Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
66-83
957
958
of available research information on both shrinkage and the single loading type of creep. Results of a 6%-year observation of creep and
shrinkage shortening of a number of 36-story columns will be reported separately, together with
an &n&lyticql procedure to design for structural
effects of differential column shortening.
EFFECT OF INCREMENTAL LOADS
ON CREEP STRAINS
0.20
0.15
"'
.!:'
::
"'c.
0.10
"'
u"'
0.05
......-
---
0.1 5
"'c:
~
-:n
.,.,c.
0.10
u
0.05
40days
80
120
160
200
v
lday
v
v
,-"
120
7
14
28
90
180
31r.
I yr.
2yr.
5yr.
IJ)
a.
'c
'c
10
I
0
IJ)
IJ)
0.30
.-.
a.
0.25
<I)
<I)
L.
IJ)
IJ)
::J
a.
cu
0.20
0.15
'r--. ... -
::J L.
<I)
--
Vcreep
Straiy
4.26
--
-I nitlal
Elastic
Strains
0.05
100
20
8 14 28 40
60
80 91
3.55
2.84
'c>
'E
u
'E
.Jt:
2.13
I
I
0.1.0
cL.
,..- -- --
c~
IJ)
a.<I)
u;
L.
<I)
--
4.97
10
I
1.42
.I
.71
1
I
I
120
140
160
180
200
Age, days
959
142
7 II
9 95
12 8
I I 1
- - Test results
~~
\\ ~'
\
'\ ~
\\
o.I
42.2
35.2
..._Ye0,.s
\....
o.3
~~
""
0.2
49.2
---Extrapolation
r----.
...........
18 5
15 63
......
28.1 '
IJflrt
eo,.i"-..!,.~od
1Yeo,.
- ...
--
~--... ...__
1'",.30 days
----
~Od
o.4
o.5
o:r
o.s
o.a.
o.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
r.3
14.1
7.0
r.4
2.0
I'..
""'
1.5
"
"'
~ 1.0
(1)
t:l
" I':
""'
.........
.....
0.5
'
""""
120
I day
14
28
90
(2)
180
lyr.
Age at loading,days
~ E c1
1
The exponential expression for creep, represented graphically in Fig. lb, has a particular
advantage for the structural engineer. It allows
interpolation and extrapolation with as few as
two points, since beyond about 10 days it is represented as a straight line when time is plotted on a
logarithmic scale.
The curve in Fig. 4, giving the relationship between creep and age at loading, has been plotted
using available information from many tests.' The
coefficient aaue relates the creep for any age at
960
--r
(
c.ave=
(3)
==
t' c.at:efc
(4)
1.3
1.2
C1i
>
'd
1.1
\
~
\
1\
o>
"'0
0
0
1.0
E
c
4>
E
~
c
...
0
0.9
"" "
~i
"E
4>
u
~
'\.
0.8
--f---- f--
4>
(.)
..........
i'-._
0..7
'-....
!'-.!'-...
1-o.....
..........
.......... ..........
r--
0.6
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
961
1.8
.....
U>
a:
....
1.6
1.5
....
.2
1.4
1.3
Q)
<.>
,._
a;
I. 2
<.>
Q)
1778
2286
1.2
1.7
l:j
<I>
<I>
em
em
1270
7.62
254
1.1
.....
"'>
t1
<
''
-"'
;::
.c
1.0
0.8
0.7
'~
Q)
''
<.>
Elgin grovel
aggregate (8)
European.- [)---.
curve(?)
,._
,._
......_
Q)
Q)
Ui
~ 1--.
0.6
.......
<.>
European
curve (7l7
......~~
~,
0.5
Elgin grove I j
aggregate (8)
0.4
0.3
0
10
2286
"'
.E
1778
1270
r\
0.9
....
Ill
1.0
0'
Ui
0.9
1.1
762
2 54
...
10
1.0
_,. ~
0.8
<l>
0>
0.6
..,.;
.....
..c
(/)
0.4
0.2
0.0
100
v
90
80
70
60
/"'
50
40
30
20
Relative humidity, %
Fig. 8-Shrinkage versus relative humidity
962
fs
of a nonrein(5)
This curve can be used to extrapolate the ultimate creep and shrinkage values from laboratory
testing of a certain duration of time. Conversely,
the curve can also be used to estimate the creep
or shrinkage at any time from the given ultimate
value.
EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT ON
CREEP AND SHRINKAGE
Both creep and shrinkage have a similarity regarding the rate of progress with respect to time.
1.0
0.9
0.8
~
,_
()
,_
0.7
Q)
0
Q)
0>
0
0.6
0.5
..><:
,_
.I::.
0.4
(.{')
0.3
0.2
______..,. ~
v
lL
.,..v
t--
'/
0. I
120
0.0
3yr.
_j
3 days
14
28
90
180
I yr.
2yr.
5yr.
Time
963
::, )( 1 -
e- (pnfl+Pn)ec'Ec)
peo'
(1 _e-
(6)
~c = fc +;a/Eo' (1 _ e- (pn/l+Pn)e,'Ec)
= (fc/ + Es)
Ec
(7)
(pnfl+pn)ec'Ec)
in which
initial elastic stress in the co,ncrete
total shrinkage strain of plain concrete
adjusted for VIS ratio
:::e
c:
Q)
Q)
....
c:
Q)
....
....
> 4
Q)
1~------L-------~----~------~------~~~~~~~
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
.
residual strain
R a t 10 =
total strain
Fig. 10-Ratio of residual creep and shrinkage of a reinforced column to the total creep and shrinkage of a plain
Concrete column
964
fc )
Ll.fs
= E8
(9)
SUMMARY
1. Based on the present state of the art, a practical design procedure is presented to predict the
creep and shrinkage strains in columns of multistory buildings, considering the effects of loading
history, member size and percentage of reinforcement.
2. Although the magnitude of creep and shrinkage of plain concrete specimens may vary considerably, the final inelastic strains in reinforced
concrete columns and walls have much less variation due to the restraining effect of the reinforcement.
3. Elements which receive a substantial loading
at early ages, such as prestressed elements and
columns in the upper stories of tall structures or
columns of low-rise structures, are prone to higher
shrinkage and creep strains.
4. Lower story columns of tall structures have
considerably smaller creep and shrinkage strains
than commonly assumed as a result of:
(a) Incremental loading over a longer period of
time which reduces creep.
(b) A substantial volume-to-surface ratio which
reduces shrinkage.
(c) A substantial percentage of reinforcement
which reduces both shrinkage and creep.
5. In a tall structure the relative vertical movement between columns and adjacent walls can
cause structural and architectural distress unless
proper design and details are provided.
0~
..:
c:
Q)
<>
-<>
Q)
(,)
....
1&1
"I~
c:
0.+
....
a;
Q)
........
.~
Q)
>
965
REFERENCES
1. McHenry, D., "A New Aspect of Creep in Concrete and its Application to Design," Proceedings,
ASTM, V. 43, p. 1069.
2. Ross, A. D., "Creep of Concrete Under Variable
Stress," ACI JouRNAL, Proceedings V. 54, No. 9, Mar.
1958, pp. 739-758.
3. Backstrom, S., "Creep and Creep Recovery of
Cement Mortar," Preliminary Publication, Fifth Congress of the International Association for Bridge and
Structural Engineering, Zurich, 1956, pp. 77-83.
4. Seed, H. B., "Creep and Shrinkage in Reinforced
Concrete Structures," Reinforced Concrete Review
(London), 1948, pp. 253-267.
5. Davies, R. D., Discussion of "Creep of Concrete
Under Variable Stress" by A. D. Ross, ACI JoURNAL,
Proceedings V. 54, 1958, pp. 1279-1280.
6. Hickey, K. B., "Creep of Concrete Predicted from
Elastic Modulus Tests," Report No. C-1242, Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Jan.
1968, 27 pp.
7. Recommendations for an International Code of
Practice for Reinforced Concrete, Comite Europeen du
Beton, Paris, 1964. (English translation available from
the Cement and Concrete Association and American
Ooncrete Institute, 155 pp.)
8. Hansen, T. C., and Mattock, A. H., "Influence
of Size and Shape of Member on the Shrinkage and
Creep of Concrete," ACI JouRNAL, Proceedings V. 63,
No. 2, Feb. 1966, p. 267.
9. Troxell, G. E.; Raphael, J. M.; and Davis, R. E.,
"Long-Time Creep and Shrinkage Tests of Plain and
Reinforced Concrete," Proceedings, ASTM, V. 58, 1958,
pp. 1101-1120.
10. Dischinger, F., "Investigations on Resistance to
Buckling, Elastic Deformation and Creep of Con~rete
in Arch Bridges (Untersuchungen ueber die Knicksicherheit, die elastische Verformung und das Kriechen
des Betons bei Bogenbruecken) ," Der Bauingenieur
(Berlin), V. 18, No. 39/40, Oct. 1937, pp. 595-621.
11. Morsch, E., Static der Gewalbe und Rahmen,
Verlag von Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, 1947.
12. Pfeifer, D. W., "Reinforced Lightweight Concrete
Columns," Proceedings, ASCE, V. 95, ST1, Jan. 1969,
pp. 57-82.
Required
Compute the ultimate residual creep and shrinkage
strains of the reinforced concrete column and the additional stress in reinforcing steel.
The following steps will be carried out:
1. Compute for the plain concrete column the total
ultimate creep strains, considering effects of incremental loading and of column size; and shrinkage
considering volume-to-surface ratio.
2. Compute the additional stress in the vertical
reinforcing steel due to creep and shrinkage.
3. Compute for the reinforced concrete column the
residual creep and shrinkage strains.
Solution
Creep strains
Conversion
to consider
T = 288 days
1
S. c,ave
E'.c~28Uave
VIS
a.c, 18
= 1.06.
from which
APPENDIX
Ec'
DESIGN EXAMPLE
Given
= 4.05 X 106
= Es!Ec = 7.2
Ag+ (n-1)As
20 X 49 + (7.2- 1) X 40.6
1232 sq in. (7950 cm2)
966
fc
=-
At
36
x 37,ooo
1232
= 1080 psi
X fc
from which
a"v;s = 0.57.
Es
Ec
(265
acv/s
av;s
Ec
creep strain
Ec'
'ct.
Es
+ 590) 10-6 =
855 X lO-G
X 0.203
= 0.0415 X 0.245 X 10-6
17,050 psi
Llfs'
= Es
17 050 = 588
29 X 10-6
R t'10 Residual strains
a
Total strains
588 X 10-6
855 X 10-6
0.69
Sinopsis-Resume-Zusammenfassung
Efectos del Flujo Plcistico y Ia Contracci6n en
Columnas de Estructuras Altas-Predicci6n del
Acortamiento lnelcistico de Columna
Se detalla un procedimiento para predecir la
cantidad de deformaci6n por flujo plastico y
contracci6n con base en el estado actual del
conocimiento. Se toma en consideraci6n la historia de
carga de las columnas en edificios de varios niveles las
cuales reciben sus caTgas en incrementos a medida que
se construye el edificio, reduciendo considerablemente
el flujo plastico comparada con una sola aplicaci6n
de la carga. Tambien se consideran la relaci6n
volumen/superficie de las secciones y el efecto del
refuerzo en el flujo plastico y la contracci6n.
NOTATION
At
Ec
Es
fc
fci
fs
n
p
Uage
aave
967