If there is one fact of human life we all hold in common. It is our dependence on water.

Regardless of race creed social strata or historical era. We all rely on it for our very
survival.Through all of its uses in modern daily life. The average American consumes more than
fifty gallons of water per day. To reach the fixtures that place it at our fingertips. The water
isoften transported hundreds of miles from its source in the earth. Once it's reached the city
thousands of miles of. Underground water main carry the water into buildings. Word flowshot
and cold. At the art and science of plumbing is based on a fundamental law of nature. Water
flows downhill. Like nature's rivers. Man made aqueducts are built on a downhill slope.Using
gravity. To propel the water. The pressure in plumbing pipes is also created by gravity. Water is
pumped to the top of giant towers which are connected to the mains beneath thestreets. As long
as the tower is higher than the water's final destination. Gravity will maintain pressure. And force
the water through the pipes. In buildings that are taller than the watertower water is pumped to a
series of pressure tanks in the building. Each one using gravity. To feed the floors below it. After
water is used gravity once again. Carries it away. Sewagetreatment plants are built at the lowest
possible elevation. And sewer pipes are build in an angle so that waste water can flow downhill
after the sewage has been treated it flows bygravity into the nearest waterway. Word is reclaimed
by the earth.
We've come to expect. Everything of modern plumbing and rarely do we give it a second
thought. But just how crucial it is to our daily lives is made painfully evident by thepredicament.
Of developing countries. Who struggle to survive without its benefits. Indeed if our plumbing
systems were to fail us our cities and towns would collapse like. HelplessGiants. Warming is
such a basic essential need. Delivering a fresh clean potable water water they can be used and
then. More importantly. After it's used. Disposed of properly.Because that sewage. If it's not
properly treated. Is a tremendous. Cause of disease. And yet our standards of living are standards
of safety and sanitation. Keep that from becoming areality in our world today. Today the
plumbing industry is one of the largest in the world in terms of business and volume.
Surprisingly most of America didn't have what we wouldconsider basic. Indoor plumbing until as
recently as the turn of the century. But it's principles can be traced back thousands of years. This
is what is today. Iraq. It was here. On theonce fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers. That western civilization was born. More than fifty centuries ago. From the earliest days
of modern archaeology. Themysteries of our origins have slowly been unveiled in the ruins of

ancient cities archeologists have found unmistakable evidence that supports a fundamental
theory of the civilization ofmankind is in. Eggs or a believe linked to our ability to control the
flow of water coming in civilization. Just about every civilization that we look back on into a
query that we study andadmire for their contributions to arts and literature and science
technology. Also highly developed plumber. Fresh water could be carried by hand. But disposing
of waste in excessrainwater in early cities required. Ingenuity. And the earliest civilizations rose
to the occasion. Drains were built beneath floors to carry away water. The remains of bathrooms
andsimilar to modern septic tanks. Have been found not only in Mesopotamia. But fifteen
hundred miles away in the industry. In what is now Pakistan in western India. Buildings
datingback to twenty six hundred B.C. had private bathing areas with drains in the floor.
There are very intelligent very inventive. And they came up with they figured out how most
effectively most efficiently. By the sixth century B.C. the city of Babylon had expanded into
athriving metropolis. For centuries of learning and culture. But under King. The second.
BABYLON grew to become the most magnificent city in the ancient world. The Kings bath
wasmost likely a shower poured over him by slaves. The palace had separate bathrooms with
elaborate drains connected to a covered sewer system. The trains with raised. Seats alsoemptied
into the sewer which sloped downward to carry the waste water away at the palaces most famous
feature words. Hanging Gardens an engineering feat. That the Greeksnamed it one of the Seven
Wonders of the world. To irrigate the trees planted atop the seven metre high wall. Historians
believe the Babylonians used a mechanical device called ashould do. I should do fused a fulcrum
and wooden beam with a bucket on the end to raise water from rivers to elevate. Troughs. I
suspect this is the way that this was done. If youhave a whole series of those three or four of
those you can actually live quite high. By two thousand B.C. fresh water was flowing through
various forms of pipe. In China bamboo reedswere hollowed at the joints and used to private not
only water but natural gas to and from the ancient salt mines. On the island of Crete the Minoan
Kings had bathrooms with hot andcold running water. As early as fifteen hundred B.C.. In King
minuses palace had broad Knossos archaeologists have found a large ceramic bath tub. Along
with the world's firstflushing toilet. The earliest plumbing pipe. Was made of baked clay and
strong. But the ancient Egyptians with their advanced metallurgy skills. Were among the first to
make pipe.Out of copper. The Egyptians plumbing prowess was consistent with their expertise as
builders. Wells were dug as deep as three hundred feet. And the Norio. Or water wheel wasborn

in Egypt. Interesting sidelight about the Egyptians is that they may have been the first perhaps
only civilization ever to build. That's rooms for the dead. There are pyramids wherekind of
temporary resting places for the deceased to pass to the afterlife. Some of the pyramids that have
been excavated. Turns out also had bathrooms the Greeks advanced theaudience science of
plumbing to an unprecedented level. Hot and cold running water and bathtubs were all part of
daily life in ancient Greece. Giant aqueducts carried water into thecities. And glorious fountains
displayed it. But magnificent as they were the accomplishments of. All these civilizations would
soon be eclipsed by the greatest society of plumbers inhistory. The Romans.
The California aqueduct. Built in the one nine hundred seventy S. this manmade river is the
largest in a system of backward docks that supply the Los Angeles area with water fromthe north
and the four hundred forty four miles. It is the longest one in the world.
More than a thousand years ago. Another great city thrived on water brought in by these marvels
of engineering. The magnificent structures that survive to this day have become acons for the
brilliance of the Roman Empire. And not surprisingly. They carried millions of gallons of water
from the mountains fifty miles away. A feat. No civilization it. Ever attemptedbefore. Once it
reached the city. Water was distributed through a grid of supply lines. Under the streets. But
made it all possible with the material that was to give plumbing its name.Led to the Latin.
Promise. Means land. And the first Roman plumbers were artisans who fashioned sheet lead into
everything from basket frames. To the miles of lead pipe thatsupplied water to the hundreds of
fountains. Public buildings and private homes throughout the empire. But perhaps most
importantly this running water was the life blood of one ofRome's most treasured. Institutions.
The balance. I think the most interesting thing about Roman Baz is in fact they were a kind of
doesn't plan for the average woman and. That wastrue. Because of the extraordinary abundance
of water and all of these various bath rooms and Chambers. But also because they were very
elaborately decorated. A scholar whorecently wrote about the. Baz of Karkala. Has said that this
was a way for giving the common people the chance to live the lives of the rich and famous the
emperors themselves touse these ballots. As a means of giving the people. A kind of. Wonderful
entertainment. Facility which would prevent them from thinking of other things like political
freedom forexample. The need. The splendor of the balance was a marvel avenging nearing.
Millions of gallons of water flowed in and out of the complexes. Heated by wood and coal fired

furnacesto precise temperatures. Providing a ray of choices for the bather. There were separate
steam rooms and radiant heating throughout. Accomplished by pumping hot air throughchannels
beneath the floors. Waste water drained out of the buildings and into large sewer pipes that.
Emptied into the Tiber River. The largest of these sewers the cloaca Maximapredated the first
aqueduct by a half century. And is still used today as a storm drain. In fact. Its original purpose
was just that. The sources that read it a role. Was basically to takeaway the rainwater. It was only
an afterthought that waters. Will throw our stuff into it. So they did their business of the system.
And doing their business was often a social event.Public latrines had as many as twenty seats
arranged in a circle. Water ran constantly beneath the seats washing the waste. Into the nearest
sewer. When the Roman Legions setout to conquer the world. They brought their plumbing. With
them. The bads of. Aquas Syllis were built by the emperor Claudius in the first century A.D.. On
the side of a natural hotsprings. They were restored in the sixteenth century. And today they are a
popular tourist attraction. In what is now the English town of. Bath water still flows through the
original stonechannels into the eighty by forty foot great bath. A kind of scaled down version of
the ones back home in Rome. And after nearly two thousand years they're a testament to the
doorability of Roman engineering. As it turns out. The Empire itself was not so durable. And
finally fell. So too did the State of the art of plumbing. From Concord. Not a new civilization.
Butwere basically they don't really give two hoots about running water they're never in one place
long enough to enjoy Christianity. Started spreading throughout the Western world and.The early
Christians were not big fans of bathing and. I think one of the reasons is that. As I think
everybody knows they were rather poorly treated by the Romans and. Thus theytended to reject.
Roman culture. Throughout the proverbial baby with the bathwater. With people crowded into
cities during the middle ages the unsanitary conditions broughtconsequences that were nothing
less than deadly. Throughout what has been aptly named the dark ages and tire population
suffered some of the worst health consequences inhistory. Thousands upon thousands lost their
lives to water borne diseases. The nature of which wouldn't be understood for centuries to come.
Typhoid. Typhus cholera dysentery. Theresulting conditions spawn the infamous. Black Plague.
Which was spread by rats and. Insects and killed an estimated one third of Europe's population.
Unaware that they were beingpoisoned by their own filth. People attributed their terrible
misfortune to the wrath of God. The traces of plumbing unsanitary practices the did exist during
the middle ages were inmonasteries. And in the castles of feudal lords guarded robes served as

indoor prisons. Projection from a building which contained a seat on which. It went straight
down into the maid.Or the river or the Grand. And there are several surviving ones in England. A
miserable menials would come and scrape away the day in the morning grandest admissions. So
theinvaders. Castles under siege everybody go a lot and you'd see this. The one thing that what it
was go through their boat through with the Renaissance came a renewed interest inhygiene. And
so began the steady march toward. Indoor plumbing. The first step was to bring the water into the
home. By hand. Almost every have had a wash stand in the bedroomwhich if they were lucky
enough made would bring up with a jug of hot water jug of cold water and a bit about not always
be that matching China. Ravishingly beautiful example stillsurvive. To this day these wash hands
stand sets. Chamber pots of. Every description made up in form. What they lacked in function
and. Emptying them was simple enough. Openthe window and toss the contents on to the street.
This practice gave rise to the popular nickname. Given the modern toilet. In Britain. The proper
etiquette for emptying one's chamberpot was to warn passers by with the French phrase. Garlow
meaning. Look out for the water. This was an English sized to become. Guardian Lou. And the
time honored term. Lou.For the origin of the popular nickname John historians look to none
other than the Queen of England. In this place the first had a bath once a month whether she need
to decide ontheir own handguns how God's son and he invented. Operator is a machine. A water
closet. With proper flashing mechanism. In fifty ninety six. And the queen was also had one
madefor her but she was too frightened.
And with these terrified. Ridiculed by his peers Herring's and produced only two of the toilets.
One hundred seventy years would pass before his invention would resurface. What couldbe more
simple than a tub for bathing. Before indoor plumbing bathtubs were simply filled and emptied
by hand. It was from this elementary idea that modern bad some showersevolved. But not
without some colorful experiments along the way. The concept of the shower began in ancient
times with waterfalls and buckets of water. But by the mid nineteenthcentury some intriguing
designs were in the works. One of the earliest was the English Regency shower. Which prompt
the same water continually from the drain to his sister and overthe bathers head. The American
Virginia still shower was a seeded affair with a hand operated pomp and back brush. There were
numerous variations including this self pumpingshower. Which combined to clean up with a
vigorous workout. But feel my realise is that the new fangled showers of today. Are nothing new
their predecessors date back to the mid.Eighteen hundreds. With the first European settlers in

New England came the seeds of what was to become the most advanced plumbing industry. In
the world. But it would takeseveral centuries to get there. Suddenly this was not a treasured
value. Of America by a large people where we base. They really took that. Once a month a
couple times a year.Nonetheless the cities were built running water was a high priority. Not for
bathing but for fire fighting. The first water system in America. Was built in Boston in the mid
sixteenhundreds. By seven hundred ninety five to supply firefighters with water. Hollow logs
were joined together to create a water main. Stretching for miles from Jamaica Pond to found
thefiremen would simply drill through the walls of these primitive pipes and plug the hole when
they finished. This is the origin of the term fireplug. By the early seventeen hundreds NewYork
City had its own system of wooden mains. But they were hardly adequate to supply the growing
city with water. In one thousand thirty five New York builds its first reservoir inmidtown
Manhattan. Fed by Aqua Dots from the nearby Croton river. The reservoir filled several city
blocks and lasted until the turn of the century. Went to underground water tunnelsthat supply
New York to this day were built. Construction on a third time it was begun in one nine hundred
seventy. And the first channel just recently went into service. One city watertunnel number three
is completed in the year two thousand and twenty. It will straight sixty miles. And convey one
billion gallons of water per day. During the early years in America.The Great Outdoors proved
an appealing alternative to the chamber pots from the old country. But before long. Yankee
ingenuity gave birth to an American institution. The outhouse.Houses were basically the
bathrooms. Of the early colonial settlers in this country. And some of them are quite ordinary
The technology was simple enough. A deep hole in the earth.A seat in a wooden shed. With a
door. Outhouses continued to proliferate through the nineteenth century in America. Well beyond
the advent of the indoor toilet with the Indian. And inscame. Innovation. Thomas Jefferson
devised his own. Waterless into a privy at Monticello. A chamber pot connected to the outdoors
by a series of pulleys. Operated by servants.Meanwhile a new generation of inventors in England
had revived. John Harrington's bizarre invention and. Updated versions of the water closet
flooded the British patent offices.American innovators weren't far behind. But the general public
was slow to accept such a radical idea. The early water closets were Kona Rube Goldberg
contraption. They were madeof metal. Various different parts. These parts. Did not always fit
together well they left gaps. People in closed. Cases to make them look like furniture. Waste used
to collect in thesethings so. It was very unsanitary. After a while smelled pretty bad and they

didn't work very well. Compounding the problem was the seemingly insurmountable nuisance of
sewer gasis leaking into homes. A trap Seal had already been invented and was in theory. A
brilliant solution. A U. shaped section of pipe a neat drains and toilet bowls uses a simple law
ofphysics. To create a water seal blocking sewer gases from entering the home. But another law
of physics had been overlooked. The principle of venting about the very is allow air tocome into
the drainage system. So when that water falls. The air goes with it and it doesn't suck the water
out of that trap. Very very simple. If the vehicle is unfair. It would be like agallon jug when you
turn it over. Remember that. Glug glug glug used to happen. That's what your drains would work
a lot. Not very well. Today. Venting is a rudimentary part of everyplumbers training. But Feel
know how it all began. There is a record. Eight hundred seventy for a plumber who. To the ages
of once somebody can recover it somewhere along the way.Who left a diagram for a house that
had been having severe problems with older inside the house. That was duplicated. For other
homes and this kind of began. The. What we reallycan consider to be modern plumbing.
Meanwhile across the Atlantic. The water closet continued to evolve. With improved designs in
the increasing availability of running water. Theindoor toilet. Had finally caught on. But perhaps
the most controversial figure in the history of the W.C.. Is the most well known. His name was
Thomas Crapper. When this biographyof crapper was published in one thousand nine hundred
sixty nine. Many believed it was a hoax. What followed was a string of. Independent
investigations and a heated debate withinthe industry. Did crapper. Actually invent the forerunner
of the modern toilet. Did the man actually exist. Even today. Those who are privy to crap or
story. Continue the debate. Abramsborn in film on the New York shit they age of eleven they
worked as a plumber. And he got Preston aided by the toilets and. Originally. The thing that crap
but I bet it was called thewater waste preventer. If you lift the lid of your lives. It's exactly the
same as when he developed it a hundred years ago. Frederick conscious and was my great uncle.
And he wasapprenticed to Thomas crap in eight hundred seventy one and. These are his
apprenticeship papers and. Here's the signatures. Thomas crap and did not invent a D C pen he
did notinvent a dime to see system. Indeed he did not even invent the syphon. Which so much
fuss. Is made. James Watt didn't invent the statement you need just made a good metronomeyou
didn't invent Let's see just. Made it pretty gold is the same with crap a lot of people working on it
at the time he made one that worked. Americans cannot get over the fact thatthere was a man.
Something Tommy fittings. With a name like crap. That's amusing. And it's great. And it's fun.

But that he invented the loo. And he ended with invented all the designafraid. I missed the pan.
Which is universally recognized today. Was designed by frigid temperatures in eight hundred
eighty four. That's my great uncle. Frederick conference on and.This is the famous W.C. plant the
Belfort. The first pedestal. Washed down. Plus it. The earliest W.C.S. were in cation wood.
Cabinets. Hiding all but the inside of the bowl but oncethey came out of hiding the air of the
designer toilet began. Little pedestal was decorated. Every conceivable fantastical form. I mean
literary If such glories for a while this. Gilding tothe wildest shapes and quite wonderful two
reasons I would suggest one was because of the love of decoration Another was to hide the
exceedingly a modest object. They weredealing with. But I discovered White's run in the assize
courts in Daraa where the judges would have had to swing their legs over the back this one's
neck came up so they couldn'tstand in front of it. So you'd have had to read. When their legs
have been set on this one. With the proliferation of water closets came an unprecedented
abundance of sewage. Thecities of Europe were the first to pay the. Unseemly. Consequences.
For example was checked. Stay with filth that had three Vang's shall we say three rivers flowing
through it thefleet the Thames in the world broke stream. And they were all shakes. With the
excrement of the hundreds of previous. And it became so bad that the streets too were filled
withexcrement. And people were asked find if they allowed their privy to have a flat this horrible
reeking stinking reeking stink. But in one thousand fifty eight London's newly
formed.Metropolitan Board of Works undertook an historic project. Under the direction of Sir
Joseph Basil jet. The construction of London's first sewer system. Beautiful BRIC a cathedral.
Andthe London throughout this great huge network of this beautiful gothic molting. Which
suggests that Bastille to it. Built and. That by saved. The population of land. And indeed.
TheWild. I saw a good example in the nineteenth century.
All the way. In Chicago. America's first. Integrated sewer system was built in eight hundred fifty
six. But the young city was facing a contamination problem that sewers alone couldn'tsolve.
Increasing quantities of raw sewage were dumped into the Chicago River which. Emptied into
Lake Michigan. The city's. Only source of drinking water. As more and more peoplestarted
coming to the city. They had to take there's water intakes and move them further and further into
the lake. And it for a while. It worked but then. Eighteen. Eighty five. Therewas a tremendous.
Four day rain storm that just flushed all these primitive shores. Way out into the lake. Sold at the
water intake cribs. Were inundated with those. With this pollutedmaterial. Twenty five percent of

the attire population of the city of Chicago perished from water borne diseases. During that time.
Cholera typhoid. Etc. Dysentery. Something likeseventy five thousand deaths. The Chicago
River was the only viable conduit. The enormous daily flow of sewage from the growing city
Chicago now faced a nearly insurmountableproblem. These thousands and thousands of people
coming to live in this city. Polluted.
Had to be found the answer was a mind boggling feat of civil engineering. Connecting the
Chicago to the display. River. A tributary of the Mississippi. Versing the direction of the
river.Through solid rock. With eight and a half thousand immigrants.
Could it took a great deal to attempt a feat like this to actually reverse the flow. Success but it
wasn't to be the last civil engineering milestone for the city of Chicago. Within a fewdecades.
There would be another. At the turn of the late one thousand nine hundred eighty the telegraph
and telephone. And the steel chemical and petroleum industries. America.Along with Germany.
Had become a world leader an industry. With larger factories powered by electricity. And
multinational companies exporting new technologies around the world.In one nine hundred
thirteen Henry Ford created the first assembly line for making model T's. And mass production.
Plumbing in America had caught up with the rest of the world. Andthe industry flourished.
Bathrooms were designed into new homes as a standard feature. Along with hot water heaters
and fully plumb kitchens. Bathtubs and fixtures could hardly roll off assembly lines fastenough
to satisfy the demand as bathrooms started getting built and. Bathtubs moved indoors. The
tradition of the center. It's kind of arose around that period in which. Taking a bathonce a week
was considered this thing to do but. Taking a bath any more than that was considered. Waste of
time. Rather excessive Why would you do it more than once a week youwere already clean.
Starting an old industry. Started publishing a campaign for a bath. A day in America and society
and they distributed. A lot of pamphlets. Some of our recordsshow over one hundred thousand
pamphlets were distributed to schools and customers throughout the United States. Urging them
to take a bath a day. Plumbing pioneer JohnMichael KOHLER created his first bathtub from an
iron horse trough in one thousand nine hundred three. Then in one thousand and eleven the color
company made the first one piecewith an apron. Which was soon to become the standard bath to
design new toilets and wash basins were made of victories China with brass fixtures and color
coordinated sinks tubsand toilets were introduced in the twenty five years between one nine

hundred twenty nine and one nine hundred fifty four. Manufacturing numbers skyrocketed with a
three hundredsixty seven percent increase in plumbing product sales. The era of the professional
plumber had arrived. Louis pastors germ theory wasn't widely accepted until eighty ninety. But
nowthe nature of water borne disease was well understood. Finally. Could see just how high the
stakes of sanitary plumbing were professional associations were formed informalapprenticeship
programs were put in place by the mid thirty's uniform plumbing codes were legislated. And
manufactures establish standards for plumbing products. Chicago. Ninehundred thirty. The
cemetery ship canal had successfully reverse the flow of the Chicago River. Away from Lake
Michigan. And was hailed internationally. As one of the seven wondersof American engineering.
But with the population continuing to grow the city's problems were far from over. At that time.
Through the canal that they had built of the North Shorechannel. The city was taking. Twelve
thousand cubic feet of water per second. Out of Lake Michigan. To flush the system clean. But
even with that large amount of water it was stillmore or less that large open particularly.
Whenever it rained. We would have a fresh. Influx of pollution. Into the river itself. To address
the problem the Chicago sanitary district createdthe largest and most advanced sewage treatment
plant. Ever built. The facility built on a five hundred seventy acres plot a nearby Stickney. Was
decidedly ahead of its time. When theE.P.A. said strict new standards for sewage treatment more
than thirty years later. The Stickney plant already exceeded them. By nine hundred thirty nine the
Stickney plant wasprocessing one point two billion gallons per day of waste water. Making it the
largest facility of its kind in the world. But even that couldn't solve a problem that continued to
plague theChicago sanitary district like. All older cities. Chicago uses a combined sewer system
for both. Terry waste. And rainwater collected in storm drains. The problem. Intense rain
storms.On the average the Windy City has one hundred of them a year. A little bit of rain. It was
necessary to divert. This mixture of sewage water away from the sewer pipe because it
wouldflood plant.
The Chicago River and. The. Points and. Mixture of polluted material. Would. At times the
overflow would back up into the basements of thousands of homes and scores of
highwayunderpasses would be flooded. Grinding traffic to a halt.
Once again. The challenge with the. Ingenious solution. Using the latest technology. Engineers
dug a series of tunnels through the fake. Between one hundred fifty and three hundredfeet below

the city. To literally. Bottle. The rainstorms. Tunnel is three hundred feet. The tunnel thirty feet.
Up to a billion gallons. Through the water is stored in the tunnels and inreservoirs until the storm
is over. Then it's pumped back to the surface and. Into the sewage treatment plant. To have a
powerful impact on the plumbing industry. By nine hundred fortythe War Production Board had
severely restricted the use of stealing copper and manufactures had to experiment with new. New
materials such as cast iron and plastics. Theinnovations started a new wave of improved
plumbing products. But it's continued ever since it was as recently as the one nine hundred forty
S. that Al Mowen invented a faucet. Mostof us take for granted and figured out a way to do it
with just one hand. By manipulating the sand. The right mixture of clear water. Not a single hand
faucets are among the mostpopular around. Modern hot water heaters are all equipped with an
essential device invented in the thirty's by the Watts regulator company. Who still manufactures
them today. It'sknown in the trade. As a T.M.P. valve.

With out. A temperature and pressure really fell. The pressures inside of a water heater can build
up to the extent that. Your water heater me someday take off and if you live in a threestory house
it could conceivably go through the first floor and the second floor and the third floor and the
roof. And end up at a neighbor's house maybe a quarter mile away. Thesethings used to happen
quite commonly and they still happen once in awhile or in homes where the water heater does
not have a team. But this was a great invention that I'm sure as a.Untold lives in America. Most
people don't even know they had them. And what will they think of next. Computerized toilets
and remote control whirlpools are only the beginning.Cutting edge science is doing things with
waste water that even the Romans could never have dreamed possible.

The basics of save sanitary plumbing are no longer a challenge for the modern world. But do the
innovations continue. In a word. Yes. The Earth from. Market has exploded with newmaterials of
all kinds new designs new shapes. From the multitude of manufacturers. This new choice. From
Japan has a computer in it to control the flow of water. It also has aheated seat. A building found
to remove voters. And a remote controlled wash that. Which adds the function of a big day to the
unit. High tech bathrooms. Computerized temperaturecontrols. Multifunction so. Cleaning

shower heads and waterproof wireless remotes for world pools that control everything from
lighting. To the flow of the Jets. But the high techfeatures. There is a theme. To the new wave of
plumbing products. And it's consistent with the latest. Preoccupation of Minnesota palate ease
around the world. Water conservation.Somebody such as myself or maybe discussing plumbing
history. Twenty five thirty forty fifty years from now will. Maybe look back and. Define one of
the. Watersheds. Of plumbinghistory. As the one nine hundred ninety two plumbing products
efficiency Act which involved the federal government mandating that no toilet will flush with
more than one point sixgallons of water. The previous standard was three point five gallons.
They also put restrictions on. Flows the frosts and shower heads as well. I think it's the first step.
Of what is goingto be a continuing trend towards making. Plumbing products more
environmentally friendly. The future is going to be required that we become Christo he adds of
water. We deliver toyou. Fresh potable safe water. In basically unlimited quantities. And then we
take that waste and we send it away. Our challenge is going to be to come to you and to continue
doingwhat we've been doing for the last ten years. Which is slowly. Reducing the level of water
consumption. Because it's going to be a battle that we're all facing Santee Calif. Thiscommunity
of fifty four thousand was built in a desert valley just east of San Diego. There's virtually no
rainfall here. And Santee is at the end of the pipeline that supplies water toSouthern California.
But despite the short supply of fresh water and droughts. This town is teeming with lush
greenery. And not one but seven. Recreational lakes. It's a phenomenonthat would have been
impossible one hundred years ago. The Secret. Recycled water. At this state of the art treatment
facility. Wastewater from Santee sewers is converted to crystalclear water. So clean. That it meets
laboratory standards for drinking water. Once that chemically activated sludge has been removed
the water is filtered and put through an advancedprocess. Of biological and chemical treatment.
A million gallons of reclaimed waste water are fed to the lakes. Each day. Another million
gallons are used to irrigate the community.The water is distributed throughout Santee through an
underground pipeline system that is carefully labeled and color coded in purple. The standard
color to indicate we claimed water.During the three decades since Santee launched its
breakthrough experiment dozens of other communities around the country have implemented
their own reclaimed water programs.They can treat any kind of water. The dirtier it is that the
war cost would you be treated if they've just processing treatment for water treatment so that
literally you could take this.Sewage water very shortly and use it for for drinking water.

Shocking use it sounds. Experiments are currently underway for that very process. The deliberate
and safe. Introduction ofrecycled waste water. Into potable water supplies. The importance of
keeping waste water as far as possible from drinking water. Is one of plumbing histories. Most
important. Andexpensive lessons. Now. Modern technology. Has brought us full circle. If
mankind has walked the earth for roughly two million years. It's only during the last ten
thousandth of thattime that we've had what we consider. Basic modern plumbing. Living without
it is all but. Unfathomable that my scene is our past. It is our future. It is the use of our
civilization. Let'simagine going to work knowing that you have a fifty percent chance of
surviving. That's the way it was for a lesser blindman a century ago. But now today's electricians
handle half amillion volts of electricity without becoming seriously sizzles. You'll be amazed to
discover how these guys deal with Modern Marvels on the history.

Artinya keindonesia

Jika ada satu fakta kehidupan manusia, kita semua terus dalam umum.
Ini adalah ketergantungan kita pada air. Terlepas dari ras kredo strata
sosial atau era sejarah. Kita semua mengandalkan untuk kami sangat
survival.Through semua penggunaannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
modern. Amerika rata-rata mengkonsumsi lebih dari lima puluh galon
air per hari. Untuk mencapai perlengkapan yang menempatkannya di
ujung jari kita. The isoften air diangkut ratusan mil dari sumbernya di
bumi. Setelah itu mencapai ribuan kota mil dari. utama air bawah tanah
membawa air ke dalam bangunan. Kata flowshot dan dingin. Pada seni
dan ilmu pipa didasarkan pada hukum dasar alam. Air mengalir
menuruni bukit. Seperti sungai alam. Man membuat saluran air yang
dibangun di atas menurun slope.Using gravitasi. Untuk mendorong air.
Tekanan dalam pipa pipa juga dibuat oleh gravitasi. Air dipompa ke atas
menara raksasa yang terhubung ke listrik bawah thestreets. Selama
menara

lebih

tinggi

dari

tujuan

akhir

air.

Gravitasi

akan

mempertahankan tekanan. Dan memaksa air melalui pipa-pipa. Pada

bangunan yang lebih tinggi dari air watertower dipompa ke serangkaian
tangki tekanan di dalam gedung. Masing-masing menggunakan
gravitasi. Untuk memberi makan lantai di bawahnya. Setelah air
digunakan

gravitasi

sekali

lagi.

Membawanya

pergi.

tanaman

Sewagetreatment dibangun pada elevasi terendah. Dan pipa saluran

pembuangan yang membangun di sudut sehingga air limbah dapat

mengalir menurun setelah limbah telah diperlakukan mengalir bygravity
ke

Selat

Malaka

terdekat.

Word

direklamasi

oleh

bumi.

Kami telah datang ke harapkan. Semuanya dari pipa modern dan jarang
kita memberikan berpikir dua. Tapi seberapa penting itu adalah untuk
kehidupan

kita

sehari-hari

dibuat

menyakitkan

jelas

oleh

thepredicament. Negara-negara berkembang. Yang berjuang untuk

bertahan hidup tanpa manfaat. Memang jika sistem pipa kami yang
gagal kami kota dan kota-kota kami akan runtuh seperti. HelplessGiants.
Pemanasan adalah suatu kebutuhan penting dasar. Menyampaikan air
bersih air minum segar yang mereka dapat digunakan dan kemudian.
Lebih penting. Setelah itu digunakan. Dibuang properly.Because yang
limbah. Jika tidak diobati. Adalah luar biasa. Penyebab penyakit. Namun
standar hidup kita adalah standar keselamatan dan sanitasi. Menjaga dari
menjadi areality di dunia saat ini. Saat ini industri pipa adalah salah satu
yang terbesar di dunia dalam hal bisnis dan volume. Anehnya sebagian
besar Amerika tidak memiliki apa yang kita wouldconsider dasar. pipa
indoor sampai baru-baru ini pergantian abad. Tapi prinsip itu dapat
ditelusuri kembali ribuan tahun. Ini adalah apa yang saat ini. Irak. Itu di
sini. Pada theonce dataran subur antara Sungai Tigris dan Efrat. Bahwa
peradaban Barat lahir. Lebih dari lima puluh abad yang lalu. Sejak awal
arkeologi modern. Themysteries dari asal usul kita telah perlahan-lahan
telah diresmikan di reruntuhan kota kuno arkeolog telah menemukan

bukti jelas yang mendukung teori fundamental dari ofmankind

peradaban dalam. Telur atau percaya terkait dengan kemampuan kita
untuk mengontrol aliran air yang datang dalam peradaban. Hampir
setiap peradaban yang kita melihat kembali ke dalam query yang kita
mempelajari andadmire atas kontribusi mereka untuk seni dan sastra dan
ilmu pengetahuan teknologi. Juga sangat berkembang tukang ledeng. air
tawar bisa dilakukan dengan tangan. Tapi membuang sampah di
excessrainwater di kota awal diperlukan. Kecerdikan. Dan peradaban
paling awal naik ke kesempatan. Saluran air dibangun di bawah lantai
untuk membawa pergi air. Sisa-sisa kamar mandi andsimilar ke septic
tank modern. Telah ditemukan tidak hanya di Mesopotamia. Tapi seribu
lima ratus mil di industri. Di tempat yang sekarang Pakistan di India
barat. Bangunan datingback dua puluh enam ratus SM memiliki daerah
mandi

pribadi

dengan

saluran

air

di

lantai.

Ada yang sangat cerdas sangat inventif. Dan mereka datang dengan
mereka menemukan cara yang paling efektif yang paling efisien. Oleh
SM abad keenam kota Babel telah diperluas ke athriving metropolis.
Selama berabad-abad pembelajaran dan budaya. Tetapi di bawah Raja.
Kedua. Babel tumbuh menjadi kota yang paling megah di dunia kuno.
The Kings mandi wasmost kemungkinan mandi dituangkan di atas dia
dengan budak. istana memiliki kamar mandi terpisah dengan saluran air
yang rumit terhubung ke sistem saluran pembuangan tertutup. Kereta
dengan mengangkat. Kursi alsoemptied ke dalam selokan yang miring

ke bawah untuk membawa air limbah jauh di istana fitur kata-kata yang
paling

terkenal.

Hanging

Gardens

prestasi

rekayasa.

Bahwa

Greeksnamed itu salah satu dari Tujuh Keajaiban dunia. Untuk mengairi
pohon yang ditanam di atas tembok tinggi tujuh meter yang. Sejarawan
percaya Babel menggunakan alat mekanis yang disebut ashould lakukan.
Aku harus melakukan menyatu titik tumpu dan balok kayu dengan
ember di ujung untuk menaikkan air dari sungai untuk mengangkat.
Palung. Saya menduga ini adalah cara bahwa hal ini dilakukan. Jika
youhave seluruh rangkaian dari tiga atau empat orang yang Anda benarbenar bisa hidup cukup tinggi. Dengan dua ribu SM air tawar mengalir
melalui berbagai bentuk pipa. Di Cina bambu reedswere dilubangi pada
sendi dan digunakan untuk pribadi tidak hanya air tetapi gas alam ke dan
dari tambang garam kuno. Di pulau Kreta Minoan Kings memiliki
kamar mandi dengan air panas andcold berjalan. Sedini seribu lima ratus
B.C .. Di Raja minus istana telah arkeolog Knossos luas telah
menemukan bak mandi keramik besar. Seiring dengan toilet firstflushing
dunia. Awal pipa pipa. Terbuat dari tanah liat panggang dan kuat. Tapi
orang Mesir kuno dengan keterampilan metalurgi canggih mereka.
Adalah di antara yang pertama untuk membuat pipe.Out tembaga. Mesir
pipa kecakapan konsisten dengan keahlian mereka sebagai pembangun.
Sumur digali sedalam tiga ratus kaki. Dan Norio. Atau wasborn roda air
di Mesir. sidelight menarik tentang Mesir adalah bahwa mereka
mungkin telah pertama mungkin hanya peradaban yang pernah

membangun. Itu kamar untuk orang mati. Ada piramida wherekind

tempat peristirahatan sementara bagi almarhum untuk lolos ke akhirat.
Beberapa piramida yang telah digali. Ternyata juga memiliki kamar
mandi Yunani maju ilmu theaudience dari pipa ke tingkat belum pernah
terjadi sebelumnya. air panas dan dingin dan bathtub semua bagian dari
kehidupan sehari-hari di Yunani kuno. saluran air raksasa membawa air
ke thecities. Dan air mancur yang mulia ditampilkan itu. Tapi megah
karena mereka prestasi. Semua peradaban ini akan segera dikalahkan
oleh masyarakat terbesar tukang pipa inhistory. Orang-orang Romawi.
The California saluran air. Dibangun di salah satu sembilan ratus tujuh
puluh S. sungai buatan manusia ini adalah yang terbesar dalam sistem
dok belakang yang memasok daerah Los Angeles dengan air fromthe
utara dan 444 mil. Ini adalah salah satu terpanjang di dunia.
Lebih dari seribu tahun yang lalu. kota besar lain berkembang di atas air
yang dibawa oleh keajaiban ini rekayasa. Struktur megah yang bertahan
sampai hari ini telah menjadi ndak an untuk kecemerlangan Kekaisaran
Romawi. Dan tidak mengherankan. Mereka membawa jutaan galon air
dari pegunungan lima puluh mil jauhnya. Sebuah prestasi. Tidak ada
peradaban itu. Pernah attemptedbefore. Setelah sampai di kota. Air
didistribusikan melalui jaringan dari jalur pasokan. Di bawah jalan. Tapi
membuat semuanya mungkin dengan bahan yang memberi pipa
name.Led kepada Latin. Janji. Berarti tanah. Dan tukang pipa Romawi
pertama yang pengrajin yang kuno lembaran timah ke segala sesuatu

dari keranjang frame. Untuk mil dari pipa timbal thatsupplied air ke
ratusan air mancur. bangunan publik dan rumah-rumah pribadi di
seluruh kekaisaran. Tapi mungkin yang paling penting air ini berjalan
adalah darah kehidupan dari satu ofRome paling berharga. Lembaga.
Keseimbangan. Saya pikir hal yang paling menarik tentang Roman Baz
sebenarnya mereka adalah semacam tidak berencana untuk rata-rata
wanita dan. wastrue itu. Karena kelimpahan yang luar biasa dari air dan
semua dari berbagai kamar mandi dan Chambers. Tetapi juga karena
mereka sangat rumit dihiasi. Seorang sarjana whorecently menulis
tentang. Baz dari Karkala. Mengatakan bahwa ini adalah cara untuk
memberikan orang biasa kesempatan untuk menjalani kehidupan orang
kaya dan terkenal kaisar sendiri touse surat suara tersebut. Sebagai
sarana memberikan orang. Semacam. hiburan yang indah. Fasilitas yang
akan mencegah mereka dari memikirkan hal-hal lain seperti kebebasan
politik sebagai contoh. Kebutuhan. Kemegahan keseimbangan adalah
pembalasan keajaiban mendekati. Jutaan galon air mengalir masuk dan
keluar dari kompleks. Dipanaskan oleh kayu dan batu bara furnacesto
suhu yang tepat. Menyediakan ray pilihan untuk perenang. Ada kamar
uap terpisah dan pemanas berseri-seri di seluruh. Dilakukan dengan
memompa throughchannels udara panas di bawah lantai. Air limbah
dialirkan keluar dari bangunan dan ke pipa saluran pembuangan besar
itu. Dikosongkan ke Sungai Tiber. Yang terbesar dari selokan tersebut
kloaka Maximapredated saluran air pertama dengan setengah abad. Dan

masih digunakan saat ini sebagai pembuangan banjir. Faktanya. tujuan

aslinya itu hanya. Sumber yang membacanya peran. Pada dasarnya
untuk takeaway air hujan. Itu hanya sebuah renungan bahwa perairan.
Akan melempar barang-barang kami ke dalamnya. Jadi mereka
melakukan bisnis mereka dari sistem. Dan melakukan bisnis mereka
sering jamban event.Public sosial memiliki sebanyak dua puluh kursi
diatur dalam lingkaran. Air berlari terus-menerus di bawah kursi
mencuci sampah. Ke selokan terdekat. Ketika Legions Romawi setout
untuk menaklukkan dunia. Mereka membawa pipa mereka. Dengan
mereka. The bads dari. Aquas Syllis dibangun oleh kaisar Claudius di
A.D abad pertama .. Di sisi hotsprings alami. Mereka dikembalikan pada
abad keenam belas. Dan hari ini mereka merupakan daya tarik wisata
yang populer. Di tempat yang sekarang kota Inggris. air mandi masih
mengalir melalui stonechannels asli ke delapan puluh empat puluh kaki
mandi besar. Semacam diperkecil versi yang kembali ke rumah di Roma.
Dan setelah hampir dua ribu tahun mereka bukti doorability rekayasa
Romawi. Ternyata. Kekaisaran itu sendiri tidak begitu tahan lama. Dan
akhirnya jatuh. Demikian pula Negara seni pipa. Dari Concord. Tidak
peradaban baru. Butwere pada dasarnya mereka tidak benar-benar
memberikan dua teriakan tentang air yang mengalir mereka tidak pernah
di satu tempat cukup lama untuk menikmati Kristen. Mulai menyebar di
seluruh dunia Barat and.The Kristen awal tidak penggemar mandi dan.
Saya pikir salah satu alasan adalah bahwa. Karena saya pikir semua

orang tahu mereka agak buruk diperlakukan oleh orang Romawi dan.
Jadi theytended untuk menolak. budaya Romawi. Sepanjang bayi
pepatah dengan air mandi. Dengan orang memadati kota selama abad
pertengahan yang tidak sehat kondisi broughtconsequences yang tidak
kurang dari yang mematikan. Sepanjang apa yang telah aptly bernama
abad kegelapan dan populasi ban menderita beberapa konsekuensi
kesehatan terburuk inhistory. Ribuan kehilangan nyawa mereka untuk
penyakit air ditanggung. Sifat yang tidak akan dipahami selama berabadabad yang akan datang. Penyakit tipus. Tifus kolera disentri. kondisi
Theresulting bertelur terkenal. Wabah Hitam. Yang disebarkan oleh tikus
dan. Serangga dan menewaskan sekitar sepertiga dari penduduk Eropa.
Menyadari bahwa mereka beingpoisoned oleh kotoran mereka sendiri.
Orang disebabkan kemalangan mengerikan untuk murka Allah. Jejak
praktek tidak sehat pipa memang ada selama abad pertengahan yang
inmonasteries. Dan di istana feodal jubah dijaga menjabat sebagai
penjara dalam ruangan. Proyeksi dari sebuah bangunan yang berisi kursi
yang. Ia pergi lurus ke bawah ke maid.Or sungai atau Grand. Dan ada
beberapa yang masih hidup di Inggris. Sebuah orang rendah sengsara
akan datang dan mengikis jauh hari di penerimaan termegah pagi. Jadi
theinvaders. Kastil dikepung semua orang pergi banyak dan Anda akan
melihat ini. Satu hal yang apa itu melalui perahu mereka melalui dengan
Renaissance datang inhygiene minat baru. Maka mulai Maret mantap
menuju. pipa indoor. Langkah pertama adalah untuk membawa air ke

rumah. Dengan tangan. Hampir setiap memiliki berdiri mencuci di

bedroomwhich jika mereka cukup membuat beruntung akan membawa
dengan kendi kendi air panas air dingin dan sedikit tentang tidak selalu
yang cocok China. Ravishingly indah contoh stillsurvive. Untuk hari ini
mencuci tangan ini berdiri set. pispot dari. Setiap deskripsi yang dibuat
dalam bentuk. Apa yang mereka kekurangan dalam fungsi dan.
Mengosongkan mereka cukup sederhana. Openthe jendela dan
melemparkan isi ke jalan. Praktek ini memunculkan julukan populer.
Mengingat toilet modern. Di Inggris. Etiket yang tepat untuk
mengosongkan pispot seseorang adalah untuk memperingatkan pejalan
kaki dengan dengan frase Perancis. Garlow makna. Melihat keluar untuk
air. Ini adalah English ukuran untuk menjadi. Wali Lou. Dan waktu
dihormati jangka. Lou.For asal julukan populer John sejarawan melihat
ke tidak lain dari Ratu Inggris. Di tempat ini pertama telah mandi
sebulan sekali apakah dia harus memutuskan ontheir pistol sendiri
bagaimana anak Allah dan dia jadian. Operator adalah mesin. Sebuah
lemari air. Dengan mekanisme flashing yang tepat. Dalam lima puluh
sembilan puluh enam. Dan ratu juga memiliki satu madefor tapi dia
terlalu

takut.

Dan dengan ketakutan ini. Diejek oleh teman-temannya Herring dan

hanya dua dari toilet yang dihasilkan. Seratus tujuh puluh tahun akan
berlalu sebelum penemuannya akan muncul kembali. Apa couldbe lebih
sederhana daripada bak untuk mandi. Sebelum bathtub pipa indoor yang

hanya diisi dan dikosongkan dengan tangan. Itu dari ide dasar ini yang
buruk yang modern beberapa showersevolved. Tapi tidak tanpa beberapa
eksperimen warna-warni di sepanjang jalan. Konsep kamar mandi
dimulai pada zaman kuno dengan air terjun dan ember air. Namun pada
pertengahan nineteenthcentury beberapa desain menarik yang dalam
karya. Salah satu yang paling awal adalah mandi Kabupaten Inggris.
Yang cepat air yang sama terus-menerus dari cerat ke adiknya dan
overthe kepala bathers. American Virginia masih mandi adalah urusan
unggulan dengan tangan kemegahan dioperasikan dan sikat kembali.
Ada

banyak

variasi

termasuk

pumpingshower

diri

ini.

Yang

dikombinasikan untuk membersihkan dengan latihan keras. Tetapi

merasa menyadari saya adalah bahwa kamar mandi ketinggalan jaman
baru hari ini. Bukanlah hal yang baru pendahulu mereka tanggal kembali
ke ratusan mid.Eighteen. Dengan pemukim Eropa pertama di New
England datang benih apa yang menjadi industri pipa yang paling
canggih. Di dalam dunia. Tapi itu akan takeseveral berabad-abad untuk
sampai ke sana. Tiba-tiba ini bukan nilai berharga. Amerika oleh orangorang besar di mana kita mendasarkan. Mereka benar-benar mengambil
itu. Sekali sebulan beberapa kali year.Nonetheless kota-kota dibangun
air yang mengalir adalah prioritas tinggi. Bukan untuk mandi tapi untuk
pemadam kebakaran. Sistem air pertama di Amerika. Dibangun di
Boston pada pertengahan sixteenhundreds. Dengan 795 untuk memasok
petugas pemadam kebakaran dengan air. log berongga bergabung

bersama-sama untuk membuat air utama. Peregangan selama mil dari

Jamaica Pond untuk mendirikan thefiremen hanya akan mengebor
melalui dinding pipa-pipa primitif dan pasang lubang ketika mereka
selesai. Ini adalah asal dari keran kebakaran jangka. Pada awal tujuh
belas ratusan NewYork City harus sistem sendiri induk kayu. Tapi
mereka tidak cukup untuk memasok kota dengan pertumbuhan dengan
air. Dalam seribu Thirty Five New York membangun waduk pertama
inmidtown Manhattan. Makan oleh Aqua Dots dari sungai Croton
dekatnya. reservoir diisi beberapa blok kota dan berlangsung sampai
pergantian abad. Pergi ke bawah tanah pasokan tunnelsthat air New York
sampai hari ini dibangun. Konstruksi pada ketiga kalinya itu dimulai di
salah satu sembilan ratus tujuh puluh. Dan saluran pertama baru-baru ini
pergi ke layanan. Salah satu kota watertunnel nomor tiga selesai pada
tahun 2020. Ini akan lurus enam puluh mil. Dan menyampaikan satu
miliar galon air per hari. Selama tahun-tahun awal America.The Great
Outdoors terbukti alternatif menarik bagi pispot dari negara tua. Tapi tak
lama. Yankee kecerdikan melahirkan sebuah lembaga Amerika. The
outhouse.Houses pada dasarnya kamar mandi. Pemukim kolonial awal
di negeri ini. Dan beberapa dari mereka cukup biasa teknologi itu cukup
sederhana. Sebuah lubang yang dalam di kursi earth.A di gudang kayu.
Dengan pintu. Kakus terus berkembang biak melalui abad kesembilan
belas di Amerika. Jauh melampaui munculnya toilet dalam ruangan
dengan India. Dan inscame. Inovasi. Thomas Jefferson menyusun

sendiri. Waterless menjadi jamban di Monticello. Sebuah pispot

terhubung ke luar ruangan dengan serangkaian katrol. Dioperasikan oleh
servants.Meanwhile generasi baru penemu di Inggris telah dihidupkan
kembali. Penemuan aneh John Harrington dan. Versi terbaru dari lemari
air membanjiri paten Inggris offices.American inovator tidak jauh di
belakang. Tapi masyarakat umum lambat untuk menerima ide radikal.
Lemari air awal yang Kona Rube Goldberg alat. Mereka logam madeof.
Berbagai bagian yang berbeda. bagian ini. Tidak selalu cocok bersamasama baik mereka meninggalkan kesenjangan. Orang-orang di tertutup.
Kasus untuk membuat mereka terlihat seperti furnitur. Limbah yang
digunakan untuk mengumpulkan di thesethings begitu. Itu sangat tidak
sehat. Setelah beberapa saat berbau sangat buruk dan mereka tidak
bekerja dengan baik. Peracikan masalahnya adalah gangguan yang
tampaknya dapat diatasi dari selokan Gasis bocor ke rumah. Sebuah Seal
perangkap sudah ditemukan dan dalam teori. Sebuah solusi brilian.
Sebuah U. berbentuk bagian dari pipa saluran air rapi dan mangkuk
toilet menggunakan ofphysics hukum sederhana. Untuk membuat segel
air memblokir gas selokan memasuki rumah. Tapi hukum lain fisika
telah diabaikan. Prinsip ventilasi tentang sangat adalah memungkinkan
tocome udara ke dalam sistem drainase. Jadi, ketika air jatuh. udara
terjadi dengan itu dan tidak menyedot air keluar dari perangkap itu.
Sangat sangat sederhana. Jika kendaraan tidak adil. Ini akan seperti
agallon kendi ketika Anda membaliknya. Ingat bahwa. Gluk gluk gluk

digunakan untuk terjadi. Itulah yang saluran air Anda akan bekerja
banyak. Tidak terlalu baik. Hari ini. Ventilasi adalah bagian dasar dari
pelatihan everyplumbers. Tapi Merasa tahu bagaimana semuanya
dimulai. Ada rekor. Delapan ratus tujuh puluh untuk tukang ledeng yang.
Untuk usia setelah seseorang dapat memulihkan suatu tempat di
sepanjang way.Who meninggalkan diagram untuk rumah yang telah
mengalami masalah berat dengan yang lebih tua di dalam rumah. Yang
digandakan. Untuk rumah lain dan jenis mulai. Itu. Apa yang kita
reallycan anggap sebagai pipa modern. Sementara itu melintasi Atlantik.
Lemari air terus berkembang. Dengan desain peningkatan dalam
meningkatkan ketersediaan air yang mengalir. Theindoor toilet.
Akhirnya tertangkap. Tapi mungkin sosok yang paling kontroversial
dalam sejarah W.C .. Apakah yang paling terkenal. Namanya Thomas
Crapper. Ketika crapper biographyof ini diterbitkan di 1969. Banyak
yang percaya itu adalah tipuan. Yang terjadi selanjutnya adalah
serangkaian. investigasi yang independen dan perdebatan sengit
withinthe industri. Apakah crapper. Sebenarnya menciptakan cikal bakal
dari toilet modern. Apakah orang itu benar-benar ada. Bahkan hari ini.
Mereka yang mengetahui rahasia omong kosong atau cerita. Lanjutkan
perdebatan. Abramsborn dalam film pada kotoran New York mereka usia
sebelas tahun mereka bekerja sebagai tukang ledeng. Dan ia mendapat
Preston dibantu oleh toilet dan. Semula. Hal yang omong kosong tapi
aku yakin itu disebut thewater limbah pencegah. Jika Anda mengangkat

tutup hidup Anda. Ini persis sama seperti ketika ia mengembangkan itu
seratus tahun yang lalu. Frederick sadar dan paman saya yang besar. Dan
dia wasapprenticed Thomas omong kosong di 871 dan. Ini adalah
makalah magang dan. Berikut tanda tangan. omong kosong Thomas dan
tidak menciptakan sebuah D C pena dia notinvent sepeser pun untuk
melihat sistem. Memang ia bahkan tidak menciptakan siphon tersebut.
Yang begitu banyak rewel. Terbuat. James Watt tidak menciptakan
pernyataan yang Anda butuhkan hanya membuat metronomeyou baik
tidak menciptakan Mari kita lihat saja. Membuatnya cukup emas adalah
sama dengan omong kosong banyak orang yang bekerja di atasnya pada
saat ia membuat satu yang bekerja. Amerika tidak bisa melupakan fakta
thatthere adalah seorang pria. Sesuatu Tommy fitting. Dengan nama
seperti omong kosong. Itu lucu. Dan itu bagus. Dan itu menyenangkan.
Tapi itu ia menemukan toilet. Dan ia berakhir dengan menemukan
semua designafraid tersebut. Aku merindukan panci. Yang diakui secara
universal saat ini. Dirancang oleh suhu dingin di 884. Itu paman saya
yang besar. Konferensi Frederick di and.This adalah terkenal W.C.
menanam Belfort. Alas pertama. Mencuci. Plus itu. The W.C.S. awal
berada di kayu kation. Lemari. Menyembunyikan semua tetapi dalam
mangkuk tapi oncethey keluar dari persembunyian udara dari desainer
toilet mulai. Sedikit alas dihiasi. Setiap bentuk fantastis dibayangkan.
Maksudku sastra Jika kemuliaan tersebut untuk sementara waktu ini.
Penyepuhan tertalu paling liar bentuk dan cukup indah dua alasan saya

akan menyarankan salah satu adalah karena cinta dekorasi lain adalah
untuk menyembunyikan sangat benda sederhana. Mereka weredealing
dengan. Tapi saya menemukan run White di pengadilan Assize di Daraa
di mana hakim akan harus mengayunkan kaki mereka di atas belakang
leher ini seseorang datang sehingga mereka couldn'tstand di depannya.
Jadi kau harus membaca. Ketika kaki mereka telah ditetapkan satu ini.
Dengan cepat dari lemari air datang kelimpahan belum pernah terjadi
sebelumnya dari limbah. Thecities dari Eropa adalah yang pertama untuk
membayar. Pantas. Konsekuensi. Misalnya diperiksa. Tinggal dengan
kotoran yang memiliki tiga Vang ini akan kita katakan tiga sungai yang
mengalir melalui itu thefleet Thames di dunia pecah aliran. Dan mereka
semua getar. Dengan kotoran dari ratusan sebelumnya. Dan itu menjadi
begitu buruk bahwa jalan-jalan terlalu penuh withexcrement. Dan orang
ditanya menemukan jika mereka membiarkan mengetahui rahasia
mereka untuk memiliki sebuah flat berbau mengerikan ini bau berbau
busuk.

Namun

dalam

seribu

lima

delapan

London

baru

formed.Metropolitan Dewan Pekerjaan melakukan sebuah proyek

bersejarah. Di bawah arahan Sir Joseph Basil jet. Pembangunan sistem
saluran pembuangan pertama London. Indah BRIC katedral. Andthe
London seluruh jaringan besar ini besar molting gothic yang indah ini.
Yang menunjukkan bahwa Bastille untuk itu. Dibangun dan. Bahwa
dengan menyelamatkan. Populasi tanah. Dan memang. Alam liar. Saya
melihat

contoh

yang

baik

pada

abad

kesembilan

belas.

Sepanjang perjalanan. Di Chicago. Amerika pertama. sistem saluran

pembuangan terpadu dibangun pada 856. Tapi kota muda menghadapi
masalah pencemaran yang selokan saja couldn'tsolve. meningkatnya
kuantitas limbah mentah yang dibuang ke Sungai Chicago yang.
Dikosongkan ke Danau Michigan. Kota. -Satunya sumber air minum.
Karena semakin banyak peoplestarted datang ke kota. Mereka harus
mengambil ada intake air dan memindahkan mereka semakin jauh ke
dalam danau. Dan untuk sementara waktu. Itu bekerja tapi kemudian.
Delapan belas. Delapan puluh lima. Therewas a luar biasa. badai hujan
empat hari itu hanya memerah semua pantai primitif. Jalan keluar ke
danau. Dijual dengan boks asupan air. Tergenang dengan mereka.
Dengan pollutedmaterial ini. Dua puluh lima persen dari populasi
pakaian dari kota Chicago binasa dari penyakit yang terbawa air. Selama
waktu itu. Kolera tifus. Dll Disentri. Sesuatu likeseventy lima ribu
kematian. The Chicago River adalah satu-satunya saluran yang layak.
Aliran harian besar limbah dari kota berkembang Chicago sekarang
menghadapi insurmountableproblem hampir. Ini ribuan dan ribuan orang
yang

datang

untuk

hidup

di

kota

ini.

Tercemar.

Telah ditemukan jawabannya adalah pikiran membingungkan feat teknik

sipil. Menghubungkan Chicago ke layar. Sungai. Sebuah anak sungai
Mississippi. Versing arah batuan padat river.Through. Dengan delapan
setengah

ribu

imigran.

Bisa butuh banyak untuk mencoba suatu prestasi seperti ini untuk benar-

benar membalikkan arus. Sukses tapi itu tidak menjadi yang terakhir
tonggak teknik sipil untuk kota Chicago. Dalam fewdecades. Akan ada
lagi. Pada pergantian akhir 1980 telegraf dan telepon. Dan industri kimia
baja dan minyak bumi. America.Along dengan Jerman. Telah menjadi
pemimpin dunia industri. Dengan pabrik-pabrik yang lebih besar
didukung oleh listrik. Dan perusahaan multinasional mengekspor
teknologi baru sekitar world.In satu 913 Henry Ford menciptakan jalur
perakitan pertama untuk membuat model yang T. Dan produksi massal.
Pipa di Amerika telah terperangkap dengan seluruh dunia. industri
andthe

berkembang.

Kamar mandi yang dirancang ke rumah baru sebagai fitur standar.

Seiring dengan pemanas air panas dan dapur sepenuhnya tegak. Bathtub
dan perlengkapan hampir tidak bisa roll off lini perakitan fastenough
untuk memenuhi permintaan sebagai kamar mandi mulai mendapatkan
dibangun dan. Bathtub pindah ruangan. Tradisi pusat. Ini semacam
muncul sekitar periode itu di mana. Mengambil bathonce seminggu
dianggap hal ini untuk dilakukan, tetapi. Mengambil mandi lebih dari itu
dianggap. Buang-buang waktu. Agak berlebihan Mengapa Anda
melakukannya lebih dari sekali seminggu youwere sudah bersih.
Memulai sebuah industri tua. Mulai menerbitkan kampanye untuk
mandi.

Suatu

hari

di Amerika

dan

masyarakat

dan

mereka

didistribusikan. Banyak pamflet. Beberapa recordsshow kami lebih dari

seratus ribu pamflet dibagikan ke sekolah-sekolah dan pelanggan di

seluruh Amerika Serikat. Mendesak mereka untuk mandi sehari. pelopor

pipa JohnMichael KOHLER dibuat bak pertamanya dari palung kuda
besi di 1903. Kemudian pada 1011 perusahaan warna dibuat yang
pertama piecewith celemek. Yang segera menjadi standar mandi untuk
merancang toilet baru dan baskom terbuat dari kemenangan China
dengan perlengkapan kuningan dan warna terkoordinasi tenggelam
tubsand toilet diperkenalkan dalam dua puluh lima tahun antara satu 929
dan satu 954. nomor manufaktur melejit dengan kenaikan tiga
hundredsixty tujuh persen dalam penjualan produk pipa. Era tukang
ledeng profesional telah tiba. Louis teori pendeta kuman tidak diterima
secara luas sampai delapan puluh sembilan. Tapi nowthe sifat penyakit
ditanggung air dipahami. Akhirnya. Bisa melihat betapa tinggi
taruhannya pipa sanitasi yang asosiasi profesional dibentuk program
informalapprenticeship yang diberlakukan oleh seragam kode pipa
pertengahan tiga puluh ini yang disahkan. Dan memproduksi
menetapkan

standar

untuk

produk

pipa.

Chicago.

tiga

puluh

Ninehundred. Terusan kapal pemakaman telah berhasil membalikkan

aliran Sungai Chicago. Jauh dari Danau Michigan. Dan dielu-elukan
internasional. Sebagai salah satu dari tujuh rekayasa Amerika
wondersof. Tapi dengan populasi terus tumbuh masalah kota yang jauh
dari selesai. Pada waktu itu. Melalui kanal bahwa mereka telah
membangun satu Shorechannel Utara. Kota ini mengambil. Dua belas
ribu kaki kubik air per detik. Dari Danau Michigan. Untuk menyiram

sistem bersih. Tetapi bahkan dengan itu sejumlah besar air itu Stillmore
atau kurang yang terbuka besar khususnya. Setiap kali hujan. Kami akan
memiliki segar. Masuknya polusi. Ke sungai itu sendiri. Untuk
mengatasi masalah tersebut Chicago kabupaten sanitasi createdthe
terbesar dan paling maju pabrik pengolahan limbah. Pernah dibangun.
Fasilitas dibangun di atas lima ratus tujuh puluh ekar plot Stickney di
dekatnya. Adalah jelas dari waktu ke depan. Ketika theE.P.A. kata
standar baru yang ketat untuk pengolahan limbah lebih dari tiga puluh
tahun kemudian. The Stickney tanaman sudah melebihi mereka. Dengan
939 pabrik Stickney wasprocessing satu titik dua miliar galon per hari
dari air limbah. Menjadikannya fasilitas terbesar dari jenisnya di dunia.
Tetapi bahkan yang tidak bisa memecahkan masalah yang terus
mengganggu theChicago kabupaten sanitasi seperti. Semua kota tua.
Chicago menggunakan sistem saluran pembuangan gabungan untuk
keduanya. limbah Terry. Dan air hujan dikumpulkan dalam saluran
badai. Masalah. hujan yang intens storms.On rata-rata Windy City
memiliki seratus dari mereka setahun. Sedikit hujan. Hal itu perlu untuk
mengalihkan. Campuran ini air limbah jauh dari pipa saluran
pembuangan

karena

wouldflood

tanaman.

Chicago River dan. Itu. Poin dan. Campuran bahan tercemar. Akan. Pada
saat overflow akan cadangan ke dalam ruang bawah tanah dari ribuan
rumah dan sejumlah highwayunderpasses akan banjir. Grinding lalu
lintas

berhenti.

Sekali lagi. Tantangan dengan. solusi cerdik. Menggunakan teknologi

terbaru. Insinyur menggali serangkaian terowongan melalui palsu.
Antara seratus lima puluh dan tiga hundredfeet bawah kota. Untuk
harfiah. Botol. Badai hujan. Terowongan tiga ratus kaki. Terowongan
tiga puluh kaki. Sampai satu miliar galon. Melalui air disimpan dalam
terowongan dan inreservoirs sampai badai berakhir. Maka itu dipompa
kembali ke permukaan dan. Ke dalam pabrik pengolahan limbah. Untuk
memiliki dampak yang kuat pada industri pipa. Dengan sembilan ratus
fortythe Dewan Produksi Perang telah sangat dibatasi penggunaan
mencuri tembaga dan manufaktur harus bereksperimen dengan yang
baru. bahan baru seperti besi cor dan plastik. Theinnovations memulai
gelombang baru ditingkatkan produk pipa. Tapi itu terus sejak itu barubaru ini sebagai salah satu sembilan ratus empat puluh S. bahwa Al
Mowen menemukan keran. Mostof kita ambil untuk diberikan dan
menemukan cara untuk melakukannya hanya dengan satu tangan.
Dengan memanipulasi pasir. Campuran yang tepat dari air jernih. Tidak
kran tangan tunggal antara mostpopular sekitar. pemanas air panas
modern semua dilengkapi dengan perangkat penting diciptakan dalam
tiga puluh oleh perusahaan regulator Watts. Yang masih memproduksi
mereka hari ini. It'sknown dalam perdagangan. Sebagai T.M.P. a katup.
Dengan keluar. Suhu dan tekanan benar-benar jatuh. Tekanan dalam
pemanas air dapat membangun hingga sejauh itu. pemanas air Anda me

suatu hari nanti lepas landas dan jika Anda tinggal di sebuah rumah
threestory itu dibayangkan bisa melalui lantai pertama dan lantai dua
dan lantai tiga dan atap. Dan berakhir di rumah tetangga mungkin
seperempat mil jauhnya. Thesethings digunakan untuk terjadi cukup
sering dan mereka masih terjadi sesekali atau di rumah-rumah di mana
pemanas air tidak memiliki tim. Tapi ini adalah penemuan besar yang
saya yakin sebagai a.Untold tinggal di Amerika. Kebanyakan orang
bahkan tidak tahu mereka telah mereka. Dan apa yang akan mereka
pikirkan berikutnya. toilet terkomputerisasi dan pusaran air remote
control yang hanya beginning.Cutting ilmu tepi melakukan hal-hal
dengan air limbah yang bahkan orang-orang Romawi tidak pernah bisa
bermimpi

mungkin.

Dasar-dasar Hemat pipa sanitasi tidak lagi tantangan bagi dunia modern.
Tetapi melakukan inovasi terus. Dalam sebuah kata. Iya nih. Bumi dari.
Pasar telah meledak dengan newmaterials dari segala macam desain baru
bentuk baru. Dari banyak produsen. Pilihan baru ini. Dari Jepang
memiliki komputer di dalamnya untuk mengontrol aliran air. Hal ini juga
telah aheated kursi. Sebuah bangunan ditemukan untuk menghapus
pemilih. Dan mencuci dikendalikan remote itu. Yang menambahkan
fungsi hari besar untuk unit. Kamar mandi berteknologi tinggi.
temperaturecontrols

komputerisasi.

Multifungsi

sehingga.

Membersihkan kepala shower dan remote nirkabel tahan air untuk kolam

dunia yang mengendalikan segala sesuatu dari pencahayaan. Untuk

aliran Jets. Tapi techfeatures tinggi. Ada tema. Untuk gelombang baru
produk pipa. Dan itu konsisten dengan terbaru. Keasyikan dari
Minnesota

langit-langit

meringankan

seluruh

dunia.

conservation.Somebody air seperti saya atau mungkin membahas sejarah

pipa. Dua puluh lima tiga puluh empat puluh lima puluh tahun dari
sekarang akan. Mungkin melihat ke belakang dan. Tentukan salah satu.
DAS. Dari plumbinghistory. Sekarang. Teknologi modern.
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