PROBLEMS

2.1.The distance measured between two points along a sloping ground with slope of
415is 2005. 54148 m? What is the horizontal distance ?
(ANS 2000m)
2.2 A 30m long steel tape standardized at 15C is used to measure a base line with
a pull of 100N. Find the correction per tape length if temperature at the time of
measurement was 22C and pull exerted was 150 N? The weight of the tape is 8N;
modulus of elasticity of the tape material is 2.1 x 10 -7 C.
(ANS 0.0021m)
2.3. A tape of 20m long suspended at both ends at same level. The catenary thus
formed amounts to be 20.00 cm at the mid span under a tension of 150 N. What is
the weight of the tape per meter run?
(ANS 0.6N/m)
2.4. A chain 30m is standardized at 80 F. The same chain is used to measure a line
during an average temperature of 70. The measured distance of the line is 800 m
and this distance is measure in four spans with the following slopes. Applying
correction for temperature and slope, find the true length of the line if the
coefficient of expansion of the chain material is 65 x 10 61F.
(ANS 798.39m)
2.5. A distance of 1000m was measured by a 30 m chain. Later on it was detected
that the chain was 0.1 m too long. Another 300m m was measured and it was
detected that the chain was 0.15 too long. If the length of the chain was initially
correct, determine the exact distance it measured.
(ANS 1302.917m)
2.6 A steel tape 20 m long standardized at 60F with a pull of 98N. It is used to
measure a base line. Find the total correction per tape length when temperature at
the time of measurement was 85 F and pull exerted was 157N.
(ANS
0.0021375m)
2.7. A line was measured by both 20 m and 100 ft chain, respectively and was 12
chains in each case. If 30 m chain was 0.2 too long, find the correct length 100 ft
chain u to three decimal places. Given that m = 3.28ft.
(ANS 99.056ft)
2.8. Show that for a chain of 3 mm^3 area and 5 N weight and E= 2 x 10^7
N/cm&2 standardized at pull 80 N, normal is 112 N.
2.9. Fill in the blanks with appropriate terms.
(i) Plumb bob is used to _____points to the ground.
(ii) The three types of chains are engineer, metric and ______.
(iii) The error which occurs in either direction is known as ____error.
(iv) The ranging rods are used as temporary ______ to indicate the locations of
points.

(v) The error which occurs in either direction and tends to accumulate or add up is
called _____error.
(vi) If L is the length, W is the weight of the tape and P is the pull on the tape, then
sag correction is given by ________.
(vii) If L is the distance along the slope between two points and h is the difference in
height of the points , then approximate correction for slope is ______.
(Viii) Normally small offsets are measured with ________.
(ix) A steel tape is ______ to metallic tape.
(x) A line ranger consists of two _______ lenses.
(xi) Invar tape is made of an alloy _____ and steel.
(xii) The correction for sag is always_ ________.
(xiii) The wooden pegs used in surveying is approximately equal to ______cm.
(xiv) Passometer is an instrument used to register automatically the number of
____by the surveyor.
(xv) Odometer registers the number of _____ of the wheel and speedometer gives
the total ______ traversed.
(xvi) The length of the ranging rod varies from 2 m to _________.
(xvii) A device for holding a tape at any place other than at the end is called
________.
(xviii) Direct method of measuring the horizontal distance or sloping ground is also
called method of _________.
(xix) The length of a line measured with a chain of 50 m was found to be 1000 m. It
was found later that the chain was 0.5 m too short, the correct length of the line
will be approximately equal to ___________.
(xx) The random line method of ranging is adopted when the end stations are
___________.
(xxi) Sag correction can be neutralized by applying ________.
(xxii) If v is the residual or variance, n is the number of observations, standard
deviation o is _______.
(xxiii) The standard length of an arrow is ________.

2.10. Objective type of questions (Multiple choices)

1. Greater accuracies is linear measurements is obtained by
(a) Tacheometer

(b) direct chaining

(c) Direct tapping

(d) none of the above

2. The correction of slope for a chain of length L and difference height h is given by
(a) h/2L

(b) h^2/L

(c) h/2L^2

(d) h^2/2L

3. If the length of chain line along slope 0 is L, the required slope correction is
(a) 2Lcos /2

(b) 2Lsin^2 /2

(c) Ltan^2 /2

(d) Lcos^2 /2

4. A tape length L and weight W is suspended at its ends with a pull of P, the sag
correction is
(a) WL^2/24P^2
(c)

W^2L^2/24P3

(b) W^3L^2/24P^2
(d) W^2L/24P2

5. Correct distance obtained by an erroneous chain is

(a) Length
(b) (Observed chain length/Erroneous chain ) x Observed distance
(c) Correction chain length / Observed distance
(d) None of the above
6. The slope correction for a length of 20 m along a gradient of 1 in 20 is
(a) 0.375cm
(c) 37.5m

(b) 3.75cm
(d) 2.75m

7. Correction to be applied to a 30 m chain length along slope is

(a) 30 (sin 1)
(c) 30 (tan 1)

(b) 30(cos 1)
(d) 30 (sec -1)

8. The number of revolutions is registered in an instrument called

(a) Passometer
(c) Speedometer

(b) Odometer
(d) dynameters

9. Plumb bob is used for

(a) Leveling
(c) Measuring angles

(b) Measuring distance

(d) Centering

10. Line ranger is used to measure or establish

(a) Intermediate points

(b) End point

(c) Angles

(d) Parallel line

11. A steel tape of length 20m, standardized at 60 F used to measure a base line at
temperature 85F. If thermal expansion of tape is 6.2 x 10^-60F. The correction for
temperature is

(a) 0.0031cm
(c) 0.31cm

(b) 0.031cm
(d) 3.1cm

12. A steel tape of length 20m long weights 7.85 N. It is used to measure base line
on two supports. If its pull on the chain is 157 N, the sag correction is
(a) 0.2083 cm

(b) 0.02083 cm

(c) 2.083 cm

(d) 20.83 cm

13. If the measured length of a line of 19.85 m in slope of 3, the correction for
slope is
(a) 0.272 cm

(b) 2.72 cm

(c) 27.2 cm

(d) 0.00272cn

14, A steel tape has a nominal length of 20 m if the standard length at 13 C us

29.05 m, correction for standardization in a length of 19.385 m is
(a)0.049625 cm

(b) 0.49625 cm

(c) 4.9625 cm

(d) 49.625 cm

15. Compensating or accidental errors of length are proportional to

(a) L

(b) L

(c) L2

(d) 1/L

16. If 20 m chain deviates a perpendicular distance of 2 m from it correct alignment,

the error in length is
(a) +0.010 m
(c) +0.20m

(b) -.0.10 m
(d) -0.20 m

17. An invar tape is made of an alloy of

(a) brass and steel
(c) Copper and steel

(b) Nickel and steel

(d) none of the above

18. A metallic tape is made up of

(a) Metallic wives and cloth

(b) steel

(c) Metal

(d) None of the above

19. Temperature correction of a tape

(a) Is always negative

(b) Is always positive

(c) May be negative or positive

(d) Zero

20. If the length of a chain line along a slope of L, the required slope correction is
(a) -2sin2 /2

(b) -2Lcos2 /2

(c) +2Lsin2 /2

(d) +2Lcos2 /2

21. Accurate measurement is made by

(a) Chain

(b) Invar tape

(c) Metallic

(d) None of the above

22. Each meter length of metric chain of divided into links of

(a) 10

(b) 20

(c) 5

(d) 30

23. Clinometers is used to measure

(a) Length

(b) Slope of line

(c) Error in measurement

(d) none of the above

24. Each links of engineers chain is divided into links of

(a) 10

(b) 50

(c) 75

(d) 100

Answers
2.9
(i) Transfer (ii) Gunter (iii) compensating (iv) signal (v) cumulating (vi) W 2L/24P2
(vii) h2/2L
(viii) chain (ix) superior
(x) prisms (xi) nickel
(xii)negative (xiii)
15 cm (xiv) paces (xv) revolutions, distance
(xvi) 3 m
(xvii) Tape clamp
(xviii) stepping (xix) 990 m (xx) not visible
(xxi) normal tension
(xxii) =Ev 2/(n-1)
(xxiii) 40cm
2.10

1. c 2.d 3.b 4.c 5.a 6.b 7.d 8.b 9.d 10.a 11.c 12.a 13.b 14.c 15.b 16.a
17.b 18.a 19.c 20.b 21.c 22.c 23.b 24.d

PROBLEMS
3.1 An offset is laid out 130 from its true direction the field. If the scale of plotting 1 cm = 10 m,
find the maximum length of the offset so that the displacement of the point on the paper does
not exceed 0.25 mm.
(Ans: 9.55 m)
3.2 Find the maximum length of an offset so that displacement of the point on the paper from
both the sources of error should not exceed 0.25 mm, given that the offset is measured with an
accuracy of 1 in 50 and scale is 1 cm = 8 m.
(Ans: 7.07 m)
3.3 The maximum displacement of an offset in the map does not exceed 0.25 mm. The length of
offset is 10 m, scale 1 cm = 20 m and maximum error in length of the offset is 0.3 m. Find the
maximum permissible error in lying off the direction of the offset.
(Ans: 218)
3.4 A chain line PQR crosses a stream, Q and R being near and far off the banks, respectively.
A line QM of length 60 m is set at right angels to chain line at Q. If the bearing QM and MR are
28245 and 4245, respectively, find the width of the stream.
(Ams: 103.92m)
3.5 Fill in the blanks with appropriate terms:
(i) The principle of chain survey is to divide the area into ______.
(ii) The longest chain line passing through the centre of the area is known as ______.
(iii) Measurements and sketches of the chain survey are recoded in a ____book.
(iv) The angle between two plane mirror in an optical square is _____.
(v) The lateral distances measured from survey lines to determine the location is called ______.
(vi) The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed in order to collect the prelimary
information is called ______.
(vii) Optical square is used from setting ____ angles to the chain lines.
(viii) Chain survey is suitable in ____country.
(ix) A triangle having all angles approximately equal is known as _____ conditioned triangle.
(x) Optical square is a _____ instrument.
(xi) The most important line in chain survey is ____line.
(xii) The scale used to read up to three dimension is a ___ scale.

(xiii) In case of river ____is freee but _____ is obstructed.

(xiv) In case of chaining across a building ___ and ____ are obstructed.
(xv) In a field book, booking is commenced at the ____.
3.6 Objective type questions (multiple choices)
]1. Chain surveying is a method in which it is required to measure

Linear measurement

(b) Area measurement

(c Volume measurement

(d) Combiation of (a), (b) and (c)

2. Another name of cack line is

(a) Tie line

(b) Proof line

(c) Base line

(d) None of the above

3. Optical square is used to measure

(a) Distance

(b) Angels

(c) Setting right angles

(d) Area

4. Cross staff is used to set

(a) Acute angle

(b) Obtuse angle

(c Staff reading

(d) Right angles

5. In chain survey, 3-4-5 method is used to determine

(a) Point of perpendicular to the chain line
(b) Length of chain line
(c Instrument stations
(d) None of the above
6.A subsidiary line is the same as
(a) Range tie

(b) Survey line

(c) Base line

(d) Tie line

7. The permissible error in chaining on rough or hilly areas is usually

(a) 1 in 100

(b) 1 in 250

(c) 1 in 1000

(d) 1 in 10,000

8. Chain survey is generally used for

(a) Smnall area in open ground

(b) Small area which are crowded by feature

(c) Large area in open ground

(d) Hilly areas

9. The angle of intersection in an optical square is

(a) 60

(b) 45

(c) 30

(d) 90

10. A tie line is run

(a) To check the accuracy of the field work
(b) To locate details which are away from the chain line
(c) Between main survey stations
(d) Parallel to the survey line
11. The principle chain surveying is to divide the area into
(a) Rectangles

(b) Squares

(c) Triangles

(d) Polygons

12. A chain triangle is said to be well conditioned if none of its angle is less than
(a) 10

(b) 20

(c) 30

(d)40

13. A straight line joining a station on main survey line and another station in another survey
line is called
(a) Subsidiary line

(b) Tie line

(c) Check line

(d) Base line

14. The longest chain passing through the centre of the area is known as
(a) check line

(b) survey line

(c) Base line

(d) Tie line

15. The method of stepping is used for measuring horizontal distances in case of
(a) Level surface

(b) Undulating surface

(c) Sloping surface

(d) In any surface

16. The principal of working from optical square is based on

(a) Double refraction

(b) Double reflection

(c) Single reflection

(d) None of the above

17. Prolongation of a chain line across an obstruction in chain surveying is done by

(a) Making angular measurements

(b) Drawing Drawing perpendiculars with a chain

(c) Solution of triangles

(d) All the above

18.The Conventional sign Canal lock represents a

(a) Canal lock

(b) Raod with culvert

(c) Tunnel

(d) Canal

19. The conventional sign Cross represents a

(a) Temple

(b) Telephone line

(c) Tree

(d) Church

Answer
3.5
(i) triangle
(ii) base
(iii) field
(iv) 45
(v) offsets
(vi)reconnaissance
(vii) right
(viii) flat
(ix) well
(x) reflecting (xi)
base
(xii) diagonal
(xiii) vision, chaining (xiv) chaining, vision(xv)
bottom
3.6
1.a 2.b 3.c
4.d
5.a
14.c 15.c 16.b 17.b 18.a

6.d
19d

7.b

8.a

9.b

10.b 11.c

12.c

13.b

PROBLEMS
4.1 The whole circle bearing (WCB) of line AB= 312, AC = 200, AD= 122, AE
= 42, Convert them to RBs.
(Ans: AB = N 48W, AC = S 20W, AD = S58E, AE = N 42 W)

4.2 Convert the following RB to WCB

(a) N 15W

(b) S 31E

(c) S 61W

(d) N 71E

4.3 The following are the observed FB of the lines:

(a) AB = 25

(b) BC = 118

(c) CD = 250

(d) DE = 342

Find their back bearings (assume no local attraction).

(Ans: (a) 205, (b) 298, (c CD = 70, (d) 162)
4.4 The following are observed FB in RB forms of the lines.
(a) AB = N 33E

(b) BC = S 31 E

(c) CD = S 37W

(d) DE = N 71 W

Find their BB bearing in RB forms.

(Ans: (a) S 33W, (b) S 31E, (c S 31W, (d) N71W)
4.5 The following angles were measured in clockwise direction in an open traverse:
ABC = 12415, BCD = 15630 DEF = 9515, EFG = 21545
The magnetic beating of the line AB was 24130 what would be the bearing of line
FG.
(Ans: 3535)
4.6 The following bearings were observed while traversing with a compass:
Line

FB

BB

AB

4545
9655
2945
32448

22610

BC
CD
DE

2775
20910
14448

Find which stations were affected by local attraction by local attraction and
determine the corrected bearing.
(Ans: Stations B and C
are affected.)

Corrected bearing: AB = 4545, BA= 22545, BC = 9630, CB = 27630, CD =

2910, DC = 20910 , DE = 32448, ED = 14448
4.7 Objective type questions (multiple choices)
1. The WCB of a line is 290. RB of the line is
(a) S20W

(b) N70W

(c) N70E

(d) S70E

2. RB bearing of a line is S 30E, the whole circle bearing is

(a) 150
(C) 300

(b) 210
(d) 200

3. Difference FB and BB of a line without local attraction is

(a) 100
(c) 180

(b) 270
(d) 200

4. The WCB of AB and AC are 150 and 55, respectively. The BAC equal to
(a) 205

(b) 95

(c) 150

(d) 195

5. The prismatic compass has the prism of

(a) 90

(b) 75

(c) 30

(d) 45

6. Trough compass is used to indicate

(a) Direction of survey

(b) Magnetic meridian

(c) Measuring bearing

(d) none of the above

7. The imaginary lines joining the point of equal di of magnetic needle are called
(a) Agonic lines

(b) Isogonics line

(c) Isoclinic lines

(d) Magnetic lines

8. Local attraction in compass surveying is due to

(a) A.C. current

(b) Gravity force

(c) Magnetic substances

(d) none of the above

9. Graduations in a prismatic compass

(a) Are inverted

(b) have zero at the south

(c) Are from 0 to 360

(d) all the above

10. The horizontal angle between true meridian and magnetic meridian is called

(a) Dip

(b) Azimuth

(c) Equal dip

(d) none of the above

11. Agonic lines pass through the point of

(a) Zero declination
(c) Equal dip

(b) Equal declination

(d) none of the above

12. The angle of dip at the magnetic pole is

(a) 0

(b) 90

(c) 45

(d) 10

13. A negative declination shows that the magnetic meridian is to the

(a) West of true meridian

(b) East of true meridian

South of the true meridian

(d) North of the true meridian

14. The box of the compass is made of

(a) Iron

(b) Aluminum

(c) Brass

(d) Combination of the above three

15. The sum of the interior angles of closed traverse having n number of sides is
equal to
(a) (2n-1)

(b) (2n-2)

(c) (2n-3)

(d) (2n-4)

16. The meridian of a place that changes its position with time is called
(a) Arbitrary

(b) Magnetic

(c) True

(d) All the above

17. Magnetic equator is an imaginary line along with chich dip is

(a) Least

(b) Greatest

(c) Zero

(d) None of the above

18. The magnetic declination at nay place

(a) Remains constant
(c) Fluctuates

(b) Does not remain constant

(d) Changes abruptly

4.8 Fill in the blanks with appropriate terms:

(i) FB and BB of a line whose stations are free from local attraction should differ
by___.
(ii) The WCB of a line is 45, its reduced bearing is _________.

(iii) The WCB of line Ab and AC are 45(iii) The WCB of line Ab and AC are 45 and 130.
The angles between the lines is________.
(iv) Compass survey is more suitable for ____ areas with undulating ground that chain survey.
(v) The least count of a prismatic compass is ________.
(vi) The sum of the interior angles of a regular pentagon is __ where n is the number of sides.
(vii) The angles between the true north and magnetic north is known as ______.
(viii) The lines joining the places of having equal declination are known as _____/
(ix) If true bearing of a line is 110 and declination is 2W, magnetic bearing is equal to _____.
(x) Compass survey is suitable where _____ is the main consideration.
(xi) The box of the prismatic compass is made of _____.
(xii) _______meridian of a place changes position with time.
( xiii) Magnetic equator is an imaginary line along which dip is _____.
(xiv) The imaginary lines joining the points having same dip ion the surface of the earth are known as
____lines.
(xv) The zero of the graduations of a prismatic compass is at ____ end of the graduated scale.
(xvi) The ring of the surveyors compass is graduated into ____ bearing system.
(xvii) The smaller angle which a line makes with true meridian, is called ______.
(xviii) T magnetic pole s, dip of a magnetic needle is _____.
(xix) The process of keeping the compass exactly over the station is called _____.
(xx) The angle of the prism of the prismatic compass is _______.
(xxi) The causes of irregular variation of magnetic needle is due to _____ storms
Answers
4.7
1.b

2.a
14.c

3.c
15.d

4.b
16.b

5.d
17.c

6.b
18.b

7.c

8.c

9.d

10.c

11.a

12.b

13.a

4.8
(i) 180
(ii) N45E
(iii)85
(iv) Large
(2n-4)
(vii) Declination
(viii) Isogonics
(xi) Brass
(xii) Magnetic
(xiii)Zero
south (xvi) Quadrantal (xvii) Azimiuth (xviii) 90 (xix)
(xxi) Magnetic

(v) 15
(vi)
(ix) 112
(x) Speed
(xiv) Isoclinic
(xv)
Centering
(xx)45

PROBLEMS
5.1 In leveling two points A and Bon opposite banks of a river, the level was setup
near A and staff readings at A and B were 1.115 m and 2.565 m , respectively. The
level was changed to near B and respective staff readings on A and B are 0.965 m
and 2.265 m. Find the true difference of level between A and B (use reciprocal
leveling)
(Ans: 1.350 m (A is above B))
5.2 The following consecutive staff reading were observed with level. The
instrument has been changed or moved forward after second. Fourth and eight
readings. The readings are as follows:
0.875, 1.235, 2.310 1.352, 2.930, 3.125, 4.125, 0.120, 1.875, 2.030, 3.765
The first reading 0.875 was taken on BM of RL 132.135. Enter the reading in a level
book and find the reduced levels of the point. Make usual check. Used HI or rise
and fall method.
(Ans: 131.442, 132.400, 132.505, 131.505, 134.510, 135.355,
and 133.620)
5.3 A line of level was taken P t Q and continued to BM shown in Table 5.11
BS
3.920
1.460
7.050

IS

FS

RL

Remarks
P

7.780
3.270
2.360

Q
0.85
2.970
3.190
4.280
227.300
BM
Table 5.11 Data of Problem 5.3

4.810
8.630
7.020

Obtain the RLs of P and Q.

(Ans: RL of P = 216.750, RL of Q =
215.770)
5.4 Reciprocal leveling was carried out to find the difference of level between two
points A and B fixed on opposite banks of a river.
Position of Level

Staff readings at A
(m)

Staff reading at B
(m)

Level near A

2.570

2.165

Level near B

2.360

1.405

Table 5.12 Data of Problem 5.5

If RL of A 300.585 m, find RL of B
(Ans: 301.265 m)
5.5 A passenger from the deck of a ship sees a light house which is 50 m above
mean sea level at the port. The height of the passengers eye is above 4.5 m above
mean sea level. Find the distance of the passenger from the light house.
(Ans: 35.437 m)
5.6 The following observation were taken in a reciprocal leveling
Instrument near
A

Staff readings
A

1.625
0.725

2.545
1.405

Determine RL of B, if RL of A is 100.00 m
(Ans: 99.20 m)
5.7 The following consecutive were taken with a dumpy level with 4 m leveling staff
on a continuously slopping ground at 30 m intervals.
0.680, 1.455, 1.855, 2.330, 2.885, 3.380, 1.055, 1.860, 2.265, 3.540, 0.835, 0.945,
1.530 and 2.250
The RL if the starting point is 80.750 m.

Rule out a page of level book and enter the above data.

Carry out reduction of heights by collimation method.

Apply the arithmetical check.

Determine the gradient of the line joining the first and last point
(Ans: Arithmetical check = -6.600; Gradient is 1
in 50.)

5.8 Objective type questions (multiple choices)

1. The leveling in which elevation computed from vertical and horizontal distances
is called
(a) Spirit leveling

(b) Barometric leveling

(c) Stadia leveling

(d) Trigonometrical leveling

2. Extensively used leveling instrument is

(a) Tilting level

(b) Wye level

(c) Dumpy level

(d) bubble tube

3. The minimum graduations of a 1 staff is

(a) 5 mm

(b) 5cm

(c) 0.5 mm

(d) 0.4 cm

4. The first reading after setting up the instrument is

(a) Fore sight

(b) Back sight

(c) Intermediate sight

(d) Change point

5. The last reading before shifting the instrument to a new station is

(a) Fore sight

(b) Back sight

(c) Intermediate sight

(d) Bench mark

6. Back sight is a reading of a point of

(a) Unknown elevation
(c) Horizontal line

(b) Known elevation

(d) Elevation of any hill

7. The curvature error, Atmospheric refraction etc. are eliminated

(a) Simple leveling

(b) Differential leveling

(c) Stadia leveling

(d) Reciprocal leveling

8. In plotting cross section horizontal and vertical scale are

(a) Same

(b) Different

(c) None of the above two

9. If L is the distance of line sight in kilometer, error due to earth curve is
(a) 0.00785 L2 m

(b) 0.0785L2

(c) 0.785 L2

(d) 7.85L2

10. If L is the distance of line of sight, error due to refraction is

(a) Half earths curative error

(b) 7 times of earths curvature error

(c) 1/7th times of earths curvature error
(d) None of the above
11. If the distance of line of sight is 100 km, the combined correction of curvature
and refraction is
(a) 6728.5 m

(b) 372.85 m

(c) 67.285 m

(d) 6.7285 m

12. A still water surface in a lake is

(a) Level

(b) Vertical

(c) Horizontal

(d) Equal to MSL.

13. The reference surface above which elevations are determined is called
(a) MSL

(b) Level

(c) Datum

(d) None of the above

14. In an internal focusing telescope, focusing is achieved by a lens called

(a) Convex

(b) Concave

(c) Plano-convex

(d) Plano-concave

15. In every change point or turning in leveling, reading or sight at a point is taken
(a) Just one

(b) three times

(c) Two times

(d) Four times

16. Rl of a BM is 200.00 m, Back sight is 1.525 m and fore sight is 3.285 m, and RL
of the forward station is
(a) 198.475 m

(b)196.715 m

(c) 198.240 m

(d) 199.240 m

17. Leveling of dumpy level is done to make

(a) Vertical axis truly vertical
(c) Optical axis truly horizontal

(b) Line of sight truly horizontal

(d) None of the above

18. The height of instrument (HI) kin leveling is the

(a) Height of telescope axis above the ground
(b) Elevation of a line of sight with suspect to a datum
(c) Elevation of a line of sight with respect to MSL

(d) None of the above

19. Bubble tube with divisions of 2 mm and a radius of 10 m has the sensitivity
about
(a) 40

(b) 80

(c) 20

(d) 10

20. Sensitivity of a bubble tube can be increased by

(a) Increasing the diameter of the tube
(b) Increasing the radius of the tube
(c) Increasing the length of the tube
(d) Increasing the length of division

21. Rise and fall method of leveling provides arithmetic check on

(a) Back sights and fore sights
(c) Both a and b

(b) Intermediate sights

(d) either a or b

22. The following type of leveling cannot be dont with dumpy level.
(a) Differential leveling

(b) Reciprocal leveling

(c) Trigonometrically leveling

(d) Profile leveling

23. The Philadelphia rod is a type of

(a) Solid staff
(c) Telescopic staff

(b) Folding staff

(d) None of the above

24. While leveling on steep slopes, it is preferable to setup the instrument

successively along a
(a) Straight line
(c) Curved line

(b) Zigzag line

(d) Bottom of a slope

25. While leveling in a undulating terrain, it is preferable to setup the instrument.

(a) The top of the gill
(c) One side of the slope

(b) The bottom of a valley

(d) On the ridge

26. In an adjusted level, when the bubble is centered, the axis of the bubble tube
becomes trailed to
(a) Line of sight
(c) Axis of telescope

(b) Line of collimation

(d) None of the above

27. The line normal to the plumb line is known as

(a) Horizontal line

(b) Level line

(c) Datum line

(d) Vertical line

28. In the construction of highway or railway, leveling of

(a) Longitudal sections are reigned
(b) Cross-sections are required
(c) Both a and b are required
(d) None of the above
5.9 Fill in the banks with appropriate terms:
(i) In leveling, measurements are made in _______plane.
(ii) A level surface to which elevations of different points are referred is called
_______.
(iii) A relatively permanent point of reference, whose elevation with respect to any
assumed datum is considered, is known as ______.
(iv) The point at which both back sight and fore sight readings are, is called
_________.
(v) Leveling should always commence from a ______.
(vi) The arithmetical check in rise and fall method of leveling is ____________.
(vii) Still water in lake represents _____ surface.
(viii) The minimum reading in leveling staff is ________.
(ix) The RL of a bench mark is 100 m and a back sight reading on it is 2.555 m, the
height of the instrument (HI) is __________.
(x) Back sight is a reading of a point of __________elevation.
(xi) Fore sight is _____ reading at a point from an instrument.
(xii) Standard recommended leveling staff is _______ in length.
(xiii) Mean sea level is a _________.
(xiv) The first staff reading after the level is set up is called _________.
(xv) Error due to earth curvature in a length of L km is ________.
(xvi) The error due to refraction is _________ of earths curvature.
(xvii) The error due to refraction is eliminated by _________.
(xviii) When seen through telescope, the staff is seen _______.
(xix) Both distance and angle are required to measure in _______leveling.

(xx) A target staff is a solid staff provided with a _______staff.

(xxi) The graduations in Philadelphia staff are in __________ unit.
(xxii) The upper parallel plate is called _____ and lower one is called _______.
(xxiii) When the dumpy level is leveled by a pair of screws, telescope is placed ____
to the pair of screws.
(xxiv) The height of the solid staff is _____ normally.
(xxv) The imaginary line joining the center of the eye-piece and the optical center of
the object glass is called _____ of telescope.
(xxvi) The imaginary straight line joining the intersection of the cross- hairs at
diaphragm to the optical center of the object glass is called ____ of telescope.
(xxvii) The operation of leveling in which difference of elevation between two points
is accurately determined by two sets, is called ____leveling.
(xxix) The method of measuring elevations based on the principle that atmospheric
pressure varies inversely with elevation is called ____leveling.
(xxx) If K is the total distance of level line in km, the maximum allowable first order
precise leveling error is limited to ________.
(xxxi) Stadia leveling can be performed by using the method of ____________.
(xxxii) The error of line of collimation and the error due to bubble tube may be
eliminated by balancing ___________.
Answers
5.8
1.d
2.c
14.b 15.c
27.b 28.c

3.a
16.c

4.b
17.a

5.a
6.b
18.b 19.a

7.d
8.b
20.b 21.c

9.b
22.c

10.c
23.c

11.b 12.a
24.b 25.c

13.c
26.a

5.9
(i) vertical (ii)datum
(iii) bench mark
(iv) change point or turning point (v)
bench mark (BM) (vi) BS - FS = Rise - Fall
(vii)level (viii) 0.005 m
(ix) 102.555 m
(x) known (xi) last (xii) 4 m (xiii) datum (xiv) back
sight (xv)0.0785 L2
(xvi) 1/7 th (xvii) reciprocal leveling (xviii) inverted
(xix) trigonometrical leveling
(xx) movable
(xxi) FPS
(xxii) tribrach,
trivet (xxiii) parallel
(xxiv) 3 m (xxv) axis
(xxvi) collimation
(xxvii)
BS - FS = Last RL First RL (xxviii) reciprocal
(xxix) barometric (xxx) +/- 4K
(xxxi) tacheometry
(xxxii) back sight and fore sight

Problems
10.1 The values of offset in meters of an irregular plot to the chain line are given
below at 10 m interval. Find the area between the chain line and the irregular
boundary by

(i) Trapezoidal rule (ii) Simpsons rule (iii) Average ordinate rule
Offsets
(m)
Distance
(m)

3.6

5.3

6.3

6.2

5.4

6.8

7.4

6.4

8.0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

(Ans: (i) 496 m 2 (ii) 495.33 m2

(iii) 492.44 m2

10.2 To calculate the are of closed traverse data are given in the following
Data of example 10.3
Side
AB
BC
CD
DA

Latitude
N
150.8

S
250.5
120.5

220.5

Departure
E
200.5
155.6

W
200.3
150.3

Determine the area by independent co-ordinates method check the area by

departure and latitude and double meridian distance (DMD) methods
(Ans: 9665.84 m2)
10.3 Calculate the area of figure from the following reading by a planimeter. IR=
8.914, FR = 3.254, M=100 m2, C = 20. If has been observed that the zero mark on
the dial passed the index once in the anti-clockwise direction.
(Ans: 434 m2)
10.4 The following perpendicular offsets (in m) taken at 10 m intervals from a
survey line to an irregular boundary line and first and last offsets by: (i) Average
ordinate rule (ii) Trapezoidal rule.
(Ans: (i) 418.7 m2 (ii)
442.8 m2)
10.5 Calculate the area of a figure with planimeters needle point inside the figure
when initial and final readings are 8.999 and 3.265, respectively. Take M = 100 m 2
and C = 25. It has been observed that the zero on the dial passed once the index
mark in the anti- clockwise direct.
(Ans: 926.6 m2)
10.6 Objective type questions (Multiple choices)

1. To compute area of a figure bounded by straight lines, the figure is generally

converted into a network of
(a) Squares
(c) Rectangles

(b) Triangles
(d) Trapezium

2. In the formula for area A= M (FR +/- N +C), area of zero circle is equal to
(a) C

(b) C/M

(c) M x C

(d) None of the above

3. The area of a trapezium with a and b parallel sides and h distance between them
is
(a) (a+b/3)h

(b) (a+b/2)h

(c) (a_b)h

(d) (a+b/4)h

4. The area of a triangle with usual trigonometrically equation is

(a) absinC
(c) ca sin B

(b) bc sin A
(d) All the above

5. Simpsons rule can be used for the computations of area when number of offsets
is
(a) Odd

(b) Even

(c) Ay number

(d) Both a and b

6. If the area is parabolic, area is represented bu

(a) 1/3 bh
(c) bh

(b) 3/4 h
(d) 2/3b

7. Area of any irregular figure can be determined accurately with

(a) Graph paper

(b) Pantograph

(c) Clinometer

(d) Planimeter

8. The measuring wheel of planimeter is divided the circumference into parts of

(a) 100

(b) 1000

(c) 500

(d) 50

9. If d is the distance between equidistant odd ordinates h 1,h2,h3 , the Simpsons

rule for areas, is
(a) d/2 (h1+hn+ 2(h3+h5 +.. hn-2) + 4(h2+h4 +..+hn-1))

(b) d/3 (h1+hn+ 2(h3+h5 +.. hn-2) + 4(h2+h4 +..+hn-1))

(c) d/6 (h1+hn+ 2(h3+h5 +.. hn-2) + 4(h2+h4 +..+hn-1))
(d) none of the above
10. If the area calculated from the plan plotted with measurements by an erroneous
chain, accurate area of the plan is
(a) Measured area x (Length of the chain used/ Nominal chain length)
(b) Measured area x (Nominal chain length/ Length of the chain used)
(c) Measured area x (Length of the chain used/Nominal chain length)
(d) None of the above
11. The area of a plane triangle ABC having its base AC (i.e, side length by the
perpendicular height h, is
(a) bh

(b) absinC

(c) bcsinA

(d) All the above

10.7 Fill in the blanks with appropriate terms:

(i) Simpsons rule of areas can be only applied if the number of ordinates is______.
(ii) Areas calculated by planimeter from a map area ____ accurate than other
method.
(iii) In trapezoidal method, the lines joining the ends of the ordinates are_______.
(iv) Another name of Simpsons rule is ________.
(v) Give and take method is suitable for ________area.
(vi) The measuring wheel of planimeter is divided ____ parts of circumference.
(vii) The planimeter can be used by placing the pole points _______ sides of the
figure.
(viii) The circle around the circumference on which the tracing point of planimeter
move is called ________.
(ix) The area if a triangular area ABC having a vase b and perpendicular height h is
________.
(x)The area of a triangle when two sides a, and b, and their included angle C is
known the area is ________.
(xi) The area of parabolic segment of base b and height h is given by______.
(xii) In the formula of area A = M (FR IR +- 10N +C), the area of zero circle is
___________.

(xiii) In the determination of area of a given boundary bounded by straight lines, the
figure is generally converted into ______.
(xiv) The smaller unit of area of urban properties is _____.
(xv) The accuracy of the area obtained by the average ordinate rule depends on the
_____ of divisions of the base.
(xvi) The circle of correction and zero circle of a planimeter is ______.
(xvii) Amsler planimeter consists of ____arms.
(xviii) If the first and last ordinates are each zero, these are omitted while applying
___ formula.
(xix) If the anchor point is kept inside the figure, the area of the zero circle is always
______.
(xx) For small areas, the anchor point of the planimeter is always placed ______ the
figure.
(xxi) The polar planimeter is not accurate than the _____ planimeter.
Answers
10.6
1.b

2.c

3.b

4.d

5.a

6.d

7.d

8.b

9.c

10.c

11.c

10.7
(i) Odd
(ii) more
(iii) straight (iv) parabolic
(v) irregular (vi)100
(vii) both
(viii) zero circle (ix) (1/2)bh (x) (1/2) absinC
(xi)
(2/3)bh
(xii) MC
(xiii) Triangle
(xiv) square metres
(xv) number
(xvi) same (xvii)two
(xvii) Simpsons
(xix) added (xx)
outside
(xxi)rolling