1.

Explain the basic concepts about the changes of the land/the concept
of geomorphology !
Answare: The surface of Earth is covered with various landforms, a
number of which are discussed in various entries throughout this book.
This essay is devoted to the study of landforms themselves, a subdiscipline
of the geologic sciences known as geomorphology. The latter, as it has
evolved since the end of the nineteenth century, has become an
interdisciplinary study that draws on areas as diverse as plate tectonics,
ecology, and meteorology. Geomorphology is concerned with the shaping
of landforms, through such processes as subsidence and uplift, and with
the classification and study of such landforms as mountains, volcanoes,
and islands.
The geomorphologic processes are as follows
a. Fluvial
Fluvial geomorphologic processes are those related to rivers and
streams. The flowing water found here is important in shaping the
landscape in two ways. First, the power of the water moving across a
landscape cuts and erodes its channel. As it does this, the river shapes
its landscape by growing in size, meandering across the landscape,
and sometimes merging with other rivers forming a network of
braided rivers. The paths rivers take depend on the topology of the
area and the underlying geology or rock structure found where it's
moving.
b. Mass Movement
The mass movement process, also sometimes called mass wasting,
occurs when soil and rock moves down a slope under the force of
gravity. The movement of the material is called creeping, slides, flows,
topples, and falls. Each of these is dependent on the speed of
movement and composition of the material moving. This process is
both erosional and depositional.
c. Glacial
Glaciers are one of the most significant agents of landscape change
simply because of their sheer size and power as they move across an
area. They are erosional forces because their ice carves the ground
beneath them and on the sides in the case of a valley glacier which
results in a U-shaped valley. Glaciers are also depositional because
their movement pushes rocks and other debris into new areas. The
sediment created by the grinding down of rocks by glaciers is called
glacial rock flour. As glaciers melt, they also drop their debris creating
features like eskers and moraines.
d. Weathering
Weathering is an erosional process that involves the chemical break
down of rock (such as limestone) and the mechanical wearing down of

rock by a plants roots growing and pushing through it, ice expanding
in its cracks, and abrasion from sediment pushed by wind and water.
Weathering can for example result in rock falls and eroded rock like
those found in Arches National Park, Utah.
e. PLATE TECTONICS
The name both of a theory and of a specialization of tectonics. As
an area of study, plate tectonics deals with the large features of the
lithosphere and the forces that shape them. As atheory, it explains the
processes that have shaped Earth in terms of plates and their
movement.
f. EROSION
The movement of soil and rock due to forces produced by water,
wind, glaciers, gravity, and other influences.
g. SEDIMENT
Material deposited at or near Earth's surface from a number of
sources, most notably preexisting rock.Sedimentology is The study and
interpretation of sediments, including sedimentary processes and
formations.
2. What is geomorphologhy and geomorpphologhy study about ?
Answare: Geomorphology is the study of landforms, their processes, form
and sediments at the surface of the Earth (and sometimes on other planets).
Study includes looking at landscapes to work out how the earth surface
processes, such as air, water and ice, can mould the landscape. Landforms are
produced by erosion or deposition, as rock and sediment is worn away by
these earth-surface processes and transported and deposited to different
localities. The different climatic environments produce different suites of
landforms. The landforms of deserts, such as sand dunes and ergs, are a world
apart from the glacial and periglacial features found in polar and sub-polar
regions. Geomorphologists map the distribution of these landforms so as to
understand better their occurrence.
3. Explain about tectonic lempeng with picture!
Answare: Plate boundaries
Subduction zones, or convergent margins, are one of the three types of plate
boundaries. The others are divergent and transform margins.
At a divergent margin, two plates are spreading apart, as at seafloor-spreading
ridges or continental rift zones such as the East Africa Rift.
Transform margins mark slip-sliding plates, such as California's San Andreas
Fault, where the North America and Pacific plates grind past each other with
a mostly horizontal motion.

Plate tectonics is the theory that the outer rigid layer of the earth (the
lithosphere) is divided into a couple of dozen "plates" that move around
across the earth's surface relative to each other, like slabs of ice on a lake.
The drawing above is a cross section of the earth showing the components
that lie within plate tectonic theory. The cross section should really be curved
to correspond to the earth's curvature, but it has been straightened out here.
Note the continental craton (stable continent) in the middle of the
drawing. Note the line under the craton; that is the lower boundary of the
plate. Everything above that line is the plate. All similar lines in the cross
section mark the bottom of the plates. Technically, everything above that line
is lithosphere, the rigid, brittle shell of the earth. Everything below is
asthenosphere, the hot, plastic interior of the earth.
Within the asthenosphere are convection cells, slowly turning over hot,
plastic rock. The convection cells bring heat from the earth's interior out to
the surface, but slowly. Movement is about 10 centimeters a year. When the
convection cells reach the base of the lithosphere they release heat to the
surface at the divergent plate boundary to escape to space. The cooled plastic
rock then turns sideways and moves parallel to the earth's surface before
descending back into the earth at subduction zones to become reheated. It is
this turning over of the convection cells the drives the plate movements

4. What is the example about agradation and degradation !

Answare: All the process which tend to bring the surface of the litospher to
teh commen level is know as the process is gradation. It is done by the two
process degradation and agradation.
Agradation is the process by which is original irregulatier of the earths are
removed and level surface is created. For example is running water, moving
ice, waves and winds remove the products and carry to other place, whre is
depositited
it
is
a
process
of
building
of
channel.
Aggradation (or alluviation) is the term used in geology for the increase in
land elevation, typically in a river system, due to thedeposition of sediment.
Aggradation occurs in areas in which the supply of sediment is greater than
the amount of material that the system is able to transport. The mass balance
between sediment being transported and sediment in the bed is described by
the Exner equation.
Typical aggradational environments include lowland alluvial rivers, river
deltas, and alluvial fans. Aggradational environments are often undergoing
slow subsidence which balances the increase in land surface elevation due to
aggradation. After millions of years, an aggradational environment will
become a sedimentary basin, which contains the deposited sediment,
including paleochannels and ancientfloodplains.
Aggradation can be caused by changes in climate, land use, and geologic
activity, such as volcanic eruption, earthquakes, and faulting. For example,
volcanic eruptions may lead to rivers carrying more sediment than the flow
can transport: this leads to the burial of the old channel and its floodplain. In
another example, the quantity of sediment entering a river channel may
increase when climate becomes drier. The increase in sediment is caused by a
decrease in soil binding that results from plant growth being suppressed. The
drier conditions cause river flow to decrease at the same time as sediment is
being supplied in greater quantities, resulting in the river becoming choked
with sediment.

5. What is the weathering, explain about weathering (physical, chemical

and biological) !
Answare: In nature generally into three types of weathering (physical,
chemical and biological) that work together, but one of them may be more
dominant than the other. Although the chemical processes in nature that
the most important role in the weathering, does not mean that other types
of weathering is not important. Based on this, the predominant process of
weathering weathering of rocks can be divided into physical, chemical and
biological. Weathering is a process that destroys the natural process of
rock into soil.
a. Weathering biological (organic): The cause is the process plant and
animal organisms that humans, animals can do weathering include
earthworms, insects. Dibatu rocky coastal areas often have holes made
by binatang.Pengaruh caused by growing this plant can be mechanical
or chemical. Effect of mechanical properties, namely the development
of the roots of the plants in the soil that can damage the surrounding
soil. The influence of chemical substances in the form of acid released
by roots suck salt dietary fiber foods. These acids damage the rock so
that the salts are easily absorbed by the roots. Humans also play a role
in weathering through the activity of tree felling, construction and
mining.
b. Weathering physical (mechanical): Weathering physics is the process
by which rock breaks into smaller pieces, but without changing its
chemical composition and mineral matter. Physical weathering can
produce fragment / small crystals to block stocky (joint block) is large.
In this process the rock will undergo physical changes in both shape
maupu ukuranya. Large rocks into smaller and smaller becomes
smooth. Weathering is also called mechanical weathering because the
process takes place mechanically. As for the cause of the mechanical
weathering, namely:

Stress release: rock outcrop release muscular stress produces cracks

parallel to the surface or topography. Cracks that divide rocks into
layers or sheets (sheet) which is parallel to the surface topography.
This process is often called sheeting. The thickness of the coating
results sheeting process is getting thicker away from the surface.
The weathering process of this kind is common in igneous rocks
breakthrough near the Earth's surface.

Frost action and hydro-fracturing: the freezing of water in the

rocks. Water or any other solvent stored in the pores and / or cracks
of rocks will increase in volume of about 9% when it freezes, so
this will cause considerable pressure to solve the rocks they
occupy. This process depends on: 1)the existence of pores and
cracks in the rock, 2) the presence of water / liquid in the pores,
3) temperatures fluctuate within a certain period.

Salt weathering: the growth of crystals in the rocks. Crystal growth

in porous rock, causing high pressure can damage / break the rock
itself. Changing salt water into a crystal. If ground water contains
salt, then during the day the water menguapdan salt will crystallize.
Salt crystals is very sharp and can damage the rock of the
surrounding mountains, especially the coral reefs in coastal areas.

Insolation weathering: warming and cooling of the surface due to

the influence of the sun. These events mainly occur in continental
climates or temperate desert in desert areas during the daytime
temperatures can reach 50 Celsius. In the daytime high
temperatures or heat. Rock becomes fluffy, at night when the air
cools, the rock shrinks. If it happens continuously may lead to rock
breaks or cracks.

Alternate wetting and drying: the influence of absorption and

drying quickly.

3. Chemical weathering (chemical): Chemical weathering makes

chemical and mineralogical composition of a rock can be changed.
Minerals in the rocks that were damaged by water then reacts with air
(O2 or CO2), resulting in part from the mineral into a solution. In
addition, part of the mineral elements that others can join the local
elements to form a new mineral crystals. In the chemical weathering
of water and dissolved gases holds a very important role. Whereas
chemical weathering alone has the most important role in all kinds of
weathering. This is because the water is in almost all rocks even

though in dry areas. However, at temperatures less than 30 C, the

chemical weathering run slower. Chemical weathering process
generally starts from and along cracks or other weak spot. Chemical
weathering speeds depending on the climate, mineral composition and
grain size of the rocks undergo weathering. Weathering will run faster
in humid areas (humid) or heat than in dry areas or very cold. Average
rainfall may reflect the speed of weathering, but the temperature is
difficult to be measured. But in general, the speed of chemical
weathering increases twice with each 10 C temperature rise. Mineral
bases will generally be faster rotting of the mineral acid. That is why
basal will be faster than the weathered granite in the same size. While
in sedimentary rocks, weathering velocity depends on the composition
of the minerals and cement materials. As for the causes of chemical
weathering, among others:

Hydrolysis is the reaction between silicate minerals and acids

(solution containing ions H +) which allows the solvent silicate
minerals and frees metal cations and silica. Clay minerals such as
kaolin, illite and smectite likely the result of a chemical
weathering process of this type (Boggs, 1995). This type of
weathering the most important role in the chemical weathering.

Hydration is the process of adding water to a mineral to form new

minerals. Opponents of hydration is dehydration, which lost
mineral water so that anhydrous form. This last process is very
rare to weathering, because the weathering process there is always
water. A common example of this process is the addition of water
to form a mineral hematite goethite.

Oxidation takes place on iron or manganese which are generally

formed in silicate minerals such as biotite and pyroxene. Another
element which is easily oxidized in the process of weathering is
sulfur, for example in pyrite (Fe2S).

Reduction occurs where oxygen demand (generally by living

bodies) are more than the available oxygen. It gives the electrons
of iron adding Fe3 + to Fe2 + which is more soluble so that more
cars, whereas Fe 3+ may be lost to the system in the dissolution
weathering.

Dissolution of soluble minerals such as calcite, dolomite and

gypsum by rainwater during weathering will tend to form a new
composition.

Substitution ion is weathering process in which ions in solution

such as replacement of Na by Ca. Generally occurs in clay
minerals.

6. Explain and take example about fluvial process !

Answare: landscapes of fluvial geomorphology units that span is closely
related to the process of fluviatil. Fluviatil process itself are all processes
that occur in nature, either physics or chemistry that results in changes the
shape of the Earth's surface, caused by the action of the water surface. The
process of Erosion
According to Sukmana, 1979, erosion is a process or event of the loss of
the surface layer of the soil caused by the movement of water or wind.
Whereas Arsyad, 1982, defines the process of erosion as the event's move
or terangkutnya soil or ground parts from one place to another by the
media. While according to Holy, 1980, based on the process penyebabknya
causative agents of erosion, is divided into four kinds, namely the erosion
by water, erosion by wind, erosion by glaciers and erosion by snow. In this
landscape, the most dominant cause of erosion is water. The river can be a
kind of sediment eroded rocks, cutting valleys, deepen and widen the river
ways:

Stone Quarrying, namely pendongkelan path.

Abrasion, i.e. penggerusan against a rock that was spent.

Scouring i.e. River penggerusan ulakan river due to, for example, in
the area cut off slope.

Corrosion, i.e., the reaction against the kind of rocks.

Hydraulic action capabilities of water lifting and moving of rock or

sediment materials with a circular motion so that the rocks break apart
and lose fragments.

Solution, solution in the process of erosion is slow, but effective in

weathering and erosion.

7. Explain about karst topography !

Answare: Karst topography is a geological formation shaped by the

dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock
such as limestone or dolomite,but also in gypsum,It has also been
documented for weathering-resistant rocks, such as quartzite, given the
right conditions. This is an incomplete list of the major karst landscape
areas of the world.
karst landscape has sinkholes, sinking streams, caves, and springs. The
term "karst" is derived from a Slavic word that means barren, stony
ground. It is also the name of a region in Slovenia near the border with
Italy that is well known for its sinkholes and springs. Geologists have
adopted karst as the term for all such terrain. The term "karst" describes
the whole landscape, not a single sinkhole or spring. A karst landscape
most commonly develops on limestone, but can develop on several other
types of rocks, such as dolostone (magnesium carbonate or the mineral
dolomite), gypsum, and salt. Precipitation infiltrates into the soil and flows
into the subsurface from higher elevations and generally toward a stream
at a lower elevation. Weak acids found naturally in rain and soil water
slowly dissolve the tiny fractures in the soluble bedrock, enlarging the
joints and bedding planes. Below is a schematic diagram of karst terrain in
Kentucky.

8. Explain about it:

a. Landform Stuctural
Influence of geological structure on the development of land forms and
appearance are known as land that is affected by landscape structures. The
influence of the structure of very large geologiyang can affect the overall
span of the land until the appearance of the smallest landform that goes
along with the other process geomorphology.

Influence of geological structure on geomorphology can be divided into

two types of main structure; namely: (1) active structure that goes so
leave a trace of modern land landscape, (2) passive structure that left its
mark on the landscape of modern land form of weathering and erosion.
Influence of geological structures that affect aspects such as
geomorphology, structure perlipatan and the fault can be identified
through aerial photos and petatopografi.
Aerial photographs and topographic maps can display the location and
shape of the massabatuan which has various display, among other things:
(a) the resilience of batuanterhadap weathering and erosion, (b) changes
of the Crystal and removal of rock due to weathering and erosion, (c)
appearance of the coating and (d) any other form of display. Rocks and
climate have a significant role in the look of geomorphology, especially in
areas that have a close relationship with the geological conditions such as
the type of rocks and geological structures that reflected on topographic
maps or aerial photos that looks at. Basically rocks have difference
resistance to weathering and erosion, so very encouraging his annihilation
occurs on the slopes with its slopes formed disconnected. Development of
convex slopes indicate a relatively rock resistant to weathering and
erosion, while development of a concave slopes tend to be less resistant to
weathering and erosion. It is clear that the thickness of the layers of rock
are very influential on the slopes (convex or concave). If an a or
threadbare
rock
weathering
processes
or
processes
of
erosion/accumulation is active, then the surface is relatively smooth, so it
doesn't look like a rock-lined, so the layers will be visible in outcrops of
the cliffs or the basic flow. Interpretation of rocks in detail would be better
if done dila-food, but the ability of interpretation of aerial photos and
topographic maps of geological knowledge coupled with the public will
give better results in determining the boundaries of rock, perlapisan,
foliasi, kelurusan and its relationship with the land, such as the display of
the gawir fault and erosion.
The river flow patterns visible on aerial photographs and topographic map
will reflect perlapisan a pretty good rock on an area covered, although the
vegetation and soil, but it is still possible to identify the main geological
structures and types of rock such as silt, sand and limestone rock. Smith
(1943) mention that the best traits to identify rocks in an area via aerial or
topographic maps are as follows: (1) kenampakkan the topography, (2) the
color of the soil and rocks, vegetation distribution (3) and (4) the primary
and secondary structures.
b. Landform vulkanic

Volcano landform formed from the results of sediment deposition in the

form of volcano lava solidifies and fragments of the volcano, so that it can
be distinguished from other forms of land and very easily recognisable on
the aerial photographs. Eruption (eruption) volcanoes can be
distinguished on the basis of material coming out of the volcano magma
channel or "vent", i.e. If the material ejected from a magma channels
through the central channel magama volcanic activity report/vent is
referred to as the center of the explosion. Material out through the
cracks/fissures channel magam is referred to as the eruption of a
crack/fissures and material out through some channels of magma that is
widespread in an area referred to as the area of the eruption. This
classification is difficult to apply to every occurrence of the eruption,
because an eruption will occur along fissures (minakat weak), so that the
center of large eruptions can occur through a number of parasitic Cone
(parasitic cones) are terapatdi along the fissures on the slopes of
Mount/wings of fire. The difference in the center of the eruption with the
eruption that occurred through fissures generally depends on the scale and
the growth phase of the volcano, so the difference it will really stand out.
The area of the volcano, also known as "polyrifice" is characterized by an
eruptive Center is never, because an eruption will occur at certain points
within a long (Karapetian, 1964). Volcano body structure tend to be small
and rarely reach a height of 450 metres.
c. Land Form Denudasi
The process of exogenous (epigen), such as the climate, vegetation and
human activities is a very prominent factor of influence on landform
denudasional. Climate, such as rainfall and temperature change affect the
process of weathering of rocks, erosion and soil movement. Vegetation
and human activities are very helpful to the acceleration of the process of
exogenous, so changes in landform occur very quickly. Landform
characteristics can be observed denudasional origin of Ridge patterns that
are irregular, the pattern of flow of the river that forms a dendritic pattern
of drainage pattern density with a fairly steep slope and relative.
Constituent materials are usually composed of a homogeneous rocks
which are easily rotted, such as clays, silt, shale, and breksi.
Kenampakkan landform features of denudasional can be observed through
the topographic maps, aerial photographs or satellite imagery. In the
outline of the processes that take place in the form of original land
denudasional can be distinguished into the process and the process is
erosional avalanche (degradasional) and terminated by the deposition
process (agradasional).
d. Landform Fluvial

Origin of the fluvial landform (F), is a large group of bentuklahan units

that results from the activity streams. The back swamps, floodplain, river
terrace, and the embankment is natural examples of this landform unit.
e. Landform marine
Original landform processes marine (M), is a large group of units of a
landform arising from the process of the sea by the waves, currents, and
tides. An example of this is the bentuklahan unit: gisik Beach (beach),
bura (spit), tombolo, laguna, and shoals gisik (beach ridge). As most river
empties into the sea can be said, then it often happens that results from the
combination of bentuklahan process of fluvial and marine processes. This
combination is called the process of fluvio-marine. Examples of units of
bentuklahan arising from the process of fluvio marine include delta and
estuaries
f. Landform glacial
Origin of glacial landform (G), is a large group of bentuklahan units that
results from the process of the movement of the ice (glaciers). Examples
of units of landform include the Valley of the hang and morine
g. Landform aeolin
Original landform processes eolin (E), is a large group of bentuklahan
units that results from the process a breeze. Examples of this include
bentuklahan unit: barchan sand dunes, parallel, parabolic, Star, tongue,
and transversal
h. Landform solusional
Original landform processes solusional (S), is a large group of
bentuklahan units that results from the process of dissolving on soluble
rocks, such as limestone and dolomite, Tower karst, the cone karst, doline,
uvala, polye, karst caves, and logva, are examples of this landform.

9. Explain about it :
Answare:
a. dendritic drainage Pattern Is the flow pattern that resembles a branching
tree trunks. Percabangannya irregular and have direction also varied
angles. This pattern is developing in the rocks which tend to be
homogeneous and not through a control structure. On one river flow is not
orderly and generally found in lowland areas or region level also plato's
territory.
b. parallel flow pattern: The pattern is likely to parallel and encountered in
the area of rolling hills stretching. The slope of the slopes on this pattern
is likely to be steep and precipitous.
c. the annular flow pattern: Is the direction of the flow pattern spreading
radially starts from a high point and then walk towards the lower reaches
for the next meet in one flow.
d. The pattern of river flow is rectangular: This pattern was formed the
branches of the river meandering, which tend to connect and form the
corners of the perpendicular and has twists and turns. Flow pattern on this
one are generally controlled by local geologic structure such as caesarean
and hefty patterns, or could also be affected by patterns of perpendicular
pieces. These can form in the rectangular rocks hard with layers of
crystalline rocks and also horizontal.

e. Flow pattern trellis has the form in the length. He is often called by the
name pattern trail fence: This pattern is often found in a river on the rocks
with a lupatan and a strong slope. The great streams with this pattern
generally follows the rock outcrops and also our leading subsequent
Besides these patterns, usually located in the area of faulting. Its branches
from the right direction also left is a kind of resekuen or obsekuen.
f. The pattern of radial flow : Also known as diffuse flow pattern. Its main
characteristic is different in terms of flow direction. Spread to all corners
of either to the North, West, East or South. This pattern is generally
present on the mountainous region with the shape of a cone.
g. Flow pattern of multi-basinal or also known by the name of river flow
patterns concentrates: The main characteristic of the pattern of this one is
the flow that is centered on a particular farm. This flow pattern is
generally present on the territory with the basin resembles dolina region
krast.

10. Move mass of soil !

Mass movement is the movement of surface material caused by gravity.
Landslides and rockfalls are examples of very sudden movements of this
type. Of course geological agents such as water, wind and ice all work
with gravity to cause a leveling of land.
A block diagram of an earth flow where movement is a combination of
slip and flow. Water aids in the downslope movement of surface material
in several ways. Water adds weight to the soil; it fills pore spaces of slope
material and it exerts pressure which tends to push apart individual grains.
This decreases the resistance of the material to movement. Landslide is a
general term that is commonly broken down into the more specialized
terms such as slump, rockslide, debris slide, mudflow and earthflow.
Slump: A slump is a downward and outward movement of rock or
unconsolidated material moving as a unit or series of units. Large

blocks of material move suddenly downward and outward along a

curved plane.
Rockslide: Rockslides are the most catastrophic type of landslide.
They involve a sudden rapid slide of bedrock along planes of
weakness. Rockslides are very common in the oversteepened canyons
and drainages of Idaho, particularly in those areas like the Salmon
River Canyon where more than 5,000 feet of elevation may exist
between the ridge tops and the canyon bottoms.
Debris Slide: A debris slide is a small sudden downstope movement of
unconsolidated material. This type of slide produces a hummocky
surface of low relief.
Mudflow: A mudflow is a mass of saturated rock particles of all sizes.
This type of landslide is caused by a sudden flood of water from a
cloudburst in semi-arid country or a sudden thaw. The flood waters
carry the soil and rocks from a large slope area and washes them to a
gulch or canyon. 'Then the water and debris move down the canyon
and spread out on the gentle slopes below. Mudflows are very
common in the semi-arid areas of southwestern Idaho.
Earthflow: An earthflow is a downslope movement of soil which has
been saturated with water to the extent that the debris moves as a
fluid. While flowing, either slowly or rapidly, the mass generally
remains covered by a blanket of vegetation. Typically a steep scarp is
developed where the moving debris has pulled away from the upper
slope. A hummocky lobe forms at the toe or front of the earthflow.
Talus: A talus slope is developed by an accumulation of rock
fragments at the foot of a cliff or ridge. Rock fragments break loose
from the cliff above, roll down the slope and pile up in a heap of rock
rubble. Individual talus forms as a half-cone with the apex pointing
upwards. In most cases a series of half cones coalesce around the base
of a mountain.
Horseshoe Bend Hill Slide Area: Earthflows are a very common
occurrence on the Horseshoe Bend Hill area between Boise and
Horseshoe Bend. From the highway you can easily see earthflows of
less than one year old as well as those much older. The more recent
flows show fresh brown crescentric cracks where the fresh earth is
exposed. The older flows are more difficult to identify because
vegetation has grown over the scarp areas. Most of the slides occur
during the spring when the ground surface is saturated with water.
Placement of this major north-south highway over an active slide area
has resulted in a section of highway constantly deformed and broken
by the slowly-moving land surface.
Warm Springs Mesa Slide:Warm Springs Mesa is situated
immediately south of Table Rock in east Boise. The entire Warm
Springs Mesa is a 300-acre landslide. The construction of Warm

Springs Avenue along the toe of the landslide has caused an

oversteepened natural slope. There has been sliding along this
oversteepened slope for years and debris is constantly falling on Warm
Springs Avenue. Although geologists have long cautioned against
development until study of the effect of increased water in the
sediment is cornpleted, development of the subdivision has not
stopped.