Define an exothermic reaction.

H negative
Temperature rises
Energy is transferred to surroundings (heat released)
Product enthalpy lower than reactant

Define an endothermic reaction.

H positive
Temperature decreases
Energy is absorbed from surroundings (heat released)
Reactant enthalpy lower than products

Define standard enthalpy change of reaction

(H).
Standard enthalpy change is the heat energy
transferred under standard conditionspressure 101.3
kPa, temperature 298 K. Only H can be measured, not
H for the initial or final state of a system.

Give examples of exothermic reactions.

Combustion
Neutralisation
Oxidation
Respiration
H condensation
H solidification

Give examples of endothermic reactions.

Dissolving
Reduction
H fusionmelting
H vaporisationevaporation
Boiling
Photosynthesis
Thermal decomposistion

Apply the relationship between temperature

change, enthalpy change.
Q=mcT
H=Q/moles

Deduce, from an enthalpy level diagram, the

relative stabilities of reactants and products,
and the sign of the enthalpy change for the
reaction.
Lower enthalpymore stable.
Less stable to more stable-ve H
More stable to less stable+ve H

Calculate the heat energy change when the

temperature of a pure substance is changed.
Q=mcT

Design suitable experimental procedures for

measuring the heat energy changes of
reactions.
Reactions in aqueous solution and combustion reactions.
Use of the bomb calorimeter and calibration of
calorimeters will not be assessed.

Calculate the enthalpy change for a reaction

using experimental data on temperature
changes, quantities of reactants and mass of
water.
Q=mcT
H=Q/moles

Evaluate the results of experiments to

determine enthalpy changes.
Aware of the assumptions made and errors due to heat
loss.

Determine the enthalpy change of a reaction

that is the sum of two or three reactions with
known enthalpy changes.
Use simple enthalpy cycles and enthalpy level diagrams
and to manipulate equations. Not required to state
Hess's law.

Enthalpy change for formation of molecules.

Stabilisation reaction which is exothermic.

Enthalpy change for breaking of bonds.

Exothermic as energy is needed.

Define activation energy.

Minimum energy required to start a reaction.

State Hess' Law.

Enthalpy change for any chemical reaction is
independent of the route provided the starting
conditions and the final conditions and reactants and
products are the same.

Define the term average bond enthalpy.

Average energy required to break one mole of gaseous
covalent bonds.

Calculated by taking the average of the enthalpies for

that specific bond obtained from a number of similar
compounds. The average bond enthalpy provides an
indication of the strength of a chemical bond.
XY (g)X (g) + Y (g)

How do you calculate H reaction

H=Sum of enthalpies of bonds broken-sum of
enthalpies of bonds formed.

Define standard state.

temperature of a substance at exactly 25C.
pressure of gaseous substance are exactly 1 atm.
liquids and solids are pure.
aqueous solutions are exactly 1 moldm

Define standard enthalpy of formation.

Change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of
one mole of a compound from its elements with all
substances in standard states.
Example: N (g) + O (g) NO (g) Hf = + 34
kJ/mol for NO (g)

Define standard enthalpy of combustion.

Change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of
one mole of a compound from its complete reaction with
oxygen gas under standard conditions.
Example: C (s) + O (g) CO (g) Hc = -393 kJ/mol
for CO (g)

Define and apply the terms lattice enthalpy.

Enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic
compound is separated into its gaseous ions under
standard conditions.
MX(s) M(g) + X(g) (exothermic)
+ve breaking bonds (endo)
-ve forming lattice (exo)

What affects the strength of lattice?

Charge of ion
Size of ionic radius

Explain how the relative sizes and the charges

of ions affect the lattice enthalpies of different
ionic compounds.
Ionic lattice with higher enthalpy considered more
stable, harder to break apart, have higher melting and
boiling point.
The relative value of the theoretical lattice enthalpy

increases with higher ionic charge and smaller ionic

radius due to increased attractive forces
F=kqq/r

Construct a Born-Haber cycle for group 1 and 2

oxides and chlorides and use it to calculate an
enthalpy change.
1. Atomisation of solid metal where metal goes into
gaseous state (endo)
2. Ionisation of gaseous metal where the metal loses
electrons to form a cation (endo)
3. Atomisation of molecular non-metal into atoms where
non-metal goes into gaseous state and is broken into
individual atoms.(endo)
4. Electron affinity where non-metal atoms gain
electrons to form anions (exo)

Discuss the difference between theoretical and

experimental lattice enthalpy values of ionic
compounds in terms of their covalent character.
A significant difference between the two values
indicates covalent character.

Define Electron affinity.

Enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms
attract one mole of electrons to form one mole of
gaseous ions with a -1 charge
X(g)+eX(g)

Define Entropy.
Degree of randomness or disorder of a system. Tends to
increase over time in a closed system

State and explain the factors that increase the

entropy in a system.
Disorder of a system is highest when the particles are
in the gaseous state and lowest when they are in the
solid state.
Dissolution: entropy increases when a solid is dissolved
in a liquid.
Change of state: Entropy of a substance increases as
go from Solid<Liquid<Gas
Decomposition: leads to increase in number of particles
in the system
Increase in temperature: kinetic energy of particles
increases

Predict whether the entropy change (S) for a

given reaction or process is positive or negative.

S positiveentropy increase, more disorder

S negativeentropy has decreased, less disorder

Calculate the standard entropy change for a

reaction ( S) using standard entropy values
(S).
S has units JK or JKmol. Always measured at
1.01x10kPa and 298K.
S=Sproducts-Sreactants

Predict whether a reaction or process will be

spontaneous by using the sign of G.
G is Gibbs free energy symbol, which indicates whether
a reaction will take place on its own.
Spontaneous when G is -ve
G=H-TS
G=G(products)-G(reactants)

Predict the effect of a change in temperature on

the spontaneity of a reaction using standard
entropy and enthalpy changes and the equation.
G=HTS.
When temperature increases TS also increases. If S
is negative, then increasing temperature will cause the
reaction to become less spontaneous.