints or couplings connect sections of pipe and provide
allowance for movement due to service load, shock, or thermal cycles.
They may have solvent weld socket ends or female threaded ends. The
flexible component of an expansion joint is called "bellow"and is typically constructed of materials that
have high ductile strength to withstand the stresses of deflection. Often, a bellows expansion joint can
withstand
thousands
of
deflection
cycles
without
breaking.
Expansion joints provide a wide range of deflection capability. A flexible expansion joint may be
designed to deflect lateral, axial, angular, or torsional stresses, or a combination of any of these. Some
of the expansion joints with a varying deflection capabilities are hinged expansion joints, gimbals and
universal expansion joints and elbow expansion joints.
Some of the popular types of expansion joints (on the basis of material used in manufacturing)
are:
Metal Expansion Joint
Fabric Expansion Joint
Rubber Expansion Joint
Significance
of
an
expansion
coupling/joint
:
A variety of elements can negatively affect pipe fittings over a period of time. Thermal expansion and
contraction, along with minute shifting or vibrations, can lead to costly and irritating repairs. As the
environment around piping shifts, so does the size of the piping. It may be minute, but in a long series
of piping, it can result in significant movement and bending. Expansion joints shield the most
vulnerable sections of piping from such conditions.
Pipe Ferrule
A Pipe Ferrule is a name for various types of metal objects, of which
most consist of a circular clamp used to hold together and attach fibers,
wires or posts. A pipe ferrule is thus a ring or cap attached to an object to
protect against damage, splitting or wear. It is also known as a circular
fitting device that is used to hold the pipes together.
A pipe ferrule is used in various industries like hardware
, electrical & electronics, fiber optics, lawn and garden instruments,
automotive, compressed-gas, fire suppression, welding, furniture, beverage, appliance, farm and
lighting
industries
etc.
Ferrule, apart from holding parts of a rod etc together, are also used for giving strength to weakened
materials
and
for
preventing
wearing
or
splitting.
A few of the applications of Pipe Ferrule :
Ferrules are used in compression fittings for attaching piping.
Ferrules are used together with the connector that connects the fiber cable either to another
cable or to a transmitter or receiver. They keep the fibers accurately aligned within the
connector.
In fiber optics, ferrule is used to align and protect the stripped end of a fiber.
Also known as a Tube insert, ferrule can also be a metal, glass, plastic or ceramic tube that is inserted
into the end of a heat exchanger tube to provide a specific function. The purpose of a ferrule here is to
either be sacrificial to the effects of inlet-end erosion, corrosion, impingement, or induce a fluid to fall
on the ID of a tube in a falling film exchanger, or transfer extremely high heat past the tube sheet to the
exchanger tubes. Each of the above applications requires a specific style of design.
Even though there are some applications where plastic performs satisfactorily, a metal tube insert is
more durable in environments where there are concerns of the stability of the product, its tendency to
transfer erosion problems down the tube, its durability in an abrasive environment and its reaction to
elevated temperatures.
In some cases, ceramics also exhibits good performance well like in a situation when the temperatures are
extremely high. Also, ceramic bonds well to glass and its expansion coefficient is close to that of the
glass fibers, making it environmentally stable. However, ceramics can be subject to breaking.
Some of the metal ferrules are :
Brass Ferrule
Aluminum Ferrule
Stainless Steel Ferrule
Copper Ferrule
Pipe Flange
A Pipe Flange can be defined as an external or internal rib, or rim, for
strength (as the flange of an iron beam) or for a guide (as the flange of a
train wheel) or for attachment to another object (as the flange on the end
of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc). It allows two pipes to be mechanically
connected together, or a pipe to be mechanically connected to a valve, tee,
choke or other piece of equipment. Hence, it is a connection profile that is
used in pipe work and associated equipment to provide a means of
assembling
and
disassembling
components.
The design and specification of a flange relates to the size and pressure
capacity of the equipment to which it is fitted. All flanges are sized according to their nominal bore
size. For the majority of pipe sizes, this designation does not represent either their actual outside
diameter
or
inside
diameter.
Working
of
a
Pipe
Flange
:
The basic principle of working is to use a mechanical force (exerted by the bolts) to pre-load the gasket
so that when internal pressure (end cap force) is applied, there is enough contact stress between the
flanges and gasket to maintain a seal. The flange itself needs to be connected to the pipe. This is usually
achieved by welding, though threaded and other weldless connections also exist.
Carbon Steel
Chrome Alloys
Stainless Steel
Aluminum
Hastalloy
Inconel
Incolloy
Monel
Copper
Naval Brass
Titanium
Weldneck Flange
Slip-On Flange
Socket Weld Flange
Lap Joint Flange
Threaded Flange
Pipe Nipple
A Pipe Nipple is a short pipe (12 inches or less), with small opening which
provides way for the liquids or gases to pass through the pipe. It has a
male thread on each end and is used for extension from a fitting.
Some of the popular usages of Pipe Nipple are :
Used in fluid application to connect two FPT fittings.
Used in plumbing system or for ceiling and wall supports and
extensions.
Used for ceiling or wall supports.
Used to extend shower riser.
Some of the common materials used in manufacturing Pipe Nipple are :
CPVC
PVC
Stainless Steel
A look at popular variants of Pipe Fitting Nipple:
Nippple close-NC
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
NIpple hex-NH
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Nipple hex-NH
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Reducing hex nipple- RHN (Male NPT Threads)
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Reducing hex nipple-LHN
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Long hex nipple- LHN (Male NPT Threads)
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Pipe Plug
Pipe Plugs/Sewer Pipe Plugs are designed to provide a quick and simple
means to perform a variety of jobs such as stopping flow in a pipeline
(for maintenance or repair), down stream pipeline acceptance testing, or
to stop flow so that infiltration of a section can be measured etc.
Thus, a Sewer Pipe Plug is thus a device that is used to arrest the flow of
contents further in the pipe. It is available in a variety of styles, sizes,
and configurations so as to match your specific job requirements.
Plugs are mainly used in fluid plumbing applications to plug off a FPT fitting, have varying pressures
(from low pressure to high pressure) and are available as expandable, mechanical and inflatable,
something
just
right
for
virtually
any
application.
These plugs simplify the maintenance of all types of shell and tube heat exchangers and speed the
performance of in-service inspection of pipe, pipelines, piping systems and pressure vessels.
Some of the important parameters used to select a concentric reducer are pressure/vacuum, max temp
compression, approximate force, elongation etc. They are manufactured in various alloys, schedules,
sizes and flange configurations. Concentric reducers frequently trap air when used at the suction of the
pump.
Some of the industries where they find application are oil, gas, petrochemical, onshore and offshore
sectors. They are used in both cargo transfers operations and vapor recovery systems. Reducers for
vapor recovery include a pin on one flange and vapor hole on the opposite flange. Concentric reducer
save installation space and reduce costs. Piping systems must be anchored when using concentric
reducer.
Eccentric Reducer
An Eccentric reducer, also called a Bell reducer, has two female (inside)
threads of different sizes with centers so designed that when they are
joined, the two pieces of pipe are not in line with each other, but they can
be installed so as to provide optimum drainage of the line.
An eccentric pipe reducer fitting is designed with the smaller outlet off
center to the larger end, allowing it to align with only one side of the
inlet. The high quality reducer fittings are designed to be welded with
ease and offer superior strength and leak resistance.
Eccentric pipe reducer must be installed with straight side up to prevent trapping air at the pump
suction. They are designed to allows simple connection of different sized pipes. These can be used as
pipe reducers flexible connectors and vibration eliminators.
Eccentric reducers eliminates noise and isolate vibration in the pipeline, reduces stress, eliminates
electrolysis
and
protects
against
start-up
surges.
They are fabricated using different materials like:
Rubber
Silicone
Viton
Alloys
Buna-Nm EPDM
PTFE
The advantage of an all-rubber reducer over a metal reducer is the flexibility and durability of the
elastomer. Filled reducers are usually used on slurry and abrasive applications to prevent the collection
of material, which can settle in the arches.
Pipe Return / Trap
There are a wide variety of trap fittings available to accommodate nearly any situation one might
encounter. Some of the popular types of trap available in the market are:
In most of the cases, no welding is involved and so pipe structures are easily reconfigured if the pipe
design needs to be changed. They also require no threading, drilling and bolting and are 100% reusable
and form one of the quickest ways to assemble structural pipe work.
Nowadays, round tubings are combined with square fittings to give a more contemporary feel to the
side outlet elbow.
A solid brass side outlet tee fitting is ideal for high use and durability in public areas.
An adjustable Side Outlet Tee is used to form variable angle joints between 60 and 200 degrees.
A Split 90 degree Side Outlet Tee / Split Two Socket Cross is used for adding on to and modifying
existing structures. Because of its movable components, it can be added to an existing an existing
tubular structure.
Tee - Bullhead
When a branch is larger than the other two run openings, it is referred to
as a bullhead tee. On a "bullhead tee" the side outlet is the largest socket
on the tee and the side outlet is referred to as the "bullhead". Thus,
Bullhead Tees are the tees in which the ports of the run are smaller than
the
port
of
the
branch.
In general, the specifications for a fitting indicate the sizes for both ends
of the run first, followed by the size of the branch. In the case of run
openings being different sizes, the larger run opening would be listed first. In similar fashion, if there
are two branches of differing sizes, the larger branch opening would be listed before the smaller branch
opening. But in all cases, branches are always listed after run openings.
Tees are always labeled as "N x N x N TEE with the side outlet as the last size. The larger of the two
sockets is always listed first. Thus a 1 x x 1/2 TEE SST has a 1/2" threaded side outlet (T for
threaded) with the remaining sockets being 1" and 3/4" solvent weld sockets (SS for slip, slip).
90 Bullhead Tee is best used in Low Pressure Heating and Air Conditioning Systems. For Dust
Collection Systems, Lateral and Boot Tees are used. Boot Tee is commonly used in confined area that
does not allow use of 45 Lateral Tee.
Tee - Reducing
Another common type of tee is Reducing Tee. It is similar to the straight
tee, except that one of the threaded openings is of a different size than the
others. Reducing tee has two ends the same and one end smaller. Thus, a
tee with one branch smaller than the run openings is referred to as a
reducing tee. In other words, the runport is larger than the branch port.
Many configurations of "reducer tee" are available in the market, meaning
that one or more of the sockets is smaller than the others, depending on the
nature of application. Reducing tees, regardless of their material
composition, are always described in the same fashion. To describe a
reducing tee, one must locate the largest size on the run of the tee. The next size indicated in the
description of the reducing tee is the side opposite to that with the largest size on the run of the body.
The final size in any description of a reducing tee is the branch side.
Malleable Iron, Cast Iron, Brass, Copper Pressure, Carbon & Stainless Butt Weld & PVC are some of
the common types of materials used for manufacturing reduced tees. These fitting are used to reduce
delivery lines, to feed ice makers and other applications requiring a reducing tee fitting. Reducing Tee
fitting are able to convey potable water, wine, drinks and alimentary fluids. They are non-corrosive and
resistant to most of the chemicals, increasing the range of applications of the pipes. Reducing tee is
used where a branch line needs to be smaller than the main
Tee - Standard
A tee is amongst the most common pipe fittings and is available with all
female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent
weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. This is a T-shaped
device which has three openings that act as an outlet for the pipe.
A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing
the direction of pipe runs. A common type of pipe tee is the STRAIGHT
tee, which has a straight-through portion and a 90-degree takeoff on one
side. All three openings of the straight tee are of the same size.
Tees (branch outlets) are manufactured as Equal or Reducing. Equal tees are exactly that, all three
ends are of the same size. Reducing tees come with a combination of different outlet sizes. They are
used
for
branch
connections
in
irrigation
systems.
Typically, standard Tees are belled on all ends but any combination of belled or plain can be produced.
There are many different combinations of sizes. Unusual combinations of sizes can also be achieved
using component parts of tees, reducing tees and street reducers.
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Double Branch Tee
Double Branch Reducing Tee
Conical Tee
Double Branch Conical Tee
Bullhead Tee
Conical Reducing Tee
Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee
Tangential Tee Double Branch Tangential Tee
The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure, they can also be classified on
the basis of the application they are required to perform. For instance, Sanitary Tees are used for
sanitation works (and in vertical position only) where as Combination tees are used to attach PE tubing
to PVC pipe and fittings.
Pipe Union
Pipe Union is a fitting equipment that unites two pipes and they can be
detached without causing any deformation to the pipes. Small diameter
piping connections that require a positive seal and easy assembly as well
as disassembly are made with the help of union.
Union provides a leak-proof disconnection point in any PVC plumbing
application and at a low cost. If a valved-disconnection point is required,
use a single-union ball valve. A standard union pipe is made in three
parts, consisting of :
A nut
A female end
A male end
When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide the necessary pressure to seal the
joint. Since the mating ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a device can be achieved
with a minimum loss of time.
Unions are commonly used for inserting metering and regulating devices into a piping system or for
connecting piping system to vessels. There are two types of pipe unions:
Ground Joint Union
Flange Union
The Ground joint union consists of three pieces. It most commonly has a brass grounding section
between the two halves.
A Flange Union is made in two parts. An economical, practical and reliable alternative to welded and
screwed systems, a Union Flange joins plain-ended pipe to flange-ended equipment, fittings and valves
and on-site installation is simple. Union Flange is a unique solution to the problems which can occur in
the use of pro-fabricated flanged piping, such as downtime, reliance on off-site suppliers and inaccurate
dimensions. The design of the Union Flange comprises three elements: the flange, the gasket and the
restraint.
Both types are used for joining two pipes together and are designed so that they can be disconnected
easily. Unions are successful in numerous municipal and industrial applications such as fire protection,
water and wastewater, and process piping systems.
Wye - Reducing
A Reducing Wye is used in connecting a reducing branch line into a
horizontal drain pipe. Also, it can be used in conjunction with a Twist-Lok
plug
to
provide
a
clean
out
in
a
drain
pipe
Material
used
for
manufacturing
Wye-Reducing:
These can be supplied in virtually any size or material, ranging from
carbon steel, stainless steel, iron, copper, monel, nickel, CPVC, Polyolefin
to
titanium
or
zirconium.
Wye - Standard
As the name implies, this fitting device is "Y" shaped. The branch runs out
from the run port at an angle other than 90 degree. It is a fitting with three
openings and is used to create branch lines. A standard wye allows one
pipe to be joined to another at a 45 degree angle.
Wyes are similar to tees except that the branch line is angled to reduce
friction that could hamper the flow and that the connection is typically at a
45-degree angle rather than a 90-degree angle. If a branch turns out at the
end to be perpendicular to the through line, the fitting becomes a "tee
wye".
PVDF Corrosive Waste Piping Systems utilize wye fittings that feature smooth ID without any
irregularities for uninterrupted flow path. These fittings should be able to withstand acids, bases, and
solvents, flame-retardant systems withstand intermittent corrosive fluids up to high temperatures.
Polypropylene and PVDF Double Wyes and Double Reducing Wyes come in various sizes and are
largely
used
for
this
purpose.
A wye branch allows to split a branch line equally in two directions. The opening sizes can vary for
different situations, for instance in situation where a large main line needs to be split into two smaller
branches.
Economy wyes are often spot-welded together; industrial wyes have a continuous weld at each seam. A
true Wye fitting is also engineered for closed system instrumentation pigging configurations or
wherever a smooth pipe branch is required.
Buttweld
BlueSky Clamp Pipe Connector
RF or RTJ Flange
Special to suit application
20mm
30mm
40mm
50mm
100mm
200mm
500mm
1000mm
Standard
English
Standard English sizes are calibrated in inches and their size ranges from 1/8" to 36".
1/8"
1/4"
3/8"
1/2"
3/4"
1"
1 1/4"
1 1/2"
2"
2 1/2"
3"
3 1/2"
4"
5"
6"
8"
MMmET
10"
12"
14"
16"
18"
20"
22"
24"
Sizes:
26"
28"
30"
32"
34"
36"
Other Size <36"
Other Size >36"
Features Criteria
Lined
Pipe
Fittings
In order to protect pipes against the unwanted deterioration and to enhance the properties of the fittings,
there are a number of lining options that are avaiable in the market. Lined pipe fittings are
manufactured with an integral lining that are mostly made from engineered polymers used with process
materials or with other applications like food processing. It is done taking into consideration the
importance
of
cleanliness
and
hygiene
factors.
The lining material selected for the service is generally inert and has suitable and broad temperature
ranges. Most severe service applications can be handled by using corrosion and abrasion resistant ceramic
materials. Some of the popular lining products are PP, PVDF, ECTFE, ETFE, PTFE, PFA, MFA etc.
Plated
Pipe
Fittings
Pipe fittings are that are plated with different materials in order to impart the required properties are
called plated pipe fittings. These are mostly plated with materials such as nickel and chrome.
These platings are used to prevent corrosion and also to improve the exterior appearance of the pipe.
They also help in increasing the longetivity of the pipes and it is enhanced significantly if the plating is
done with a durable material of good quality.
Underground
Rated
Pipe
Fittings
These pipe fittings are designed and constructed for underground application. Since the application of
these pipes is below the ground, some rules have been formulated. It is mandatory that underground
piping shall be buried not less than 18 inches below the surface of the ground unless otherwise
protected, and shall be adequately coated or otherwise protected against corrosion. Pipe coated as
follows will be considered acceptable if it is:
Clean and prime.
Coated with asphalt enamel.
Wraped with forty-pound felt or Kraft paper.
Though materials like PVC or CPVC can be used, it is advisable to use ABS as it a heavy-duty plastic
pipe and can successfully meet the requirements of underground drainage and sewer applications.