Measurement of Toughness in The Heat Affected Zone of Welded Structural Steels

Commission of the European Communities
technical steel research
Properties and service performance
MEASUREMENT OF TOUGHNESS IN THE

HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE OF WELDED
STRUCTURAL STEELS
Report
EUR 9297 EN
Blow-up from microfiche original
Commission of the European Communities
technical steel research
Properties and service performance

STRUCTURAL STEELS
M.J. GEORGE
BRITISH STEEL CORPORATION
9, Albert Embankment
GB-LONDON SE1 7SN
Contract No 7 2 1 0 - K A / 8 0 4
(1.7.1978 - 31.12.1982)
FINAL REPORT
Directorate-General
Science, Research and Development
1985
EUR 9297 EN
Published by the
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Directorate-General
Information Market and Innovation
L-2920 LUXEMBOURG
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting
on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of
the following information
>ECSC-EEC-Euratom, Brussels Luxembourg

STRUCTURAL STEELS
F I N A L
R E P O R T
Agreement No. 7210.KA/804
M.J. George
British Steel Corporation
Teesside Laboratories
EUR 9297 EN
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804

MEASUREMENT OF TOUGHNESS IN THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE
OF WELDED STRUCTURAL STEELS
ECSC Agreement No. 7210.KA/804
SUMMARY
In view of the increasing importance of heat affected zone (HAZ) properties in
the specification and in-service behaviour of steels for demanding structural
applications, a study has been carried out, with the aim of:(a)
Examining critically the methods currently available

for investigating the fracture toughness of HAZ's,
with particular reference to the assessment of fitness
for purpose and the ability to predict the potential
service performance of HAZ's from the results of small
scale tests, by comparison with wide plate tests
containing HAZ notches.
(b)
Assessing the properties attainable in the HAZ's of some

structural steels currently used in applications where
high HAZ property levels are commonly specified, over
a wide range of weld energy inputs and weld type.
(c)
Gaining insights, where possible, into the factors

affecting response to welding and the properties achieved.
Three steels were used in the investigation; BS4360:50D and Euronorm 25-72
Fe510DD, both of which were normalised grades, and RQT 500, a BSC proprietary
quenched and tempered steel, of approximately the same composition as
BS4360:50D. Welds were carried out at heat inputs of 2 and 5 kJ/mm, using
single V, double V and K preparations, together with electroslag welds at
30-50 kJ/mm, depending on plate thickness.
The majority of the work was
carried out on 40 mm thick welds, with some comparative tests at 25 and 60 mm.
The small scale tests used (Charpy V, 10 10 mm COD, full thickness C O D ) , all
ranked the steels in the same order.
The BS4360:50D plate, at 40 mm thick,
performed best, with RQT 500 second and Fe510DD third. The major factor
affecting HAZ properties, at least in the sample plates tested, appeared to be
the carbon equivalent value (CEV), which was about 0.4% in the 50D and RQT 500
plates, and 0.5% in the Fe510DD sample. The Charpy V and COD tests showed
that, in the coarse grained region of the HAZ, occasional low results could be
obtained, but, in wide plate tests at -30 and -40C, in the presence of
9 90 mm fatigued surface notches, located in the HAZ, stresses of the order
of plate yield level, and overall strains ranging from 1.1 to 7.5, depending on
the steel, were sustained before fracture. Two of the plate results were
analysed, by the procedures given in PD 6493, and it was shown that, as in
previous experience with weld metals, tolerable defect predictions in HAZ's
have an in-built safety factor, in these two cases, of 2-3.
With respect to the methodology of testing, the correct placement of HAZ
notches presented the only significant problems.
There was very evident
scattter in the results from all tests, although this was also a feature of
tests on some of the parent plates.
Sub-size COD tests, 10 mm square in cross section, giving more accurate
indications of fracture initiation resistance, and the generation of
microstructures typical of HAZ's, by simulation of thermal cycles derived from
the test welds, were shown to have potential in research work, although of
limited direct applicability to practical situations.
A large body of thermal cycle data was generated from thermocouples embedded in
selected weld HAZ's. Good agreement with published work was obtained, and
suggestions were made for modifying some of the physical constants used in
theoretical predicitions.
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
CONTENTS
PAGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Nature of the Heat Affected Zone
1.2
Importance of Heat Affected Zone Properties
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
2.1
Aims and Objectives of the Work
2.2
Steels Used in the Test Programme
2.3
Weld Procedures
10
2.4
Test Methods
11
TEST RESULTS
31
3.1
Charpy V Impact Test Results
31
3.2
Sub-size (10 10 mm Section) COD Test Results
33
3.3
Full Thickness COD Tests
33
3.4
Wide Plate Test Results
35
3.5
Test Results from Simulated HAZ's
37
GENERAL DISCUSSION
75
4.1
Appraisal of Test Methods
75
4.2
Relevance of Simulative Studies
77
4.3
Effect of Steel Grade on Results Obtained
77
5.
CONCLUSIONS
80
6.
REFERENCES
81
TABLES
FIGURES
APPENDIX
111
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Chemical Analyses of Plates Tested
2.2
Mechanical Properties of Plates Tested
2.3
Sub-Division of Weld Test Plate
3.1
Matrix of Tests Carried Out
3.2
HAZ Charpy V Test Criteria - BS4360:50D (40 mm Thick)
3.3
HAZ Charpy V Test Criteria - BS4360:50D (25 and 60 mm Thick)
3.4
HAZ Charpy V Test Criteria - Euronorm 25-72 Fe510DD (40 mm Thick)
3.5
HAZ Charpy V Test Criteria - RQT 500 (40 mm Thick)
3.6
HAZ Charpy V Test Criteria - RQT 500 (25 mm Thick)
3.7
Proportions of Weld Metal/HAZ/Plate Adjacent to Notch of Subsurface

Single and Double V Weld Charpy Tests (Plate/HAZ Boundary Taken as
Visible Aci)
3.8
0.1 mm COD Transition Temperatures (10 mm Square Transverse

40 mm Welds)
3.9
Summary of COD Test Results
3.10
3.11
Wide Plate Test - Notch Locations and Dimensions
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1
Heat Affected Zone Thermal Cycles - 5 kJ/mm
1.2
Weld Macrograph
Affected Zones
2.1
Microstructures of As-received Normalised Plates
(a)
Fe510DD, 40 mm Thick
(b)
BS4360:50D, 25 mm Thick
(c)
(d)
2.2
Microstructures of As-received Quenched and Tempered Plates,
RQT 500, 25 mm Thick
2.3
Typical 5 kJ/mm K Weld Procedure
2.4
Typical 2 kJ/mm Double V Welding Procedure
2.5
Typical Electroslag Weld Procedure
2.6
Typical 25 mm Single Bevel Weld Procedure
2.7
Wide Plate Test Format - Showing Locations of Instrumentation
3.1
41 J Impact Transition Temperatures - 2 kJ/mm Welds
3.2
41 J Impact Transition Temperatures - 5 kJ/mm Welds
3.3
41 J Impact Transition Temperatures - 2 and 5 kJ/mm K Welds,

25 and 60 mm Thick
3.4
Shift in 41 J Impact Transition Temperatures - 2 kJ/mm Welds
3.5
Shift in 41 J Impact Transition Temperatures - 5 kJ/mm Welds
3.6
Shift in 41 J Impact Transition Temperature - 2 and 5 kJ/mm

K Welds, 25 and 60 mm Thick
3.7
Parent Plate, Charpy V Impact Energy Curve Showing Scatter in

Results
3.8
HAZ Charpy V Impact Energy Curves Showing Scatter in Results
3.9
Specimen Locations and Notch Positions Charpy and 10 10

COD Specimens
3.10
10 mm Square COD Results Showing Scatter
3.11
Parent Plate Full Thickness COD Tests Transverse, 40 mm Thick
3.12
Comparison of COD Results - 40 mm Plates
3.13
COD Results, 25 and 60 mm BS4360:50D Plates
3.14
COD Results, 25 mm RQT 500 Plates
3.15
COD Results on Weld D4W2, 50D, Double V, 2 kJ/mm
3.16
Full Thickness COD Results - Fe510DD, 5 kJ/mm Weld
3.17
Full Thickness COD Results - BS4360:50D, 5 kJ/mm Weld
3.18
Full Thickness COD Results - Fe510DD, Electroslag Weld
(5 kJ/mm, Single V) Showing Reheated Heat
vu
(_50
kJ/mm)
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
3.19(a)
Effect of Peak Temperature in Simulation 5 kJ/mm Cycle BS4360:50D
3. 19(b)
Effect of Tempering Cycle - BS4360:50D
3. 2 0 ( a )
Effect of Peak Temperature in Simulation 5 kJ/mm Cycle Fe510DD
3. , 2 0 ( b )
Effect of Tempering Cycle - Fe510DD
3. 2 1 ( a )
Effect of Peak Temperature in Simulation 5 kJ/mm Cycle - RQT 500
3. 21(b)
Effect of Tempering Cycle - RQT 500
3. 22
Effect of Peak Temperature - 2 kJ/mm Cycle - BS4360:50D
3 . 23
Effect of Peak Temperature - 2 kJ/mm Cycle - Fe510DD
3. 24
Effect of Peak Temperature - 2 kJ/mm Cycle - RQT 500
3.,25
Simulated HAZ Microstructures - BS4360:50D (At8_5 = 50 s,

approximating to a 5 kJ/mm heat input)
3.26
Simulated HAZ Microstructures - Fe510DD (Atg-s = 50 s, approximating

to a 5 kJ/mm heat input)
3.27
Simulated HAZ Microstructures - RQT 500 (At8_5 = 50 s, approximating

3.28
Simulated HAZ Microstructures - BS4360:50D (At8_5 = 20 s,

approximating to a 2 kJ/mm heat input)
3.29
Simulated HAZ Microstructures - Fe510DD (At8-s = 20 s, approximating

3.30
Simulated HAZ Microstructures - RQT 500 (At8_5 = 20 s, approximating

4.1
Comparison of Charpy V and 10 mm Square COD Transition Temperatures
Vili
FR 6210 822
7210.KA/804

MESURE DE LA TENACITE DANS LA ZONE DE TRANSITION
DES ACIERS DE CONSTRUCTION SOUDES
Accord C.E.C.A. No. 7210./804
SOMMAIRE
Etat donn l'importance croissante des proprits de la zone de transition dans les
cahiers des charges ainsi que pour le comportement en service des aciers utiliss en
construction et soumis des conditions svres, une tude a t mene dans le but de:
(a)
examiner de manire critique les mthodes dont on dispose

l'heure actuelle afin de dterminer la tnacit la rupture
des zones de transition, en particulier lorsqu'il s'agit
d'tablir l'aptitude l'emploi et de pouvoir prdire la per
formance ventuelle en service des zones de transition,
partir d'essais conduits sur une chelle limite, par compa
raison avec les essais pratiqus sur des plaques larges
prsentant des zones de transition en entailles.
(b)
tablir les proprits qu'il est possible d'obtenir dans les

zones de transition de certains aciers de construction
utiliss dans des cas o il est courant qu'on exige pour les
zones de transition des caractristiques pousses, et ce pour
un large ventail d'apports d'nergie et de types de soudures.
(c)
parvenir dans la mesure du possible une meilleure comprhen

sion des facteurs qui influent sur la rponse au soudage, ainsi
que des proprits obtenues.
Trois aciers ont t utiliss pour cette tude, savoir BS4360:50D et Euronorm 2572
Fe510DD,deux nuances normalises, et RQT 500, un acier propre la BSC, qui a subi trempe
et revenu et dont la composition est quasi identique celle de BS4360:50D. Des soudures
ont t excutes pour des apports de chaleur de 2 et 5 kJ/mm, pour des prparations de
joints chanfreins en V, en X et en K, ainsi que des soudures sous laitier 3050 kJ/mm
selon l'paisseur de la plaque. La majeure partie de l'tude a port sur des soudures
de 40 mm d'paisseur, et certains essais comparatifs ont t pratiqus 25 et 60 mm.
Les essais sur une petite chelle (Charpy V, dplacement de l'ouverture de la fissure
10 xlO mm, dplacement sur paisseur complte) ont tous donn un mme ordre pour les
aciers, le meilleur tant la plaque de 40mm d'paisseur de BS4360:50D, suivie de
RQT 500, Fe510DD arrivant en troisime lieu. En ce qui concerne les proprits de la
zone de transition, du moins pour les chantillons soumis aux essais, il semble que le
facteur le plus important soit l'quivalent en carbone, qui tait de l'ordre de 0,4% pour
les plaques en 50D et RQT 500, et de 0,5% pour l'chantillon de Fe510DD. Les essais
Charpy V et essais de dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures ont rvl que des rsultats
faibles pouvaient parfois tre obtenus dans la rgion gros grain de la zone de transi
tion; toutefois lors des essais sur plaques larges pratiqus 30 et 40C, en prsence,
dans la zone de transition, d'entailles en surface de 9 90mm soumises la fatigue, on
a enregistr avant la rupture des sollicitations de l'ordre de celles se produisant
la limite lastique, et des taux de travail allant globalement de 1,1 7,5 selon la
nature de l'acier. Deux sries de rsultats obtenus sur ces plaques ont t analyses
selon les mthodes indiques en PD 6493, et ces analyses ont montr que comme on le savait
dj pour les mtaux d'apport, les prvisions de dfauts tolerables dans les zones de
transition comportent un facteur de scurit qui, pour ces deux cas, tait de 2 3.
En ce qui concerne la mthodologie des essais le seul problme apprciable a t de

trouver l'endroit appropri pour les entailles des zones de transition. On a enregist:
pour les rsultats de tous les essais une trs nette dispersion, qui avait d'ailleurs
dj remarque lors des essais sur certaines plaques de base.
On a pu voir que les essais de dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures sur de trs pet:
chantillons ayant une section transversale de 10 mm de ct, qui donnent des indicate
plus prcises sur la rsistance l'amorce de rupture, ainsi que la simulation des cyc
thermiques drivs des soudures d'essai, qui engendre des microstructures caractristii
des zones de transition, peuvent donner des rsultats intressants pour la recherche; ;
contre les possibilits d'application directe dans des cas pratiques sont limites.
Des thermocouples pntrant dans des zones de transition slectionnes ont fourni un imi
tant volume d'informations sur les cycles thermiques. Les rsultats ont bien concord
avec les travaux dj publis et il a t possible de suggrer des modifications des
constantes physiques utilises pour les prdictions thoriques.
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
PAGE
SOMMAIRE
1,
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Nature de la zone de transition
1.2
Importance des proprits de la zone de transition
PROGRAMME EXPERIMENTAL
2.1
Buts et objectifs des travaux
2.2
Aciers utiliss pour le programme d'essais
2.3
Modes de soudage
10
2.4
Mthodes d'essai
11
RESULTATS DES ESSAIS

3.1
Rsultats des essais d'impact Charpy V
31
3.2
Rsultats des essais de dplacement de l'ouverture des

fissures sur chantillons de section 10 10 mm
33
Essais de dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures pleine

paisseur
33
3.4
Rsultats des essais sur plaques larges
35
3.5
Rsultats des essais pratiqus sur des zones de transition

simules
37
3.3
4.
J3
DISCUSSION GENERALE
75
4.1
Evaluation des mthodes d'essai
75
4.2
Intrt d'tudes simulatives
77
4.3
Effet de la nuance d'acier sur les rsultats obtenus
77
5.
CONCLUSIONS
80
6.
REFERENCES
81
TABLES
CHIFFRES
ANNEXE
xi
FR 6210 822
7210.KA/804
LISTE DES TABLEAUX

2.1
Analyses chimiques des plaques soumises aux essais
2.2
Proprits mcaniques des plaques soumises aux essais
2.3
Sousdivision des plaques soumises aux essais de soudure
3.1
Matrice des essais pratiqus
3.2
Critres essais Charpy V sur zone de transition BS4360:50D (p. 40mm)
3.3
Critres essais Charpy V sur zone de transition BS4360:50D (p. 25 et 60 mm)
3.4
Critres essais Charpy V sur zone de transition Euronorm 2572 Fe510DD (p.
40 mm)
3.5
Critres essais Charpy V sur zone de transition RQT 500 (p. 40 mm)
3.6
Critres essais Charpy V sur zone de transition RQT 500 (p. 25 mm)
Proportions de mtal d'apport/zone de transition/plaque au voisinage de

l'entaille, essais Charpy sur soudures en V et en X, endessous de la sur
face (limite plaque/zone de transition suppose tre situe la transformation
visible).
Tempratures de transition, dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures 0,1 mm
(soudures transversales 40 mm, 10mm de ct)
3.8
3.9
Sommaires des rsultats des essais de dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures
3.10
Rsultats des essais sur plaque large
3.11
Essai sur plaque large emplacement et dimensions des entailles
Xlll
FR 6210 822
7210 KA/804
LISTE DES FIGURES

1.1
Cycles thermiques, zone de transition 5 kJ/mm
1.2
Macrographie de soudure (5 kJ/mm, en V) montrant les zones de

transition rchauffes
2.1
Microstructures des plaques brutes de normalisation
(a)
Fe510DD, p. 40 mm
(b)
B S4360:50D, p. 25 mm
(c)
B S4360:50D, p. 40 mm
(d)
2.2
B S4360:50D, p. 60 mm
Microstructures des plaques brutes de trempe et revenu,
RQT 500, p. 25 mm
2.3
Mode opratoire typique 5 kJ/mm, soudure en K
2.4
Mode opratoire typique, 2 kJ/mm, soudure en X
2.5
Mode opratoire typique, soudure sous laitier
2.6
Mode opratoire typique, soudure un chanfrein, 25 mm
2.7
Emplacement des instruments pour les essais sur plaque large
3.1
Tempratures de transition, impact 41 J soudures 2 kJ/mm
3.2
Tempratures de transition, impact 41 J soudures 5 kJ/mm
3.3
Tempratures de transition, impact 41 J soudures de 2 et 5 kJ/mm, en K,

p. 25 et 60 mm
3.4
Dcalage des tempratures de transition, impact 41 J soudures 2 kJ/mm
3.5
Dcalage des tempratures de transition, impact 41 J soudures 5 kJ/mm
3.6
Dcalage des tempratures de transition, impact 41 J soudures 2 et 5 kJ/mm

en K, p. 25 et 60 mm
3.7
Plaque de base, courbe Impact Charpy V Energie montrant la dispersion des

rsultats
3.8
Courbes Impact Charpy V Energie pour les zones de transition, montrant

la dispersion des rsultats
3.9
Emplacement des prouvettes et des entailles, prouvetttes Charpy et

de dplacement d'ouverture des fissures 10 10
3.10
Rsultats dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures, 10mm de ct, montrant

la dispersion
3.11
Essais transversaux dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures pleine paisseur

de la plaque de base, p. 40 mm
3.12
Comparaison des rsultats de dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures plaques

de 40 mm
3.13
Rsultats dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures, plaques BS4360:50D, 25 et

60 mm
3.14
Rsultats dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures, plaques
3.15
Rsultats dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures sur soudure D4W2, 50D,

en X, 2 kJ/mm
3.16
Rsultats dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures pleine paisseur Fe510DD,

5 kJ/mm. soudure en K
3.17
Rsultats dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures pleine paisseur BS4360:50D,

5 kJ/mm, soudure en K
Rsultats dplacement de l'ouverture des fissures pleine paisseur Fe510DD,
soudure sous laitier (-. 50 kJ/mm)
3.18
RQT 500, 25 mm
FR
62-10 822
7210.KA/804
3.19(a) Effet de la temprature de pointe, simulation cycle de. 5 kJ/mm BS4360:50D

3.19(b)
Effet du cycle de revenu - BS4360:50D
3.20(a)
Effet de la temprature de pointe, simulation cycle de 5 kJ/mm FE510DD
3.20(b)
Effet du cycle de revenu - Fe5lODD
3.21(a)
Effet de la temprature de pointa, simulation cycle de 5 kJ/mm - RQT 500
3.21(b)
Effet du cycle de revenu - RQT 500
3.22
Effet de la temprature de pointe - cycle 2 kJ/mm - BS4360:50D
3.23
Effet de la temprature de pointe - cycle 2 kJ/mm - Fe510DD
3.24
Effet de la temprature de pointe - cycle 2 kJ/mm - RQT 500
3.25
Microstructures zones de transition simules - BS4360:50D (kt

soit apport de chaleur d'environ 5 kJ/mm)
3.26
Microstructures zones de transition simules - Fe510DD (it, = 50 s,

3.27
Microstructures zones de transition simules - RQT 500 (&t

3.28
Microstructures zones de transition simules - BS4360:50D (t_c. = 20 s,

3.29
Microstructures zones de transition simules - Fe510DD (t _ = 20 s,

3.30
Microstructures zones de transition simules - RQT 500 (Atfi_,. = 20 s,

4.1
Comparaison des tempratures de transition Charpy V et dplacement de

l'ouverture des fissures 10mm de ct
XVI
= 50 s,
= 50 s,
FR 6210 822
7210.KA/804

Messung der Festigkeit in der wrmebeeinfluten Zone der
geschweiten Konstruktionssthle
EKSG Vertrag Nr. 7210.KA/804
Zusammenfassung
In Anbetracht auf die zunehmende Bedeutung der Eigenschaften der wrme
beeinfluten Zone (HAZ), die in den Spezifikationen vorgeschrieben werden,
und den hohen Anforderungen, die an das Einsatzverhalten der Sthle in
Konstruktionsverwendungszwecken gestellt werden, wurde eine Untersuchung
durchgefhrt, die die folgenden Ziele hatte:
a.
Kritische Prfung der zur Zeit einschlgigen Verfahren fr die Unter

suchung der Bruchfestigkeit der HAZ und zwar unter besonderer Bezugs
nahme auf die Bewertung der Eignung fr den Zweck und auf die Fhigkeit,
die potentielle Leistung der HAZ im Einsatz mit den Ergebnissen der
Prfungen im kleinen Umfang im Vergleich zu den breiten Metallplatten
prfungen vorherzusagen, die HAZ Kerben enthielten.
b.
B ewertung der Eigenschaften, die in den HAZ von einigender Bausthle

erreicht werden, denn fr diese zur Zeit eingesetzten Sthle wird
hufig ein hohes Eigenschaftsniveau vorgeschrieben. Die Bewertung
wurde fr viele verschiedene Schweienergiezufuhren und Schweitypen
durchge fhrt.
c.
Wo mglich, Gewinnung von Einblicken in die Faktoren, die die Reaktion

auf die Schweiung und die gewonnenen Eigenschaften beeinfluen.
In der Untersuchung wurden drei Sthle eingesetzt: der BS4360:50D und der
Euronorm 5272 Fe5lODD, die beide eine normalisierte Gte hatten, und der
RQT 500, der ein vergteter Markenstahl der British Steel Corporation ist
und ungefhr die gleiche Zusammensetzung wie der BS4360:50D hat. Die
Schweiungen wurden bei einer Wrmezufuhr von 2 und 5 kJ/mm unter Einsatz
von einfachen V, doppelten V und K Formen zusammen mit Elektroschlacken
schweiungen von 30 50 kJ/mm durchgefhrt, das hing von der Metallplatten
strke ab. Der grte Teil der Forschung wurde auf 40 mm starken Schweis
sungen durchgefhrt, aber man machte auch einige vergleichende Prfungen auf
25 und 60 mm starken Platten.
Man konnte mit den im kleinen Umfang gemachten Prfungen (Charpy V, 10 mm
COD, volle Strke COD) alle Sthle in der gleichen Anordnung einstufen. Die
BS4360:50D Metallplatte mit einer Strke von 40 mm hatte die beste Leistung,
die RQT 500 kam an zweiter Stelle und die Fe5lODD an dritter. Es schien,
alsob der bedeutendste Faktor, der die HAZ Eigenschaften zumindest in den
geprften Probenmetallplatten beeinflute, der Kohlenstoffquivalentwert
(C.EV) war, der in den 50D und den RQT 500 Platten bei ungefhr 0,4% und
in der Fe510DD Probe bei 0,5% lag. Die Charpy und COD Prfungen zeigten,
da in dem grob gekrnten Bereich der HAZ zuweilen niedrige Ergebnisse
gewonnen werden konnten, aber in den breiten Metallplattenprfungen bei
30 und 40 C, wo ermdete 9 90 mm Oberflchenkerben in der HAZ vorlagen,
wurden Beanspruchungen in der Anordnung des Plattennachgebeausmaes und
der Gesamtverzerrungen vor dem Bruch besttigt, die von 1,1 bis zu 7,5
reichten, was von dem Stahl abhngig war. Zwei der Metallplattenergebnisse
wurden gem dem im PD 6493 angegebenen Verfahren analysiert, und man konnte
xvii
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
mit den aus frheren mit geschweiten Metallen gewonnenen Erfahrungen zeigen,
da zulssige Defektvorhersagen in den HAZ einen eingebauten Sicherheitsfaktor haben, der in diesen beiden Fllen bei 2 - 3 lag.
Hinsichtlich der Prfmethodologie war nur die richtige Anordnung der HAZ
Kerben das einzige bedeutende Problem. Man gewann eine sehr deutliche
Streuung in den Ergebnissen in allen Prfungen, aber dies war auch eine
charakteristische Eigenschaft der Prfungen in einigen der Ausgangsmetallplatten.
Untergren COD Prfungen wurden auf Proben mit einem Querschnitt von 10 mm2
gemacht, um genauere Hinweise auf den Bruchanfangswiderstand und die fr die
HAZ typischen Mikrogefge zu gewinnen. Prfungen wurden durch Simulierung
der thermischen Zyklen gemacht, die aus den Prfschweiungen abgeleitet
worden waren, und man konnte damit zeigen, da sie ein Potential in der
Forschungsarbeit haben, obwohl sie nur begrenzt direkt in praktischen
Situationen anwendbar sind.
Ein groer Teil der thermischen Zyklusdaten wurde durch die in ausgewhlten,
geschweiten HAZ eingekapselten Thermoelementen erzeugt. Man gewann gute
bereinstimmung mit den verffentlichten Forschungsarbeiten, und Vorschlge
wurden fr die Modifizierung einiger der physischen Konstanten gemacht,
die in theoretischen Vorhersagen benutzt werden.
xvm
FR 6210 822
7210.KA/804
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Seite
Einleitung
1.1
Das Wesen der wrmebeeinfluten Zone
1.2
B edeutung der Eigenschaften in der

wrmebeeinfluten Zone
Experimentelles Programm
2.1
Zweck und Ziel der Forschung
2.2
Im Prfprogramm eingesetzte Sthle
2.3
Schweiverfahren
10
2.4
Prfmethoden
11
Prfergebnisse
31
3.1
Prfergebnisse des Charpy V Aufschlages
31
3.2
Untergre (10 10 mm Querschnitt)

COD Prfergebnisse
33
3.3
COD Prfungen der vollen Strke
33
3.4
Prfergebnisse der breiten Metallplatten
35
3.5
Prfergebnisse der simulierten HAZ
37
Allgemeine Diskussion
75
4.1
B ewertung der Prfmethoden
75
4.2
B edeutung der simulierten Untersuchungen
77
4.3
Auswirkung der Stahlgte auf die gewonnenen

Ergebnisse
77
5.
Schlufolgerungen
80
6.
Literaturnachweis
81
Tabellen
Abbildungen
Anhang
XIX
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
Aufstellung der Tabellen

2.1
Chemische Analyse der geprften Metallplatten
2.2
Mechanische Eigenschaften der geprften Metallplatten
2.3
Aufgliederung der geschweiten Prfmetallplatten
3.1
Matrix der durchgefhrten Prfungen
3.2
HAZ Charpy gegen die Prfkriterien - BS4360:50D (40 mm stark)
3.3
HAZ Charpy gegen die Prfkriterien - BS4360:50D

(25 und 60 mm stark)
3.4
HAZ Charpy gegen die Prfkriterien - Euronorm 25-72 Fe5lODD

(40 mm stark)
3.5
HAZ Charpy gegen die Prfkriterien - RQT 500 (40 mm stark)
3.6
HAZ Charpy gegen die Prfkriterien - RQT 500 (25 mm stark)
3.7
Verhltnis des Schweimetalls:HAZ:Metallplatte neben den

unter der Oberflche befindlichen Kerben, einfache und doppelte
V geschweite Charpy Prfungen (Metallplatten/HAZ-Grenze von dem
sehbaren Ac^ genommen)
3.8
0,1 mm COD bergangstemperaturen (IO mm2 diagnonale 40 mm

Schweiungen)
3.9
Zusammenfassung der COD Prfergebnisse
3.10
Prfergebnisse der breiten Metallplatten
3.11
Prfung der breiter Metallplatten - Kerbstellen und Dimensionen
xxi
FR 6210 822
7210.KA/804
Aufstellung der Abbildungen

1.1
Thermische Zyklen der wrmebeeinfluten Zone
1.2
Geschweites Makrodiagramm (5 kJ/mm, einfaches V ) ,

gezeigt werden die wieder erwrmten, wrmebeeinfluten
Zonen
2.1
Mikrogefge der wie erhaltenen, normalisierten
(a)
Metallplatten, Fe510DD, 40 mm stark
(b)
B S4360:50D, 25 mm stark
(c)
B S4360:50D, 40 mm stark
(d)
2.2
B S4360.5CD, 60 mm stark
Mikrogefge der wie erhaltenen, vergteten
Metallplatten, RQT 50O, 25 mm stark
5 kJ/mm
2.3
Typisches 5 kJ/mm Schweiverfahren
2.4
Typisches 2 kJ/mm, doppeltes V Schweiverfahren
2.5
Typisches Elektroschlackenschweiverfahren
2.6
Typisches 25 mm einfaches Schrgschweiverfahren
2.7.
B reites Metallplattenprfverfahren, gezeigt wird die

Anordnung der Instrumentierung
3.1
41 J Aufschlagsbergangstemperaturen 2 kJ/mm Schweiungen
3.2
41 J Aufschlagsbergangstemperaturen 5 kJ/mm Schweiungen
3.3
41 J Aufschlagsbergangstemperaturen 2 und 5 kJ/mm K Schweiungen,

25 und 60 mm stark
3.4
Verschiebung in den 41 J Aufschlagsbergangstemperaturen

2 kJ/mm Schweiungen
3.5
Verschiebung in den 41 J Aufschlagsbergangstemperaturen

5 kJ/mm Schweiungen
3.6
Verschiebung in der 41 J Aufschlagsbergangstemperatur

2 und 5 kJ/mm K Schweiungen, 25 und 60 mm stark
3.7
Ausgangsmetallplatte, Charpy V Aufschlagsenergiekurve,

gezeigt wird die Streuung in den Ergebnissen
3.8
HAZ Charpy V Aufschlagsenergiekurven, gezeigt wird die Streuung

in den Ergebnissen
3.9
Probeanordnungen und Kerbstellen, Charpy und 10 10 COD Proben
3.10
10 mm 2 COD Ergebnisse, gezeigt wird die Streuung
3.11
Ausgangsmetallplatte, volle Strke, diagonale COD Prfungen, 40 mm stark
3.12
Vergleich der COD Ergebnisse 40 mm Metallplatten
3.13
COD
Ergebnisse, 25 und 60 mm, BS4360:50D
3.14
COD
Ergebnisse, 25 mm, RQT 500 Metallplatten
3.15
COD Ergebnisse der Schweiung D4W2, 50D, doppeltes V, 2 kJ/mm
3.16
COD Ergebnisse der vollen Strke Fe5lODD, 5 kJ/mm Schweiung
3.17
COD Ergebnisse der vollen Strke BS4360:50D, 5 kJ/mm Schweiung
3.18
COD Ergebnisse der vollen Strke Fe510DD, Elektroschlacken

schweiung (^ 50 kJ/mm)
xxiii
Metallplatten
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
Aufstellung der Abbildungen (Forts.)

3.19
(a)
Auswirkung der Spitzentemperatur in der Simulierung, 5 kJ/mm

Zyklus - BS4360:50D
3.19
(b)
Auswirkung des Vergtungszykluses - BS4360:50D
3.20
(a)
Auswirkung der Spitzentemperatur in der Simulierung, 5 kJ/mm Zyklus

Fe510DD
3.20
(b)
Auswirkung des Vergtungszykluses - Fe510DD
3.21
(a)
Auswirkung der Spitzentempratur in der Simulierung, 5 kJ/mm

Zyklus - RQT 500
3.21
(b)
Auswirkung des Vergtungszykluses - RQT 500
3.22
Auswirkung der Spitzentemperatur - 2 kJ/mm Zyklus - BS4360:50D
3.23
Auswirkung der Spitzentemperatur - 2 kJ/mm Zyklus - Fe510DD
3.24
Auswirkung der Spitzentemperatur - 2 kJ/mm Zyklus - RQT 500
3.25
Simulierte HAZ Mikrogefge - BS4360:50D, (Ate~5

eine 5 kJ/mm Wrmezufuhr angeglichen)
3.26
Simulierte HAZ Mikrogefge - Fe5l0DD (Atg~5 = 50 s, an eine

5 kJ/mm Wrmezufuhr angeglichen)
3.27
Simulierte HAZ Mikrogefge - RQT 500 (Ate~5 =

3.28
Simulierte HAZ Mikrogefge - BS4360:50D, (tg-5

eine 2 kJ/mm Wrmezufuhr angelichen)
3.29
Simulierte HAZ Mikrocefrge - Fe510DD (At8~5 = 20 s, an

eine 2 kJ/mm Wrmezufuhr angeglichen)
3.30
Simulierte HAZ Mikrogefge - RQT 500 (Ate~5 = 20 s, an eine

4.1
Vergleich zwischen den Charpy V und 10 mm 2 C0D bergangstemperaturen
xxiv
50 s
'
an
eine
50 s, an eine
= 20 s, an
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804

MEASUREMENT OF TOUGHNESS IN THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE
OF WELDED STRUCTURAL STEELS
ECSC Agreement No. 7210.KA/804
FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Nature of the Heat Affected Zone
The visible weld heat affected zone (HAZ) is by definition, that part of the
weld joint lying between the fusion boundary with the weld metal and that part
of the structure retaining, at the optical microscopy level, the original
as-delivered microstructure.
Within this narrow band, a few millimetres wide,
the steel will have been subjected to one or more thermal cycles due to heating
by the individual weld beads laid down.
The nature of these thermal cycles at
a given location in the HAZ is a function of the position relative to the weld
bead, and the factors affecting heat flow (thickness, initial steel
temperature, weld energy input).
The family of curves determined in this
programme are shown in Fig. 1.1.
In a multirun weld, metal at a given point
may be subjected to a significant number of consecutive cycles with differing
peak temperatures and cooling rates.
The reheated areas of HAZ's can often be
observed in macrographs of multirun welds, Fig. 1.2.
Within this narrow band of material, there exists a continuum of heating
cycles, decreasing in peak temperature and overall cooling rate, from the
fusion boundary to the outer HAZ edge, giving rise to microstructures which
change continuously over this region.
A number of general zones, within the
visible HAZ, can be identified, the extent and nature of which will vary with
steel composition, the thermal cycle sustained and, to a variable extent, the
original microstructure:(a)
Grain Coarsened HAZ
In this region, adjacent to the fusion boundary, the original microstructure

has been reaustenitised at temperatures and retention times sufficient for
marked grain growth to occur. The austenitic grain size attained will vary
according to a number of factors:Distance from the fusion boundary, being greatest
immediately adjacent to it.
Weld energy input, as a function of peak temperature
and relative retention time.
Original grain size; under the non-equilibrium
conditions, finer austenite grain sizes may result
from finer original microstructures.
Steel composition, particularly with respect to the
presence of refractory carbides or nitrides which
are difficult to dissolve in the available timescale
at high temperature, thereby exercising a pinning
effect on the austenite grain boundaries.
Composition
may also affect the austenitising temperature itself
and, hence, the extent of coarsening.
The subsequent transformation products will be defined by the cooling rate,
over the transformation range, and the composition and grain size of the prior
austenite, and so may differ in detail from steel to steel, depending on the
prior thermal history. In general, however, the grain coarsened region
will consist of a variable mixture of constituents 1 1 .
These will include one
or more of the following, in order of decreasing transformation temperature:
proeutectoid ferrite at prior austenite grain boundaries or in transgranular
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
Widmanstatten plate form; areas of high carbon content ranging from pearlite to
morphologies in which carbides precipitate as rods or spheroids, bainitic
colonies in which the ferrite plates may interlock or grow side-by-side in a
manner resembling classical upper bainite, with plate widths dependent on
transformation temperature; lower bainite; martensite.
(b)
Grain Refined Region
As the peak temperatures fall, the situation will eventually arise where the
HAZ has been reheated just into the austenitising temperature range, bearing in
mind the rapid heating rate and short retention time. This will give rise to
very fine austenite, which coupled with the slower cooling rates at the
increased distance from the fusion boundary, transforms to a fine equiaxed
ferrite matrix with small areas of ferrite/carbide aggregate mixtures.
(c)
Intercritical Region
In this portion of the heat affected zone, the Ac2 is only exceeded in the high
carbon constituents of the original microstructure, and the original ferrite is
largely untouched.
Some dilution of the high carbon austenite regions may
occur by dissolution of the surrounding ferrite, and the subsequent transformed
structure will depend on their composition and the local cooling rate.
As
the peak temperature progressively decreases, the size of the reaustenitised
regions decreases, and the limit of the visible HAZ is defined by a region in
which the structure of the pre-existing pearlite is merely degraded by some
extent of spheroidisation.
(d)
Subcriticai Region
Outside the visible HAZ is a relatively broad zone in which the temperature
peaks are low, but the heating times are long.
This region was of great
importance with C and CMn steels, since it was possible for nitrogen strain
ageing to occur, and was, indeed, the reason for the development of the
original Wells wide plate test, to investigate the effect of the consequent
loss in cleavage fracture resistance, in full thickness welds.
The two principal factors needing to be controlled have been shown to
be
(1.2.3).:
The ferrite grain size of the parent material.

The free or interstitial nitrogen content.
These factors are adequately dealt with in the more modern fine grained CMnNb
and CMnNbAl steels, and nitrogen strain ageing is no longer the potential
problem it was.
The various regions described above merge into each other and it would be
impossible in most instances to decide on a distinct boundary between them.
In practice, there is no great necessity to do so, since, so far as fracture
resistance is concerned, it is the grain coarsened region which show the
greatest degree of degradation from the original properties.
The extreme heterogeneity of even the HAZ adjacent to a single run weld, to
which must be added the variability of tempering by subsequent runs, in a
multirun situation, delineates the problem facing the research worker
investigating the properties, or even the microscopy, of real welds. The
process zone associated with the smallest mechanical test piece is bound to
encompass regions of markedly different microstructures and properties, tending
to blur any relationships sought between structure and properties and,
possibly, to introduce scatter in repeat tests taken from nominally the same
position with reference to the weld.
To some degree, the original steel is itself heterogeneous with variable
structures from surface to centre and centre to edge in plate products, and
between regions of differing thickness in rolled sections.
Segregation of
various alloying elements occurs, and its effects on transformation can be
clearly seen in many HAZ macrographs.
Non-metallic inclusions are always
directionally aligned, to some extent, and will ensure that, in particular,
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
fracture toughness may show marked anisotropy, between longitudinal, transverse

and short transverse specimen orientations. Even when a single orientation is
taken, many types of test result show a wide normal distribution. It would be
unwise to expect a similar population of HAZ results to exhibit more convenient
characteristics.
The foregoing, therefore, presents some of the basic difficulties involved in
any attempts to characterise HAZ properties or to compare the HAZ performance
of different steels.
The main aim of this programme was to assess the extent
of these problems, in real welds, when carrying out the types of fracture
toughness tests employed by the fabrication industry.
This would provide
information enabling a judgement to be made on how much significance should be
attached to very limited programmes of testing, often carried out by
fabricators or even classification societies under conditions less controlled
than those of the research laboratory.
1.2
Importance of Heat Affected Zone Properties
The overall aim in a welded joint, with respect to fitness-for-purpose, must be

to obtain a joint in which the three component parts - parent steel, HAZ and
weld metal, are each capable of withstanding the demands which the application
places upon them, bearing in mind the probable size and location of defects
either present after fabrication or developing during service.
The degree of
attention which the engineering industry has focussed on each of these three
types of material has varied from time to time, depending on the major current
problems.
In the early days of brittle fracture, the major cause of concern was the
fracture toughness of the parent material, leading to the wide spread use of
the Charpy impact test to classify materials, as an aid to selection of steel
for applications of varying severity.
Other studies of the factors affecting
toughness, led to a long process of improvements in steel composition and
processing, has led to a situation where, it is possible to conclude that, for
the majority of structural applications, the range of steels currently
available is adequate to guarantee safety against fast fracture over those
parts of the structure unaffected by welding.
As steel properties have improved, and as welded structures have developed into
larger and more complex designs, increasingly operating under more severe
conditions and with serious commercial and safety penalties in the event of
failure, complementary developments in welding consumables and procedures have
been necessary.
The offshore oil and gas field exploitation, and the
accompanying distribution systems and processing plants, have resulted in a
marked increase in fundamental work and commercial development work on both
manual and automatic consumables and procedures, such that the properties
required, particularly fracture toughness, have been achievable in massive
complex structures.
Defect tolerance approaches to design, facilitated by
improved stress calculation methods and inspection techniques, have played a
vital role.
Interest in the HAZ has varied from time to time, in technical terms, and has
in more recent years assumed strong commercial aspects.
1.2.1
Technical Importance of HAZ Properties
In the past, the importance of HAZ toughness has been closely considered with
the incidence of hydrogen induced cold cracking, on which a vast amount of
research work has, and is being carried out.
It is now clearly
understoodt1-^ ) that three conditions must be present for H2 cracking to
occur :An HAZ with a susceptible hardened microstructure,
promoted by higher carbon equivalent values (CEV)
and faster cooling rates.
A weld metal hydrogen content above a critical
level for the given steel and type of joint.
FR 6210 822
7210.KA/804
A critical level of stress across the joint,

varying depending on the severity of the two
factors, given above, promoted by heavy
restraint in the joint, and intensified by
any unfavourable geometric features present.
Based on existing data, monograms are available(l"5) which for the normal
range of structural grades, will allow hydrogen cracking to be avoided by weld
metal hydrogen control and/or adjustment of cooling rate by preheating to a
temperature which is defined by the CEV and combined thickness.
Investigational work continues into such areas as joints of greater thickness,
the effect of high yield stress (in, for example, Q & steels), and the
behaviour of the latest types of structural steel (e.g. low carbon, very low
sulphur).
Until relatively recently, the properties of the HAZ have only been regarded in
the sense of their ability or otherwise to tolerate the presence of spasmodic
H2 cracking. The relative defect tolerance of the HAZ against other potential
failure modes has, by comparison, received much less attention, historically,
perhaps for the very good reason that it is almost impossible to discover any
failures in which the HAZ has been the prime cause, except in the presence of
H2 cracks.
The measures taken to design out H2 cracking (lowering of CEV, reduced cooling
rates, etc.) will also tend to improve the fracture toughness of the HAZ a
dual gain in joint reliability.
Therefore, the potential failure modes are
initiation from lack of fusion/penetration defects, after fabrication, or due
to environmental effects during service (fatigue, stress corrosion, corrosion
fatigue).
The toughness required to withstand preexisting fabrication defects can be
assessed using well established defect tolerance approaches, based in this case
on the grain coarsened HAZ properties, together with a knowledge of the service
stresses and NDT discrimination level.
The situation with respect to inservice cracking is extremely complex,
particularly when corrosive environments are involved.
Design procedures
against fatigue in normal atmospheres are well established1) and now being
included in British Standards.
HAZ's are of interest because the likely
initiation sites at the edges of the weld reinforcement, for instance, will
ensure that the growing crack will, firstly, have its tip located in the HAZ
for the first part of its growth, and, secondly, will, during this period, be
subjected to the maximum stress concentration factors (SCF) due to the weld
profile and any geometric effects associated with the weld location.
It is
relatively easy, however, to define a worst case after the potential fatigue
initiation sites have been identified and to calculate the fracture toughness
required to ensure the survival of the structure over this interval of fatigue
crack growth.
A number of factors combine to reduce the probability of failure from fatigue
cracking:
The region of lowest toughness, the grain coarsened
HAZ, usually has the highest strength, and an advancing
crack will tend to turn rapidly away into softer
material, of higher toughness.
This phenomenon
presents constant problems in the fatigue precracking
of HAZ test pieces, particularly where cracks adjacent
to the fusion boundary are required.
The outer areas
of the HAZ and the parent plate, which come into play
as the crack grows, are of higher toughness and can provide
the necessary increased defect tolerance, once this
initial danger period is over.
In many instances, e.g. fillet welds, the SCF associated
with the fatigue crack initiation sites decays very
rapidly, and this effect coupled with the probability
of increasing crack tip toughness, can cause a progressive
decrease in crack growth rate and even lead to stable
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
arrested cracks, which will be below the maximum

tolerable size for the crack tip material and, hence,
present no danger to the integrity of the structure.
In corrosive atmospheres, particularly for steels in contact with media which
charge the steel with hydrogen, the situation may be less encouraging.
Hydrogen has the general effect of reducing the resistance of steels to almost
any form of cracking, so that two factors, at least, can lead to an increased
possibility of failure:The crack tip fracture toughness, per se, may be
reduced, resulting in a lower tolerable defect size.
Crack growth can continue under lower stress ranges,
making the situation of sessile non-critical cracks
less likely.
The relatively high strength of some parts of the HAZ, in comparison to the
parent plate, and the presence of residual stresses from welding can sensitise
the areas adjacent to welds to certain forms of environment cracking.
In some
cases, the resistance of the parent steel to more generalised types of
cracking will be important.
The consideration of these environmental effects, which are of prime interest
at present in the oil and gas recovery and processing fields, are, however,
outside the scope of this report, but may have some influence on attitudes
towards the properties of welded joints under less severe conditions.
Steel
and/or weld procedure selection may be constrained, for instance, by a maximum
HAZ hardness criterion.
Another important aspect which has reduced the effect of local embrittlement,
is the narrowness of the band of material worst affected, generally 1 mm or
less. Unless the properties are at or, near the lower shelf of the transition
behaviour, or loading is extremely rapid, the plastic zone at the crack tip
will be able to grow, under increased loading, to such an extent that tough
material on either side becomes involved in the prefracture process zone,
giving increased crack tip toughness. Ductile crack growth, if it occurs and
the mechanical constraints on crack propagation are not too severe, will tend
to favour movement into softer and tougher HAZ regions. There is a close
similarity to the situation referred to above for advancing fatigue cracks, in
that once an initial danger period is past, the situation at the crack tip can
improve markedly. This inability of most HAZ's to contain a critical event is
the most likely reason for the absence of failure case histories citing the
properties of sound HAZ's as a cause of failure, and has led to the
recommendation in the UK that it is unnecessary to carry out HAZ testing, on
the normal types of structural steels, where the weld energy lies between 1.5
kJ/mm and 4-4.5 kJ/mmt 1 - 7 )- There is, of course, great commercial interest in
increasing productivity by using higher weld energies, but it becomes advisable
then to assess the effect of HAZ degradation, since the increased HAZ width may
allow the HAZ to assume a potentially more significant role in possible failure
modes. Heat affected zones in electroslag welds are an extreme case, being not
only extremely wide, of the order of 5-8 mm, but having an extended region of
very coarse austenitic grain size adjacent to the fusion boundary. The
combination of low toughness and large width make the reliability of the HAZ
for structural purposes very suspect. The weld metal, similarly, with a coarse
as-cast structure, has very poor toughness, and it has been usual to normalise
electroslag welds intended for service at ambient temperatures. The economic
advantages of the process still motivate development work, directed towards
improving the as-welded properites of electroslag welds, such as narrow gap
welding to reduce heat input and improve economics1-8), improved alloyed weld
metals I 1 - 9 ) , and the use of steels more tolerant of high heat inputs(x-1).
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
Temperature, "C
1500
1400.
130012001100
ifr s a i 7 E f f e c t of v a r y i n g
interpass temperature
Time, s
HEAT AFFECTED ZONE THERMAL CYCLES - 5 kJ/mm HEAT INPUT
FIG. 1.1
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
WELD MACROGRAPH (5 kJ/mm, SINGLE V)

SHOWING REHEATED HEAT AFFECTED ZONES
FIG. 1.2
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
2.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
2.1
Aims and Objectives of the Work
In view of the foregoing discussion of the increasing requirements of customers

and classification authorities for HAZ testing, and the difficulties which the
inhomogeneous and narrow nature of the HAZ presents in testing, there were two
discrete but complementary major aspects to the programme:(a)
A critical examination of the available methods for

investigating the fracture properties of the HAZ's
of structural steels, with particular reference to
their suitability for guaranteeing fitness for purpose
of welded structures, with the overall aim of assessing
the relationships, if any, between sub-size and full
thickness tests, and ascertaining the degree of safety
of defect tolerance predictions, using wide plate tests.
(b)
Using current high quality structural steels of various

types, to gauge the practical effect of the above tests
in, so far as possible, real situations within the
present fabrication industry.
To achieve these aims, three steels in current production were chosen:Fe510DD (European 25-72), aluminium grain refined
but containing no niobium.
BS4360:Grade 50D, an aluminium killed, niobium
grain refined steel of equivalent minimum
guaranteed tensile and impact toughness properties.
RQT 500, a BSC proprietary quenched and tempered
steel, of similar composition to BS4360:50D,
but having higher guaranteed tensile and impact
energy levels (470 N/mm 2 YS, 41 J at -40C).
Although the majority of the work was carried out on 40 mm thick plates,
additional plates at 25 and 60 mm were included to define thickness effects
arising from thermal differences in the welds and varying constraints in full
thickness test pieces.
To preserve the relevance to current practice, tests were extracted from full
thickness welds with various types of weld preparation (single and double V, K,
butt), using practical weld procedures, over a wide range of heat input (2 and
5 kJ/mm plus electroslag), to gauge weld energy and HAZ width effects.
As well as the effects resulting from the methodology of testing, it was of
interest to attempt to gain information on the underlying reasons for
differences in behaviour between weld types and heat inputs and between
different steel compositions.
All welds were examined metallographically and
small scale tests were also produced by a thermal simulation technique using
specially built equipment, programmed with thermal data derived from the test
welds.
Details of the various aspects of experimental work will be given in subsequent
sections.
2.2
Steels Used in the Test Programme
Types of steels commonly used in high demand applications, such as offshore

structures, were chosen, over a range of composition types and yield strengths.
No attempt was made to use other than normal commercial steels; full width
plates were ordered through normal channels.
Full ultrasonic examination was
requested to avoid wastage of test material due to internal defects.
The
Fe510DD plate ex Creusot Loire was ultrasonically examined to NFA 04 305,
normal grade, and the BS4360:50D and RQT 500 plates, both of BSC manufacture,
to BS5996 Grade LC3.
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
The chemical compositions and mechanical properties of all the steel plates
tested are given in Tables 2.1 and 2.2, respectively. Results are given from
the mill certificates and check tests carried out on the plates received.
2.2.1
Normalised Steels
Both BS4360:50D and Euronorm 25/72 : Fe510DD are steels aimed at the same
market, high demand applications for welded fabrications in high yield steel,
requiring low temperature impact energy guarantees. Minimum property levels
are very similar in the two steels.
The major difference between the two
lies in the approach to grain refinement; BS4360:50D uses niobium additions to
an aluminium killed CMn steel, Fe510DD relies on the presence of A1N to
achieve grain refinement - there is no niobium addition. The two philosophies
have implications related to welding, with respect to the effects of the
relative CEV's required to achieve the guaranteed tensile properties and to the
efficiency of the grain refining mechanism in the coarse grained HAZ.
Both of
these have potential for affecting HAZ properties.
Comparing the two 40 mm sample plates in Tables 2.1 and 2.2, it will be
that:(a)
The chemical analyses are satisfactory, except that

the % C in two of the Fe510DD samples was marginally
over the maximum 0.22% allowed in the product, which
together with a slightly higher Mn content and the
presence of some Cr, gave a CEV of 0.51, compared
with 0.40 in the 50D steel.
The margin over the
minimum guaranteed yield strengths was higher in
Fe510DD.
On the other hand, the 50D sample
achieved better impact toughness levels, at -45C,
than the Fe510DD at -20C, in both testing
directions.
BS4360:50D was used to compare thickness effects, and plates at 25, 40 and 60
mm thick were tested. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 show that the compositions were
similar, the major differences lying in the carbon contents, and hence CEV's.
All plates met the minimum tensile requirements, with rather small margins in
the 40 and 60 mm plates, but a rather large margin of -40 N/mm 2 in the 25 mm
plates, no doubt because of its rather high C content.
Nevertheless, its
CEV was only 0.42%.
All samples were, similarly, comfortably above the
minimum guaranteed impact toughness levels, the 25 and 60 mm plates being
similar, at a much lower level than the 40 mm plate, bearing in mind the test
temperature difference.
The microstructures observed in the plates received are shown in Fig. 2.1.
They are essentially all of the same type - bands of pearlite in a ferritic
matrix, but there are differences, apparent even at the optical microscopy
level.
The higher carbon content of the 40 mm Fe510DD plate is observed as a
higher volume fraction of pearlite.
Centreline segregation is obvious in the
Fe510DD and 50D samples, causing bainitic bands to appear.
2.2.2
Quenched and Tempered Steel
In order to look at the effects of chemical composition, initial microstructure

and strength level on HAZ structures and properties, it was decided to include
as one of the sample materials, RQT 500, a BSC proprietary roller-quenched and
tempered steel.
These steels are produced from, basically, the same feedstock
as BS4360:50D, the higher property levels being achieved by virtue of the
difference in heat treatment.
In Table 2.1, it will be seen that, comparing the 40 mm plates R4 and D4, the
CEV's are very similar, the lower carbon level in D4 being offset by its higher
Mn, Cu and Ni contents.
The 25 mm plate, R2, is lower in CEV, almost totally
due to lower carbon content.
Table 2.2 shows, firstly, that the plates achieve the minimum guarantee levels
comfortably with one marginal yield level in R4.
The longitudinal impact
energies are comparable with those obtained in the normalised D4 plate,
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
although greater anisotropy is obvious from the transverse results. Secondly,

the QT treatment has raised the yield strength and UTS by -130 N/mm 2 .
The microstructures of the two RQT 500 plates are shown in Fig. 2.2, and can be
seen to consist of equiaxed ferrite, with bainitic areas.
2.3
Weld Procedures
The main body of the work was based on large test welds, aimed at:(a)
Allowing the practical difficulties of the

various types of test to be assessed.
(b)
Indicating the property levels achieved by

the three steel grades used, over a range
of test types, weld configurations and
energy inputs, and plate thicknesses.
So far as possible, the weld procedures laid down used normal fabrication shop
methods, to avoid creating a laboratory type study which would not be of
general applicability in the fabrication industry.
Welds were carried out on the common types of weld preparation - single V,
double V and K, plus square butt preparations for the electroslag welds. For
the 25 mm plates only, the K format was modified to a single bevel (90 one
side, 45 on the other), Fig. 2.6.
The programme aimed to cover, also, as
wide a range of weld energy inputs as possible, from manual metal arc (MMA)
levels, through submerged arc (SA) heat inputs, up to typical electroslag (ES)
levels. Because of the inherent variability in heat inputs in MMA welds, it
was decided to use two submerged arc machine settings, at 2 kJ/mm, typical of
MMA, and 5 kJ/mm, a typical input energy for single wire SA welding and
slightly above the upper limits of the range where HAZ properties of normal
structural steels are widely regarded as being of no practical concern 1 - 7 ).
The energy input to ES welds is around an order of magnitude higher, depending
on operating conditions. In the 40 mm plates, for example, it was around 50
kJ/mm, but is difficult to compare because of conductive losses to the copper
cooling shoes.
Preheat levels were applied according to the recommendations of BSSlSot 1 - 5 ), on
the basis of combined joint thickness, CEV and heat input, to avoid HAZ
hydrogen induced cracking, which could, of course, have interfered seriously
with the testing programme.
In order to avoid potential problems due to
fatigue cracks, correctly located in the HAZ, breaking across into the weld
metal, as has occurred in some HAZ studies( 2 - ), extremely tough SA weld metals
were produced using a Mo-B wire (Oerlikon Tibor 22) with a fully basic flux,
OP121TT( 2 - 2 ).
Heavy strong backs were used to restrain the two halves of the
test weld, to simulate a real structure and prevent, so far as possible,
angular distortion, which can cause problems in COD testing.
In cutting back
the original root runs prior to welding the second side of a weld, a minimum
amount of grinding was used, particularly in the welds, to prevent
disturbance to the flat HAZ.
No air-arc gouging was used because of the HAZ
which it can produce.
This is not unduly severe, but it was difficult to
assess the potential heat input, and because of its location at the weld root
might affect the heat input effects which the test programme was intended to
evaluate.
Except for the weld preparations and heat inputs, the general methods used were
identical and not all weld procedures will be detailed.
Examples are however
given in Figs. 2.3-2.6.
The large number of test specimens required necessitated the production of
2.5 m long welds.
For consistency, these were carried out as a single weld,
with the exception of the electroslag welds, where the machine size limitations
necessitated the preparation of two 1.5 m welds. After welding, the plates
were examined ultrasonically for major defects, which might have caused
specimen wastage.
10
FR 62-10 822
2.4
7210.KA/804
Test Methods
Whenever possible, standard test methods and/or practices used in the

fabrication industry were employed, although in many instances no specific
instructions are given for the HAZ situation.
2.4.1
Charpy V-Notch Impact Tests
Charpy impact energy tests were carried out on 10 10 mm standard specimens,

to BS131:Part 2. Check tests on sample plates were carried out in longitudinal
and transverse orientations, in the normal subsurface positions.
In addition,
for comparison with root specimens in the two-sided welds, specimens in the
transverse orientation were extracted from the 40 and 60 mm plates. Specimens
were tested over a temperature interval to define the transition behaviour.
The specimens taken from the weld HAZ's, in subsurface and root locations
(Fig. 3.9) were marked at the fusion line (FL) and at 1 mm, 2 mm and in some
cases 5 mm into the HAZ. All specimens were transverse to the rolling
direction, to take the worst case, and the notches were oriented along the
rolling direction (TL specimen). Ten specimens were tested for each notch
location, to define the transition curve, for comparison with the parent plate
values.
In order to locate the notches, overlength specimens were etched in the finish
machined (10 10 mm) size and the notch position marked by scribing.
The
notches were then machined and the specimen trimmed to length.
In all cases,
the FL reference was taken at the centre of the face of the specimen.
In the
welds with sloping fusion boundaries, single and double V welds, the notch in
the surface specimen will therefore include about 50% weld metal in FL
specimens and progressively less at the other notch locations.
Depending on
the exact shape of the fusion boundary, the root specimens and the specimens
taken from and ES welds should have less weld metal involved in the notch
root.
2.4.2
Sub-size (10 10 mm) Crack Opening Displacement Tests
Specimens for this test were extracted in identical fashion to the Charpy V
test specimens - subsurface and root locations, TL orientation.
Specimens
were again macroetched to locate the notch positions, notching in this case
being carried out with a 0.15 mm thick rubber bonded SiC cutting wheel,
followed by fatigue extension.
The provisions of BS5762:1979(*-3) were
followed with respect to notch geometry, testing and the calculation of crack
tip COD from the test results.
Testing was carried out on a screwdriven
Instron machine (150 kN capacity), with a cold N2 gas atmosphere, maintained by
a feedback control system, at the test temperature, by means of a thermocouple
attached to the specimen.
2.4.3
These were carried out to the full provisions of BS5762:1979 on 2B TL

oriented specimens. The specimens were again macroetched in machined blank
condition and notch positions marked as before, for cutting with a V tipped
diamond cutter, prior to fatigue extension.
Four specimens were normally used
for each notch location, with the aim of defining, if possible, the transition
range.
After testing, the broken test pieces were sectioned at right angles to the
fracture face, across the position of fracture origin, if visible, or at the
centre of the thickness, if not, polished and examined microscopically to
determine the position of the fatigue crack tip relative to the fusion
boundary.
Tests were carried out on an Avery-Denison hydraulic machine, of 50 t capacity.
2.4.4
Wide Plate Tests
Wide plate tests were carried out on a 4000 t facility, the test plate, 1 m
square, was welded, after the longitudinal test weld has been notched, into two
11
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
loading yokes against which the four 1000 t rams bear. Cooling was carried out
with liquid-nitrogen sprays, over the central area of the plate.
The notches in the six 5 kJ/mm K welds tested (40 mm thick, two from each
grade, at -30 and 40C) were surface notches with a nominal 10:1 aspect
ratio, so far as the deepest part of the notch was concerned. A 6 mm deep
pre-notch was cut into the weld so that its tip lay in the HAZ, nominally 1 mm
from the fusion boundary.
Judging the position on the surface of the weld,
ground flush with the plate surface, was extremely difficult, since the only
points of reference were the ground and macroetched ends of the weld, some
0.5 m from the area of interest, and the fusion boundary of the capping bead on
the surface in the area to be notched. Any changes in the cross section of
the weld, or the width of the capping bead along the length of the weld, were
likely to lead to lateral misplacement of the notch tip.
Mechanical
prenotching was carried out with a specially designed rotary saw, with a
0.15 mm SiC blade, which could be moved along the length of the notch to
produce a flat tip, with ends following the radius of the blade. This prenotch
was subsequently extended, by bending fatigue, to about 9 mm in total. The
actual values are given in Table 3.10.
The progress of fatigue extension was
followed using a precalibrated ac impedance device.
The plate was instrumented using linear displacement transducers (LDT) and COD
clip gauges as shown in Fig. 2.7. A range of gauge lengths was used for the
LDT's to show, to an extent, the strain distribution in the plates.
The
strain on each LDT was sampled at approximately 5 s intervals during the test
and stored, with the instantaneous load reading, in a data logger.
The three
clip gauges were mounted in the centre and at the two extremities of the notch,
and their outputs were logged in the same fashion.
In addition, normal COD
test XY plots against load were produced.
After the test, the fracture
surfaces were photographed, and then sectioned at right angles, as in the COD
tests, to determine the notch position relative to the fusion boundary.
2.4.5
Thermal Cycle Data Acquisition
The interest in the thermal history stemmed from a desire (a) to know the
general levels of heating rate and cooling rate over the approximate
transformation range, taking in common with many other studies as 800-500C
(Ats-s), in order to produce representative HAZ material by thermal simulation,
and (b) to observe any systematic differences in cooling rate between the
different weld preparation types used. Details of the method used to embed
thermocouples close to the fusion face of a representative selection of the
actual test weld plates are presented in the Appendix, together with the
results obtained.
2.4.6
Simulation Studies
A simulator was built, for this programme, using resistance heating, from a
welding transformer, of 12 12 mm transverse specimens, held in water cooled
jaws, which were capable of imposing cooling rates in excess of those recorded
from the test welds.
Thermal cycles typical of various regions in the HAZ's
of the test welds were imposed using a Research Inc. DATA-TRAK unit controlled
by feedback from a Pt-Pt/Rh thermocouple, spot welded to the centre of the heat
treated region of the specimen.
The histograms given in the Appendix suggest that the most characteristic Ate-5
values for 2 kJ/mm, 5 kJ/mm and electroslag welds, in 40 mm plate, are 15, 48
and 245-295 s respectively. Simulated HAZ specimens were produced for a single
pass situation, i.e. no tempering effects, for peak temperatures of 950, 1150
and 1350C, with Ate-5 values of 16 and 50 s, to cover 2 and 5 kJ/mm welds,
and, for electroslag welds, a single peak temperature, 1300C and a Ate-5 of
300 s.
To gain some insight into the effects of tempering by subsequent runs,
specimens from each steel were given an initial thermal cycle to 1350C and a
second to 950C, the Ate-s value in each case being 50 s.
Charpy V impact toughness tests were carried out in each simulated condition,
together with Vickers hardness tests at 5 kg load (HV5) and optical microscopic
examination.
12
TABLE 2.1
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF PLATES TESTED

Composition, Wt. %
Thick Plate
ness
Code
mm
BS4360:5t
25
40
60
D2
D4
D6
RQT 500
Mill
Cert.
Check
1
2
3
Spec.
Mill
Cert.
Check
1
2
3
Spec.
Mill
Cert.
Check
1
2
3
Spec.
Si
Mn
0.165
0.23
1.39
0.028
0.010
0.18
0.18
0.18
<0.2
0.13
0.145
0.145
0.150
<0.2
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.16
<0.2
R2
Mo
Ni
Cu
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.058
0.059
0.059
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.34 1.34 0.009 0.011

0.34 1.34 0.009 0.011
0.35 1.34 0.008 0.011
0.1/ <1.5 <0.04 <0.04
0.5
0.39 1.30 0.014 0.015
0.013
0.014
0.014
0.39 1.25 0.011 0.017

0.39 1.25 0.012 0.016
0.38 1.25 0.011 0.017
0.1/ <1.5 <0.04 <0.04
0.5
0.014 <0.005
0.014 <0.005
0.013 <0.005
0.17
<0.005
<0.005
C0.005
0.003/
0.1
0.007
0.12
0.12
0.12
C0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.003/
0.1
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.02
0.02
0.02
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.003/
0.1
0.036
0.035
0.033
0.013 <0.005
<0.2
0.013 0.009
0.03
<0.005
<0.08
0.026
0.015 <0.005
0.015 <0.005
0.015 <0.005
<0.2
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.039
0.039
0.039
<0.08
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.18
0.18
0.19
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.015
CEV = C +
^
6
sol
A1
tot
N2
02
CEV*
0.40
0.020 0.009 0.012 0.0039 0.0019 0.42

0.020 0.009 0.012 0.0037 0.0020 0.42
0.022 0.010 0.012 0.0032 0.0022 0.42
0.003/
0.1
0.39
0.028 0.007
0.033
0.032 0.019 0.026 0.009
0.033 0.018 0.024 0.009
0.031 0.018 0.024 0.008
0.003/
0.1
0.038
0.0040 0.40
0.0040 0.40
0.0044 0.40
0.36
0.039 0.040 0.044 0.0054 0.0041 0.35

0.036 0.040 0.044 0.0055 0.0028 0.37
0.034 0.040 0.045 0.0053 0.0028 0.37
0.003/
0.1
0.031
0.008
0.050
0.048
0.050
Nb
0.022
0.013
0.23 1.32 0.022 0.012 <0.01 <0.005

0.23 1.32 0.023 0.013 <0.01 <0.005
0.23 1.31 0.022 0.013 <0.01 <0.005
0.1/ <1.5 <0.04 <0.04
0.5
0.36 1.34 0.010 0.007 0.016 0.069
Mill
0.135 0.32 1.45 0.015 0.017
Cert.
0.14
Check
0.29 1.42 0.013 0.015
Spec. <0.18 <0.5 <1.5 <0.035 <0.025
Mill
0.170 0.45 1.37 0.017 0.016
Cert.
Check
40
R4
0.166 0.38 1.28 0.017 0.010
1
2
0.167 0.38 1.27 0.017 0.010
0.168 0.38 1.27 0.017 0.010
3
Spec. <0.18 <0.5 <1.5 <0.035 <0.025
Fe510DD (Euronorm 25-72)
Mill
0.196
0.009 0.011
Cert.
Check
40
DD4
1
0.224 0.43 1.41 0.008 0.013
2
0.224 0.44 1.41 0.007 0.013
3
0.220 0.43 1.41 0.009 0.013
<0.05 <0.05
Spec. <0.22
25
Cr
0.033
<0.06
0.040 0.043 0.0049 0.0053 0.38
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.041
0.041
0.041
<0.06
0.020 0.024 0.007

0.020 0.026 0.007
0.020 0.024 0.008
0.13
0.13
0.13
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.016 0.019 0.0130 0.0044 0.51

0.016 0.019 0.0128 0.0044 0.51
0.016 0.019 0.0128 0.0043 0.51
0.036
Cr + Mo + V
Ni + Cu
15
0.0040 0.395
0.0044 0.395
0.0042 0.395
y.
TI
TABLE 2.2
Steel Grade
Fe510DD
(Normalised)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLATES TESTED

Thickness
mm
40
(DD4)
UTS
N/mm2
Mill Cert.
(L)405
585
29
(L)
96, 72, 102 at -20C
Check 1
(L)384
(T)388
574
572
40
32
(T)
76, 84, 84; (L)
124, 114, 120
Check 2
(L)398
(T)400
583
588
37
37
(T)
77,78, 82;
94, 103, 11
Check 3
(L)404
(T)405
583
590
39
(T)
64, 81, 84; (L) 109, 126, 81
Spec.
25
(D2)
40
(D4)
(L)
afc
_2()0(;
510/610
>22
(L)
40 J average at -20C
(L)392
540
29
(L)
67, 57, 64 at -30C
Check 1
(L)397
(T)398
542
550
28*
31
(T)
78, 100;
(L)
72, 90
Check 2
(L)397
(T)391
546
550
28
26
(T)
64,
80;
(L)
103, 90
Check 3
(L)391
(T)396
549
547
30
31
(T)
84,
76;
(L)
78, 87
490/620
>20
(L)
41 J average at -20C, 27 J average at -30C

57,
>355
afc
_2QOC
Mill Cert.
(L)426
525
32
(T)
59;
(L)
94, 103, 128 at -40C
Check 1
(L)365
(T)351
511
499
43
42
(T) 140, 140, 150;
(L)
90, 126, 136
Check 2
(L)347
(T)355
503
505
41
44
(T) 102, 139, 128;
(L) 116,
Check 3
(L)353
(T)362
506
504
43
41
(T) 134,
(L) 130, 139, 128
490/620
>20
(L)
41 J average at -20C, 27 J average at -30C
370
545
32
(L)
88, 116, 98
at -20C
Check 1
(L)367
(T)357
526
525
31*
32
(T)
98, 88;
(L)
96, 108
Check 2
(L)361
(T)358
516
523
33
39
(T)
78, 70;
(L) 120,
96
Check 3
(L)342
(T)342
519
512
30
32
(T)
96, 89;
(L)
84
490/620
20
(L) 41 J average at -20C, 27 J average at -30C
Spec.
Mill Cert.
60
(D6)
>345
Impact Energy, J
Mill Cert.
Spec.
BS4360:50D
(Normalised)
Elong,
on
5.65 /S
YS
N/mm2
Spec.
>345
>340
68,
96, 126;
92,
74, 121
afc
afc
_i50Q
_2QO(:
TABLE 2.2
Steel Grade
55
(Continued)
YS
N /mm2
Thickness
mm
RQT 500
(Quenched
and
Tempered)
Impact Energy, J
645
46
(L) 115, 130, 108
Check 1
(L)359
(T)528
636
636
42
40
(T)
86, 86, 74;
(L)
130, 126, 124
Check 2
(L)506
(T) 524
620
630
42
40
(T)
80, 76, 78;
(L)
110, 105, 115
Check 3
(LJ519
(T)520
624
625
42
40
560/710
>21
(L)
564
680
24
(L) 62, 66, 80
Check 1
(L)501
(T)502
625
629
20
19
(T) 91, 81, 85; (L)
Check 2
(L)485
(T)469
619
611
19
24
(T) 75, 87, 94; (L) 106, 104, 86
Check 3
(L) (T)490
638
22
Spec.
Mill Cert.
40
(R4)
Elong,
on
5.65 fS
545
Mill Cert.
25
(R2)
UTS
N/mm2
Spec.
>470
>470
560/710
>21
at -40C
at -40C
at -40
92, 118, 82
afc
_4QOC
(T) 53, 86, 78; (L) 178, 120, 84

L
Converted from non-standard gauge length to a gauge length of 5.65 /S
according to BS3894:Part 1, 1965
>
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
TABLE 2.3
SUB-DIVISION OF WELD TEST PLATE
E
^
G
A
Test Piece Allocation

A
C
D
E
F
G
mm
- Discard
-- 2B Full thickness COD
- Reserve
- Macro/micro/analysis
Thermometry
Charpy impact toughness
10 10 mm COD
80
1145
255
50
205
560
205
2500
(R1/8872)
16
7210.KA/804
FR 6210 822
^^â^:<^^^fT
x 200
Subsurface
v<
^ ^ . ^ ^
0-025 '
* * -'
-H V X
200
_ _*.
x 400
Subsurface
3*gS**^*^V&Hfjl?'Jl
*. m m
m m-'' !>
Centre
W
4
Centre
400
(a)
Fe510DD, 40 mm thick
MICROSTRUCTURES OF ASRECEIVED NORMALISED PLATES
17
FIG. 2.1
(Continued)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
x 200
400
Subsurface
Subsurface
Centre
(b)
BS4360.50D, 25 mm thick
FIG. 2.1
(Continued)
FR 6 2 - 1 0 8 2 2
7210.KA/804
Tr- ^^^******^
: ^ ^ > r ^ ' 0*&*'

>*^
x 200
Subsurface
x 400
**^^^****^1?**^''*^^ .,.
'* ' - V .
Subsurface
i >
(j*-
m**
^^^^^^^
x 200
yv ,
fef t V i w *&&$
Centre
x 400
(c)
B S4360:50D, 40 mm thick
19
Centre
FIG. 2.1
(Continued)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
; 200
Subsurface
400
200
Centre
400
(d)
^y
BS4360:50D, 60 mm thick
20
' f
ii
Subsurface
FIG. 2.1
FR 6 2 - 1 0
200
7210.KA/804
822
Subsurface
mmmmmm
. ^V'-.*-"*. 1 ' ''.-' , V ' / * ' ; ' '. V-".'.'\
Vt?r-v-?-s*vl-^-V'j'. . . ' ' . . ' --''''.<f.
' '-; . ; . -"'' "
iv. "-': .,"' - **" '.- ,-. . .. 'S.\:*^-':
r
'ir
X 200
Centre
MICROSTRUCTURES
-Vi..
.'>
400
OF A S - R E C E I V E D QUENCHED
AND
RQT 5 0 0 , 2 5 mm THICK
21
" . .
>-
>.,'.
y.
Centre
TEMPERED
PLATES
FIG.
2.2
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
WELD No.
PROJECT
ECSC HAZ PROGRAMME
D4K5
(W673)
NUMBER
SIGNED
7210.KA/804
Welder
DATE
PASS tOCATION AND SEQUENCE
WELD PREPARATION
See o v e r
See o v e r
THICK
(mm)
PARENT
PLATE
40
GRADE
STOCK No
BS4360:50D
W3
WELDING PARAMETERS
Flame c u t
POLARITY
WELDING PROCESS
Submerged a r c
ELECTRODE
POSITION
Downhand
CONFIGURATION
Root -
FILLER WIRE
STORE
No.
TYPE
CONSUMABLES
Rpst
STICK OUT (mm)
OP121
TT
C)
FLUX DEPTH (mm)
BACK GOUGE
200C
+ve
+ve
Single
Single
4-12
30
30
30
35
35
35
33
34
WEAVE (mm)
(C)
INTERPASS
dc
DIAMETER (mm)
??
HOT WIRE
FLUX/GAS
SIDE 2
dc
TOET
1
PASS No.
E7016-1
Tihnr
SIDE1
POWER SUPPLY
METHOD OF PREPN.
PREHEAT
A.
max.
Grind
VOLTS
80oc
AMPS
160
450
600
800
HOT WIRE
SPEED (mm/min)
370
400
330
DETAILS
HEAT INPUT (KJ/mm)
2.0
3.0
5.0
POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT

HEATING RATE
(C/hr)
SOAKING TEMPERATURE
(C)
SOAKING TIME
(hr)
COOLING RATE
CC/hr)
WITHDRAWAL TEMP.
(C)
ELEMENT
BRIT
No.
NORMALISE
STRESS REL.
MACRO-SECTION
A.W.
S.R.
NORM
Si
Mn
Cr
Mo
NI
Al
Nb
PARENT PLATE
FILLER WIRE
WELD SIDE 1
WELD ROOT
WELD SIDE 2
TYPICAL 5 kJ/mm K WELD PROCEDURE
22
FIG. 2.3
(Continued)

tO
I
CO
to
to
Weld Preparation
Pass Location and Sequence
40 mm
to
3 mm nose and gap
FIG. 2.3
(R1/8850)
to
CO
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
WELD No.
7210.KA/804
PROJECT
SIGNED
ECSC HAZ PROGRAMME
DD4W2
(W701)
NUMBER
over
40
See
GRADE
STOCK No
Fe510DD
W9
over
WELDING PARAMETERS
Machined
POLARITY
WELDING PROCESS
Submerged arc
ELECTRODE
Downhand
CONFIGURATION
POSITION
E7016-1
Tihor 27
Root
FILLER WIRE
STORE
No.
TYPE
CONSUMABLES
SIDE1
SIDE 2
dc
dc
+ve
+ve
POWER SUPPLY
METHOD OF PREPN.
Single
MMA
PASS No.
_J
DIAMETER (mm)
3.25
MMA
3-23
2
30
STICK OUT (mm)
HOT WIRE
OP121
FLux/sasc
TT
WEAVE (mm)
PREHEAT
(C)
125C m i n .
FLUX DEPTH (mm)
35
INTERPASS
(C)
2 0 0 C max.
VOLTS
28
Grind
AMPS
BACK GOUGE
120
160
450
HOT WIRE
SPEED (mm/min)
370
DETAILS
HEAT INPUT (KJ/mm)
2.0

HEATING RATE
(C/hr)
SOAKING TEMPERATURE
(C)
SOAKING TIME
(hr)
COOLING RATE
CC/hr)
STRESS REL.
MACRO-SECTION
NORMALISE
A.W.
S.R.
NORM
WITHDRAWAL TEMP.
ELEMENT
- Weldei
PASS LOCATION AND SEQUENCE
THICK
(mm)
PARENT
PLATE
other
DATE
7210.KA/804
WELD PREPARATION
See
A.N>
BRIT
No.
Si
Mn
Cr
Mo
Ni
Al
Nb
PARENT PLATE
FILLER WIRE
WELD SIDE 1
WELD ROOT
WELD SIDE 2
TYPICAL 2 kJ/mm DOUBLE V WELDING PROCEDURE
FIG. 2.4
(Continued)
50
en
KJ
co
to
to
Weld Preparation
3 mm nose and
gap
40 mm
to
UT
FIG. 2.4
(R1/8851)
to
CO
7210.KA/804
FR 6 2 - 1 0 822
PROJECT
WELD No.
ECSC HAZ PROGRAMME
D4ES
(W658)
NUMBER
SIGNED
over
THICK
(mm)
PARENT
PLATE
GRADE
STOCK No
BS4360:50D
40
W3
METHOD OF PREPN.
Gas cut and grind
WELDING PROCESS
Consumable
POSITION
Vertical
STORE
No.
A80
dc
POWER SUPPLY
tve
PASS No.
DIAMETER (mm)
2.4
STICK OUT (mm)
30
WEAVE (mm)
FLUX DEPTH (mm)
As
reg 'd
VOLTS
38/40
BACK GOUGE
AMPS
580
HOT WIRE
SPEED (mm/min)
28.3
DETAILS
HEAT INPUT (KJ/mm)
49
C)
PREHEAT
INTERPASS
(C)

HEATING RATE
(C/hr)
SOAKING TEMPERATURE
(C)
SOAKING TIME
(hr)
( C/hr)
WITHDRAWAL TEMP.
(C)
ELEMENT
STRESS REL.
NORMALISE
[1 m fjeld Ln 35 m i n ]
MACRO-SECTION
A.W.
S.R.
COOLING RATE
BRIT
No.
SIDE 2
ELECTRODE
TiMoB Rod
FLUX/G^x
SIDE 1
CONFIGURATION
BOC C o r - O - M i g 5 7
)t}$!8!k NOZZLE
WELDING PARAMETERS
POLARITY
nozzle
TYPE
CONSUMABLES
FILLER WIRE
Burner
DATE
7210.KA/804
WELD PREPARATION
See
Rod
NORM
Mn
Cr
Mo
Ni
Al
Nb
PARENT PLATE
FILLER WIRE
WELD SIDE 1
WELD ROOT
WELD SIDE 2
TYPICAL ELECTROSLAG WELD PROCEDURE
FIG. 2.5
(Continued)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
Weld Preparation
32 mm
1 mm
0 .3 mm
29 mm
FIG. 2.5
(R1/8852)
27
7210.KA/804
FR 6 2 - 1 0 822
PROJECT
WELD No.
SIGNED
E C S C HAZ PROGRAMME
D2K2
(W831)
NUMBER
PARENT
PLATE
over
See
THICK
(mm)
25
GRADE
STOCK No
RQT 500
W135
POLARITY
WELDING PROCESS
Submerged arc
ELECTRODE
FILLER WIRE
Downhand
STORE
TYPE
MMA - E 7 0 1 6 - 1
F i l l - T i b o r 22
MMA
4
Ground
MMA
4
25
WEAVE (mm)
28
VOLTS
AMPS
150
Run-out
length (mm)
HOT WIRE
DETAILS
105
165
NORMALISE
STRESS REL.
165
7
nm/miJi
2.0
HEAT INPUT (KJ/mm)
MACRO-SECTION
(C/hr)
A.W.
C)
(hr)
S.R.
( C/hr)
NORM
WITHDRAWAL TEMP.
ELEMENT
MMA
4
Side \
l e a l '3-9
FLUX DEPTH (mm)
BACK GOUGE
COOLING RATE
Sid;
JL
DIAMETER (mm)
OP41 TT
150C max.
SOAKING TIME
Single
STICK OUT (mm)
INTERPASS
SOAKING TEMPERATURE
dc
PASS No.
No.
PREHEAT
HEATING RATE
SIDE2
CONFIGURATION
HOT WIRE
FLUX/GAS
SIDE 1
POWER SUPPLY
Gas c u t a n d g r o u n d
CONSUMABLES
over
WELDING PARAMETERS
METHOD OF PREPN.
POSITION
Welder
DATE
7210.KA/804
WELD PREPARATION
See
Sam E .
BRIT
No.
Si
Mn
Cr
Mo
Ni
Al
Nb
PARENT PLATE
FILLER WIRE
WELD SIDE 1
WELD ROOT
WELD SIDE 2
TYPICAL 25 mm SINGLE BEVEL WELD PROCEDURE
28
FIG. 2.6
(Continued)
Tl
to
I
CO
to
to
Weld Preparation
25 mm
to
3 mm nose and
gap
Seal
FIG. 2.6
(R1/8853)
to
>
CO
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
All dimensions in mm
Surface notch (slit and fatigued)

-
X
Clip gauges
Thermocouples
I Linear transducers
1000
100
175
450
175
100
lit
WIDE PLATE TEST FORMAT - SHOWING LOCATIONS OF INSTRUMENTATION
30
FIG. 2.7
(R1/8407)
7210.KA/804
FR 6210 822
3.
TEST RESULTS
In this description of the results of the types of test described in Section 2,

the following notation will be used to identify unambiguously the test welds:
Thickness
mm
Steel
Heat Input
kJ/mm
Weld Type
Fe510DD
= DD
25 = 2
K = K
2.0 = 2
BS4360:50D
= D
40 = 4
Single V = V
5.0 = 5
RQT 500
= R
Double V = W
Electroslag
= ES
Using this system, a coding D4K5 would indicate a K weld at 5.0 kJ/mnm in 40 mm
thick B S4360:50D, and R4ES an electroslag weld in 40 mm thick RQT 500.
A summary of the welds tested, 28 in all, and the tests performed on each weld,
is given in Table 3.1.
3.1
Charpy V Impact Test Results
This is the major test used in the steel fabrication industry for procedural
qualification and quality control purposes.
Minimum HAZ Charpy toughness
requirements are increasingly being written into structural specifications, and
the number of tests carried out in this programme, as shown in Table 3.1
reflects the growing commercial importance of the impact toughness of
structural steel HAZ's.
Twentyeight welds were tested, twenty of them in the
subsurface and root positions, with notches in three or four positions relative
to the fusion boundary, giving rise in all to something in excess of 150
transition curves.
The major roblem li es, therefore, in the presenta tion of the res ults in a form
that can be assimila ted and discussed
An attempt has be en made to do this
by extracti ng transi tion temperatures for 41 J, wh ich has the mer it of being at
the lower e nd of the transition range in the stee Is and welds te sted, and a
specificati on level frequently used i practice.
To ind icate th e extent of
degradation in the d iffering types of weld, the sh ift in 41 J tra nsition
temperature from the parent plate to the weld, 41 J, has been qu oted, together
with midtr ansition range shifts, to indicate any changes in tran sition curve
slope.
Th ese figur es are summarised in Tables 3. 23.6. A furth er attempt to
illustrate trends ha s been made by piotting 41 J I TT and 41 J va lues against
weld type i Figs. 3.13.6.
These values were not easy to extract; there was appreciable scatter in the
transition behaviour of the parent plates (e.g. Fig. 3.7) and in many of the
weld tests, see Fig. 3.8. The numbers of specimens tested did not always allow
a definite position for, for instance, the 41 J ITT to be estimated, and it
would be unwise to place too much emphasis on minor fluctuations in relative
values.
The figures in which the derived data are plotted do, however,
suggest some general trends.
To deal firstly with the 5 kJ/mm welds in 40 mm plate, Figs. 3.2 and 3.5, there
is a di stinet t rend for the 41 J ITT value s (Fig. 3.2) to preserve the rank
order o f the parent plat e values on the le ft. In the K weld column, there is
a tendency also for the poorest values, wi thin each HAZ, to be associated with
the fus ion line specimen s, followed, at va rying distances, by the +1 and +2 mm
Ther e is also a strong indication that, by contrast to the situation
values,
in weld metals, the prop erties in the root specimens are superior to those in
subsurf ace test pieces, which must be attr ibutable to the greater degree of
In Fig. 3.5, the relative HAZ degradations can be
temperi ng by la ter passe s.
The major 41 J values are associated with FL and +1 mm positions,
assesse d.
with Fe 510DD sh owing the greatest dgradt ion (>50C in the FL and +1 mm
positio ns), fol lowed by RQT 500 and the 50 D.
In these latter two steels, the
2 mm notch posi tion rev aled no impact tou ghness degradation.
31
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
In the two right-hand columns in both figures, it is immediately obvious,

firstly, that the range of 41 J transition temperatures determined is much
less, particularly for the subsurface specimens in these bevelled welds.
Figure 3.2 shows that the rank order Fe510DD - RQT 500 - 50 D is maintained
for 41 J ITT in surface specimens, and for root specimens in the single V
welds, in which, of course, the root is adjacent to the under surface. In the
double V welds, the root specimens show, in some cases, much poorer properties
than the corresponding root specimens in the other welds, which suggests that
in this type of weld, at least, the thermomechanical effects cited as one
possible cause of reduced root run toughness in weld metals'3'1) is in
operation in the HAZ, also.
A particular problem in discussing the relevance of results from the bevelled
welds is the variable proportion of weld metal present across the root of the
notch, especially in the subsurface specimens.
Figure 3.9 shows the cross
section of welds D4K2 and D4V2, with the specimen and notch positions marked.
It demonstrates the composite nature of the region traversed by the notches and
the extent to which the weld metal properties will influence the test results.
The position of the results in the 41 J and 41 J diagrams, therefore, relative
to the parent plate and K weld results, where the region sampled is more, but
not totally, homogeneous, will depend on the detailed shape of the weld, i.e.
the amount of the various zones sampled by the notch, and their relative
toughnesses.
Specimens from bevelled welds, therefore, must blur the picture
of changes to properties occurring in HAZ's.
Any inaccuracy in machining,
particularly with respect to notch position, may well introduce scatter,
particularly when the various regions differ widely in properties.
Although
the K weld and ES weld profiles are rarely completely flat, inhomogeneity does
not arise to as great an extent and it is usually possible to avoid including
weld metal in the notch.
Table 3.7 gives an analysis of the components of the
notch tip in specimens from the 40 mm bevelled welds tested.
The effect of
increasing distance from the fusion boundary, in a given weld, can be seen,
together with differences between welds of the same nominal type, due to
differences in detailed weld shape.
It should be noted also from Fig. 3.9
that the notch tends to span all regions of the HAZ and this will again reduce
sensitivity to local variations in HAZ properties.
The results from 2 kJ/mm welds, Figs. 3.1 and 3.4, are essentially similar
except that the shift towards higher 41 J temperatures is less marked than in
the 5 kJ/mm welds, as might be expected from the lower heat input, and the rank
orders are less clear. The latter effect is probably due to increased scatter,
arising, in part, from the narrower HAZ, and hence variability in notched
material, and also from the fact that the parameter changes being measured are
less marked. In Fig. 3.1, there is again a marked tendency for the Fe510DD
welds to show the highest 41 J ITT values; the relative mer tis of the RQT 500
and 50D plates tend to be less clear. Little information can be gained from
the values obtained from root specimens where, it is possible, the detailed
differences in weld shape and HAZ width, between welds, has obscured the
relative changes in material properties. In Fig. 3.4, the 41 J values are, at
first sight, confusing. A number of the K weld results, particularly, show
marginally improved properties. In most cases, this can be put down entirely
to the compounding of errors and/or genuine statistical variability in the 41 J
ITT's assigned to the plate and HAZ results. The fusion line result for DD4V2
is almost certainly due to a large weld metal effect, with the properties of
the weld metal being superior to those of the HAZ.
The results from 40 mm ES welds, given in Tables 3.2, 3.4 and 3.5 show, as
expected, poor 41 J performance and massive 41 J values. Although there is
little, in general, to choose between the steels on the basis of 41 J figures,
there appears to be a residual effect, in the 50D sample, of the good original
plate properties, in that the 41 J temperatures are better than those in
Fe510DD, at least away from the immediate vicinity of the fusion boundary.
The results on selected welds in BS4360:50D at 25 and 60 mm thick, and in RQT
500 at 25 mm thick, are given in Tables 3.3 and 3.6, and 41 J ITT and
41 J plots in Figs. 3.3 and 3.6. These, of course, involved different sample
plates from those at 40 mm discussed previously, with inevitable differences in
composition and initial properties.
32
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
In general, the results are in agreement with those on 40 mm welds. Fig. 3.3
shows that there is more marked deterioration with the higher heat input K
welds, as confirmed in Fig. 3.6, with the RQT 500 welds tending to be poorer
than the 50D welds at equivalent thickness.
This is a little surprising,
since the RQT 500 25 mm sample has a lower CEV than the equivalent 50D plate.
The ES weld results, on the 25 and 60 mm plates, Table 3.3, are interesting
when compared with the 40 mm results, because of the differing energy inputs
used, (25 mm = _30 kJ/mm, 40 mm = _50 kJ/mm, 60 mm = -70 kJ/mm). Comparison
shows that the 41 J ITT results achieved in the 25 and 60 mm samples are
similar to those from the 40 mm welds, although the 41 J figures for the 25 mm
weld are significantly lower (_+70C cf ~110C in 40 m m ) . This suggests that,
because of the long HAZ heating times the subsequent structures and properties
are compositionally controlled and not unduly affected by the original plate
processing.
3.2
Sub-size (10 10 mm Section) COD Test Results
These tests were carried out on seven welds, in total, as shown in Table 3.1.
All were extracted from 40 mm welds, at root and subsurface locations, and
notched in the same positions used in the Charpy V impact tests.
Parent plate
transition curves were also established, to allow the extent of degradation to
be assessed.
Again the number of transition curves obtained is unwieldly to
summarise, and 0.1 mm COD temperatures have been obtained from each curve for
comparative purposes.
These are given in Table 3.8
The results are in agreement with the effects shown up by Charpy impact tests,
as regards:(a)
The effect on heat input - the 2 kJ/mm weld

results are closer to the initial plate results.
This is clearer from the full transition
curves, in fact, than from the single 0.1 mm
COD transition temperature.
(b)
The effect of composition - the 50D results,

generally, are significantly better than those
achieved in Fe510DD, although the parent plate
values are not very different.
(c)
The effect of weld type - the most sensitive

response to property changes is obtained with
type welds, with little or no weld metal
interference.
The interpretation of results was again made more difficult in the 50D steel,
by a greater degree of scatter than was observed in Fe510DD, Fig. 3.10.
3.3
This test was carried out, as can be seen from Table 3.1, for all except one of
the test welds, and for all test plates, giving rise to about 90 transition
curves. Selected transition curves will be used to illustrate specific points
relating to the data as a whole.
3.3.1
Parent Plate Tests
The results of 2B TL orientation tests on the as-received plates are shown

in Figs. 3.11-3.14.
The results in the 40 mm plates can be seen to be excellent, with the same rank
order indicated by the Charpy V tests.
Scatter in general is acceptable,
although in the 50D plate at the transition temperature (-90/100C), COD values
show either x behaviour at the -0.8 mm level or 6 behaviour at 0.1-0.15 mm.
The three 40 mm plates are compared in Fig. 3.12, where the range of transition
temperatures can be seen to be about 50C at the 0.25 mm level (50D = -100C,
RQT 500 = -65C , Fe510DD = 50C).
There is a higher plateau also in the
BS4360:50D plate.
33
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
The additional BS4360:50D plates, at 25 and 60 mm thick, gave the results

shown in Fig. 3.13. Compared with the 40 mm plate, the effects of thickness
are clearly seen, increased thickness giving higher plateaux and a steeper
transition.
The 0.25 mm transition temperatures in 25 and 60 mm thicknesses
were -90 and -65C.
The results for 25 mm RQT 500, in Fig. 3.14 were somewhat surprising by
comparison with the 40 mm plate curve, also shown. The results in the
-120/-100C range are equivalent to those obtained in the 25 mm 50D plate, but,
as the temperature increases,
behaviour appears at a very low temperature.
Examination of the shape of the vg/load curve shows a high work hardening rate
to a low Vg max level and, thereafter, a marked progressive drop in the curve,
indicative of ductile crack growth.
The fracture surfaces showed the normal
ductile dimple rupture appearance.
The chemical composition and mechanical
properties, Tables 2.1 and 2.2, offer no obvious explanation for this effect,
although the transverse Charpy curve showed a relative low level, also, for the
upper plateau (_80 J compared with 120-140 J longitudinal in the 25 mm plate,
and _160 J transverse in the 40 mm plate).
This anisotropy is fairly typical
of higher sulphur levels; this sample, however, is comparable with the other
RQT plate at _0.015/0.017% S.
3.3.2
Single and Double V Welds
To an even greater extent than occurred during Charpy testing, the results
obtained in COD testing of bevelled welds were not sensitive to HAZ effects.
The results on weld D4W2, Fig. 3.15, are typical of this type of weld, indeed
the results for DD4W2 and D4W5 could be included within the scatter band for
D4W2.
This type of notch, vertically across the full depth of a plate containing
sloping fusion boundaries or boundary, samples all of the regions of the HAZ
and proportionally much larger amounts of weld metal and parent plate.
Whilst
it may, in a practical situation, give something of a global value for a joint,
it is patently not sensitive to the properties of the HAZ.
Results for the single and double V welds are summarised in Tables 3.9(a) and
(b), respectively.
It has not been possible to separate the effect of notch
position, which, it must be remembered, refers to the centre of the notch only,
with a spectrum of other materials either side of it. In addition, the value
given is the mid-point of a scatter band of perhaps 10-20C.
3.3.3
Welds
In theory, the flat fusion boundary obtained, with care, allows weld metal
effects to be avoided and a more homogeneous region to be sampled.
On
occasion, this ideal was achieved, as shown in Fig. 3.16, the results for weld
DD4K5.
Firstly, the notches have been successfully located in the three aim
locations, with an acceptable accuracy.
Secondly, there is little scatter and
the effect of distance from the fusion boundary can be clearly seen.
In the
majority of cases, the situation shown in Fig. 3.17, for weld D4K5, arose. In
this set of results, there is only one notch closer than 1 mm to the fusion
boundary and it is difficult to see a systematic effect of notch location.
There is little doubt that the scatter observed in the plate properties has
been carried through, and that removing the damping effect of weld metal and
parent plate present in the bevelled welds has increased both sensitivity to
property changes and test variability.
As a result of the joint effect of unpredictability of final notch position and
material scatter, the full thickness COD tests are difficult to tabulate in the
way which the small scale tests were.
Table 3.9 attempts to gather together
comparative results, however, whenever possible, for the test welds.
The plate results are generally good, with the exception of the 25 mm RQT 500
sample referred to earlier, and the effect of heat input can be seen in
Table 3.9(c) (K welds), in that, within the results for each plate, the shift
in 0.25 mm TT increases as the heat input increases from 2 to 5 kJ/mm.
The
degradation in 50D is greater than that in Fe510DD, but because of the lower
plate value, the end result is still some 20-30C better. The results on the
34
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
40 mm RQT 500 sample showed a large shift close to the fusion boundary and were
still poor at +2 mm after a 5 kJ/mm weld.
An unexpected factor was the effect of welding on the maximum load COD plateau.
All of the plates showed a progressive decrease with increasing heat input.
This is important from two points of view:(a)
The onset of maximum load behaviour places an upper

limit on the ability of a given size of specimen
to measure critical COD values which can be used
for brittle fracture control procedures.
Maximum
COD measurement capacity is partly a geometric
factor, increasing with thickness, Fig. 3.1,
partly related to tensile properties' 3 - 2 ', and
will be reduced by the onset of ductile tearing.
(b)
This latter point may be of concern if the ductile

tearing resistance of steels is reduced by HAZ
structural changes, in addition to the transformation temperature shifts due to reduction in
cleavage resistance, with which we are familiar.
In practice, however, the ability of most structures to propagate cracks by

ductile tearing, with the large local strains involved, will be limited.
The
effect of welding on ductile tearing resistance, as affected by microvoid
coalescence, will not be clarified by COD testing, which is more suitable for
investigations of cleavage resistance.
3.3.4
Electroslag Welds
The results of tests on ES welds showed the same sort of massive transition
temperature shifts which were observed in Charpy testing.
Fig. 3.18, for weld
DD4ES, is typical, with COD values of only around 0.2-0.3 mm being obtained at
+60C. At this lower end of the transition curve, it is difficult to
differentiate between notch positions or steel grade, although superposition of
the full data for 40 mm welds suggested that, up to +60C, 50D and Fe510DD
were approximately equivalent but that RQT 500 was showing consistent pop-in
behaviour, up to +60C, at about the 0.05 mm level.
Superimposition for ES welds in the three 50D samples (25, 40 and 60 mm with
heat inputs of 30, 50 and 70 kJ/mm, respectively) showed little or no effect of
heat input, suggesting that all are fully grain coarsened.
In the D6ES weld,
specimens were notched at the +5 mm location and showed maximum load COD
behaviour at about 0.7 mm down to 20C, with the transition occurring at about
0C, suggesting a marked improvement in properties just outside the locations
tested in the other welds.
3.4
The results of the six wide plate tests are given in Table 3.10, and the notch
locations determined by sectioning subsequent to the test, in Table 3.11. The
notch sizes can be seen to be very similar, making comparison easier. The
notch locations vary surprisingly little, bearing in mind the lack of reference
points in the region of the pre-notch, as discussed earlier. The notch in WP4
lay in the weld metal and fracture initiation did not involve the HAZ. In WP3,
the tip of the fatigue crack lay 0.7 mm from the fusion boundary, into the weld
metal, but the initiating fracture broke across to the fusion boundary, as
happened in a large number of COD tests.
The remaining four test plates were
successfully notched into the HAZ at varying distances, from <1 to 2.6 mm.
Table 3.10 shows the COD values (taken directly from the clip gauge output),
the strain at failure and stress at failure (load divided by unnotched cross
section) .
The stress and strain ratios at failure are all above yield level,
at least in terms of the parent plate values.
The rank order in terms of
strain ratio is 50D - RQT 500 - Fe510DD, as suggested by Charpy and COD
test results.
The stress ratios for HAZ notched specimens are all between
0.95- 1.15, a narrow range.
15
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
The failure to generate definitive COD values for a range of notch positions in
two of the three K5 welds limits the possibility for putting a quantitative
measure to the ability of COD tests to predict the favourable results obtained
in the HAZ notched wide plates. Taking the DD4K results shown in Fig. 3.16,
however, two of the wide plates can be analysed in this way, using BSI PD6493
as follows:WP 2
Fe510DD, -30C
Defect size
.0.1
. 1 ,;1-
9
9
x 89
89 ;
; -| =
Therefore
! = -3<
Failure stress
0.23
a = 1 2 mm
403 N/mm2
0.995
Assuming yield level residual stress,
2,
0.088
From Fig. 3.16, at -30C = 0.1 mm at ~+l mm

Therefore
5_
m
Factor of safety,
WP5
0.088
^
2.43 10 -3
-62
mm
= 3.3
Fe510DD, -40C
Failure stress
385 N/mm2
0.95
= -1--95'
Assuming yield level residual stress,

C
0.092
From Fig. 3.16, at -40C = 0.15 mm at +1.3 mm
Therefore
a"
Factor of safety
0.092 ^
243 10 -3
a
-68
mm
2.11
Given adequate data, therefore, these examples show that the available
procedures can give predictions for HAZ performance in the presence of cracks,
with a degree of conservatism typical of those obtained with, for instance,
weld metals.
36
FR 62-10 822
3.5
7210.KA/804
Test Results from Simulated HAZ's
Charpy V tests were carried out on material from the 40 mm plate samples, after
the imposition of cycles with peak temperatures of 950, 1150 and 1350C
(equivalent to about 3, 2 and 0.5 mm from the fusion boundary) followed by
cooling at Ats-5 rates of 20 and 50 s, approximately equivalent to 2 and
5 kJ/mm heat inputs, according to the Appendix.
To see the beneficial effects
of tempering by subsequent runs, specimens from the 5 kJ/mm series which had
been cycled to 1350C were given a subsequent 950C cycle.
The results are
plotted in Figs. 3.19-3.24).
Figure 3.19 shows the results for BS4360:50D and the 5 kJ/mm cycle. The upper
diagram clearly shows the effect of coarsening on the impact properties. The
structures obtained can be seen in Fig. 3.25 and range from grain refined
structures to those typical of the coarse grained HAZ.
The effect of a 950C
tempering cycle on coarse structures is shown in the lower diagram; significant
improvement has occurred, but the properties are still inferior to those of a
950C cycle on the original microstructure, demonstrating the inherited effect
of the starting material.
The structural changes can be seen in Fig. 3.25 and
are typical tempering effects - a loss of angularity, an increase in the amount
of equiaxed ferrite present and a breakdown of the low temperature
transformation products.
The results for Fe510DD, Fig. 3.20, show a rather lower sensitivity to the
effects of increasing peak temperature; the properties, however, generally
lie at a much lower level than in 50D. Again the effect of a tempering cycle
is to improve the toughness of the coarse HAZ, but without fully redressing the
situation. Optically, the structures obtained, Fig. 3.26, are similar, and it
would take much more detailed metallography to clarify, if possible, the
underlying reasons for the lower performance.
Figure 3.21 shows the results for the RQT 500 plate, which are intermediate
between the two normalised plates, as in many of the foregoing tests.
The
950C cycle results are very similar to the 950C results for 50D, but the
subsequent transition temperature shifts are more marked.
A significant
improvemement occurred on tempering, to a level similar to that for 50D.
The
microstructures, Fig. 3.27, are similar to the previous two series.
The results from the 2 kJ/mm series, Fig. 3.22-3.24, show a strong effect from
the increased cooling rate. This is particularly marked in the Fe510DD
results, Fig. 3.23, possibly due to the higher CEV (0.5). The two niobium
grain refined lower CEV steels are still markedly affected, although to a
reduced degree.
Comparison of the microstructures, Figs. 3.28-3.30, with the
corresponding 5 kJ/mm figures, shows that these structures, although generally
finer, contain a much higher proportion of low temperature transformation
products, particularly after grain coarsening. The Fe510DD 1350C cycle
produced in very acicular structure, probably lower bainite and martensite.
The redeeming feature, in the practical situation, is that such structures are
easily tempered, and because of the low heat input, more weld runs will be
necessary for a given joint thickness.
The resulting beneficial net effect
has been demonstrated in the results of Charpy and COD tests, discussed
earlier.
37
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
TABLE 3.1
Test
Weld
MATRIX OF TESTS CARRIED OUT

Charpy V
Impact Test
Root
Surface
COD Test
(10 10 mm)
Root
Surface
COD Test
(Full Thickness)
D4K2
D4K5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
D4V2
D4V5
/
/
/
/
/
/
D4W2
D4W5
D4ES
DD4K2
DD4K5
/
/
/
/
DD4V2
DD4V5
/
/
/
/
DD4W2
DD4W5
/
/
/
/
/
/
DD4ES
/
/
/
/
/
R4K2
R4K5
/
/
R4V2
R4V5
/
/
/
/
R4W2
R4W5
/
/
R4ES
D2K2
D2K5
/
/
/
/
D2ES
R2K2
R2K5
/
/
D6K5
D6ES
38
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
TABLE 3.2
HAZ CHARPY V TEST CRITERIA - BS4360:50D (40 mm THICK)
Weld Type
Heat
Input
kJ/mm
Notch
Position
Surface
Root
-90
-100
0
-10
0
-15
+2 mm
Surface
Root
<-90
-65
<0
+25
0
+25
Surface
Root
-65
-40
+25
+ 50
+ 35
+ 70
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-65
-75
+ 25
+ 15
+ 30
0
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-90
<-100
0
>-10
-5
-20
Surface
Root
-75
-60
+ 15
+ 30
+ 30
+ 35
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-75
-70
+ 15
+ 20
+ 30
+20
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-70
-70
+ 20
+ 20
+15
+ 20
Surface
Root
-60
-65
+30
+25
+ 35
+ 30
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-60
-75
+ 30
+ 15
+ 35
+ 30
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-55
-75
+35
+ 15
+ 35
+ 25
Surface
Root
-65
-70
+ 25
+ 20
+ 30
+ 30
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-75
-70
+ 15
+20
+ 30
+ 15
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-70
-77
+ 20
+ 13
+ 15
+ 10
Surface
Root
-70
-40
+ 20
+ 50
+ 15
+ 55
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-70
-65
+ 20
+ 25
+ 15
+ 35
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-65
+25
.0
+ 30
0
Fusion Line
Fusion Line
Joint
5
(D4W5)
>
Fusion Line
Depth
+ 20
+ 110
+ 95
+1 mm
/ 4 Depth
+ 20
+ 110
+105
+2 mm
/ 4 Depth
+ 15
+ 105
+ 110
Depth
Fusion Line
ES Weld
.50
(D4ES)
+1 mm
V Joint
2
(D4W2)
Mid-Transition
Shift
+25
+30
Fusion Line
5
(D4V5)
41 J
+25
+ 10
Fusion Line
2
(D4V2)
-65
-80
K Joint
5
(D4K5)
41 J ITT
Surface
Root
Fusion Line
2
(D4K2)
Specimen
Location
+5 mm
/i
/i
Parent plate 41 J ITT
39
-90C
FR 62-10 822
TABLE 3.3
Weld Type
7210.KA/804
HAZ CHARPY V TEST CRITERIA - BS4360:50D

Thickness
mm
Heat
Input
kJ/mm
Notch
Position
(25 AND 60 mm THICK)
Specimen
Location
41 J ITT
41 J
OC
Hid-transition
Shift
oc
2
(D2K2)
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
Surface
-50
-60
-40
-5
-15
+5
0
0
0
5
(D2K5)
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
Surface
-25
-25
-45
+20
+ 20
0
+15
+10
0
Fusion Line
Surface
Root
-45
-35
+ 15
+ 15
+ 20
+ 10
Surface
Root
-35
-20
+ 25
+ 30
+ 30
+ 15
Surface
Root
-45
-40
+ 15
+ 10
+ 15
+5
Depth
+15
+30
+30
+20
+ 60
+ 75
+ 75
+65
+45
+ 75
+ 75
'/4 Depth
+ 20
+ 30
+ 50
+ 10
+80
+90
+ 110
+ 70
+70
+ 70
+90
+ 65
-45C
-60C
-50C
(surface)
(surface)
(centre)
25
K Joint
60
5
(D6K5)
+1 mm
+2 mm
25
_30
(D2ES)
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
+5 mm
60
-70
(D6ES)
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
+5 mm
Electroslag
Weld
/t
25 mm plate
60 mm plate
40
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
TABLE 3.4
HAZ CHARPY V TEST CRITERIA - EURONORM 25-72 Fe510DD (40 mm THICK)
Weld Type
Heat
Input
kJ/mm
2
(DD4K2)
Specimen
Location
Fusion Line
Surface
Root
-45
-25
+45
+30
-5
+25
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-40
-45
-15
-10
+5
+5
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-75
-50
-20
Surface
Root
-5
-50
+50
+5
+ 40
+30
+1 mm
Surface
Root
0
-55
+ 55
0
+ 50
+30
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-30
-35
+ 25
+ 20
+ 20
+ 15
Surface
Root
-75
-55
-20
0
-15
+10
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-55
-60
0
-5
0
+5
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-45
-35
+10
+20
+ 10
+ 35
Surface
Root
-25
-15
+30
+ 40
+20
+ 50
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-30
-25
+25
+ 30
+ 45
+30
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-35
-25
+20
+ 30
+45
+30
Surface
Root
-55
-51
0
+4
-15
-10
Surface
Root
-52
-55
+3
0
0
+5
Surface
Root
Surface
Root
-52
-55
+3
0
0
+5
-32
-38
+23
+17
-15
0
+1 mm
Surface
Root
-19
-34
+ 36
+21
+ 50
+ 20
+2 mm
Surface
Root
-19
-52
+ 36
+3
+ 55
+ 30
/ 4 Depth
+ 20
+75
+60
+1 mm
/ 4 Depth
+2 mm
'/4 Depth
+ 45
+ 100
+ 95
+5 mm
'/4 Depth
+ 35
+ 90
+ 95
K Joint
Fusion Line
5
(DD4K5)
Fusion Line
2
(DD4V2)
V Joint
Fusion Line
5
(DD4V5)
Fusion Line
2
(DD4W2)
W
+1 mm
+2 mm
Joint
Fusion Line
5
(DD4W5)
Fusion Line
ES Weld
Mid-Transition
Shift
Notch
Position
41
41 J ITT
-55C
41 J
+5
-20
+10
7210.KA/804
FR 6210 822
TABLE 3.5
HAZ CHARPY V TEST CRITERIA RQT 500 (40 mm THICK)
Weld Type
Heat
Input
kJ/mm
Specimen
Location
Notch
Position
41 J
Surface
Root
33
30
+ 47
+ 50
+30
+30
+1 mm
Surface
Root
65
62
+15
+ 18
+10
+10
+2 mm
Surface
Root
87
40
7
+40
0
+25
Surface
Root
45
+ 35
+25
+1 mm
Surface
Root
33
60
+ 47
+ 20
+ 30
+ 25
+2 mm
Surface
Root
80
50
0
+ 30
0
+ 20
Surface
Root
80
55
+25
20
0
+1 mm
Surface
Root
80
65
0
+15
0
0
+2 mm
Surface
Root
55
70
+25
+10
+ 10
0
Surface
Root
40
1 +40
50
+30
+ 20
+ 12
+1 mm
Surface
Root
50
55
+ 30
+ 25
+20
0
+2 mm
Surface
Root
35
70
+ 45
+ 10
+ 20
15
Surface
Root
70
85
+ 10
5
25
10
Surface
Root
85
65
5
+ 15
10
5
Surface
Root
Surface
Root
85
80
5
0
5
0
55
20
+25
+ 60
20
+ 35
+1 mm
Surface
Root
65
30
+ 15
+ 50
10
+40
+2 mm
Surface
Root
50
50
+ 30
+30
0
+ 25
/i
+ 100
Fusion Line
2
(R4K2)
MidTransition
Shift
41 J ITT
oc
K Joint
Fusion Line
5
(R4K5)
Fusion Line
2
(R4V2)
V Joint
Fusion Line
5
(R4V5)
Fusion Line
2
(R4W2)
+1 mm
+2 mm
Joint
Fusion Line
5
(R4W5)
Depth
+ 40
+ 120
+1 mm
Depth
+ 55
+ 135
+2 mm
Depth
+ 50
+ 130
+5 mm
Depth
10
+ 70
Fusion Line
ES Weld
_50
(R4ES)
/4
/i
/i
42
80C
+ 60
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
TABLE 3.6
Weld Type
K Joint
HAZ CHARPY V TEST CRITERIA - RQT 500 (25 mm THICK)

Heat
Input
kJ/mm
Thickness
mm
Specimen
Location
Notch
Position
Mid-Transition
Shift
OC
41 J
41 J ITT
2
(R2K2)
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
Surface
-50
-55
-50
+10
+
+10
+15
0
0
5
(R2K5)
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
Surface
-10
-10
-35
+ 40
+ 40
+ 25
+ 40
+ 40
+ 20
25
-60C
TABLE 3.7
Weld
Type
V Prep
W Prep
PROPORTIONS OF WELD METAL/HAZ/PLATE ADJACENT TO

NOTCH OF SUBSURFACE SINGLE AND DOUBLE V WELD
CHARPY TESTS
(PLATE/HAZ BOUNDARY TAKEN AS VISIBLE Acij
DD4V2
D4V2
R4V2
DD4V5
D4V5
R4V5
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
_
-
25
35
20
30
37
20
50
30
55
70
48
73
25
35
25
7
20
15
20
22
10
43
37
42
80
53
75
50
43
43
DD4W2
D4W2
R4W4
DD4W5
D4W5
R4W5
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
30
35
25
25
35
30
55
55
60
75
65
70
15
10
15
20
10
20
15
20
15
50
60
57
75
80
75
30
30
23
10
i Weld,
TABLE 3.8
2 mm HAZ
1 mm HAZ
Fusion Line
weld
Code
15
7
25
15
10
% Plate
% HAZ,
0.1 mm COD TRANSITION TEMPERATURES

40 mm WELDS)
(10 mm SQUARE TRANSVERSE
0.1 mm Transition Temperature, C

Weld Type
Heat
Input
kJ/mm
Notch
Location
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
Weld
Root
Surface
Root
-80
-150
-130
-120
-130
-120
-40
-50
(-90)
-90
-80
-60
-100
-120
-80
-150
(-150)
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
-80
-60
(-80)
-60
-60
-50
-30
-10
-30
-40
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
(-100)
-100
-60
-50
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
0
-10
0
Plate Values:
Note:
Surface
Fe 510 DD
2
Single V
Weld
Electroslag
BS4360:50D
50D
-120C
Fe510DD
Values in brackets are extrapolated
43
-110C
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
TABLE 3.9
(a)
Single V Welds
Steel Grade
Fe510DD
BS4360:50D
40
40
Heat
Input
kJ/mm
Notch Location
0.25 mm COD
Transition
Temperature
oc
Maximum
Load
COD
mm
Plate
-50
-0.8
HAZ
-55
-0.8
HAZ
-40
Plate
-95
HAZ
-50
0.8-1.2
HAZ
-45
0.65-0.9
Plate
-65
0.7-0.8
HAZ
-30
0.7-0.8
HAZ
-30
0.5
0.55-07
>0.9
Double V Welds
Steel Grade
Fe510DD
BS4360:50D
RQT 500
Thickness
mm
40
RQT 500
(b)
SUMMARY OF COD TEST RESULTS
Thickness
mm
40
40
40
Heat
Input
kJ/mm
Notch Location
0.25 mm COD
Transition
Temperature
oc
Maximum
Load
COD
mm
-0.8
Plate
-50
HAZ
-40
0.6-0.8
+1-2 mm
-10
0.6-0.8
Plate
-95
HAZ
-20
HAZ
-30
Plate
-65
0.7-0.8
HAZ
-20
0.6
HAZ
-10
0.4-0.7
>0.9
0.7-0.85
-0.8
Continued
44
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
TABLE 3.9
(c)
(Continued)
K Welds
Steel Grade
Fe510DD
Thickness
mm
40
25
Heat
Input
kJ/mm
Notch
Location
0.25 mm COD
Transition
Temperature
oc
Maximum Load
COD
mm
Plate
-50
_0.8
HAZ
-50/30
-0.65
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
+10
-10
-40
-0.5
Plate
-90
HAZ
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
-5
-20
-30
-0.3
Plate
-95
>0.9
HAZ
-70/40
0.9
Fusion Line
+2 mm
+3 mm
-30
-50
-70
0.9
Plate
0.2
HAZ
0.2-0.3
HAZ
0.15-0.25
Plate
-65
0.7-0.8
+0.5 ram
+1 mm
+2 mm
>20
-10
-30
0.4
Fusion Line
+1 mm
+2 mm
(0.5-3.0)
0.5-0.7
-0.25
BS4 360:50D
25
RQT 500
40
45
+ 10
+ 10
<-10
0.25-0.3
rd
TABLE 3.10
Test No.
WIDE PLATE TEST RESULTS
Steel Grade
Test
Temp.
oc
Strain at Failure
ef
(%)
COD at Failure, mm
Top
Middle
Bottom
Over 250
mm
(%)
Failure
Stress, .
Over
mm
1000
(%)
N/mm2
t'
WPl
BS4360:50D
-40
1.10
1.80
1.51
2.20
(0.88)
1.32
(0.13)
7.7
407
1.15
WP2
Fe510DD
-40
0.51
0.76
0.57
0.78
(0.31)
0.22
(0.02)
1.1
403
0.995
WP3
RQT 500
-40
1.22
1.74
1.10
1.90
(0.76)
0.87
(0.09)
3.6
535
1.08
WP4
BS4360:50D**
-30
3.44
3.50*
2.86
7.00
(2.8)
1.35
(0.13)
7.9
520**
1.46
WP5
Fe510DD
-30
1.15
1.55
1.60
1.19
(0.48)
0.29
(0.03)
1.5
385
0.95
WP6
RQT 500
-30
0.47
0.78
0.64
0.87
(0.35)
0.31
(0.03)
1.3
484
0.97
*
**
TABLE 3.11
Test No.
Mid notch clip gauge maximum re ading, at 505 N/mm 2

Test stopped at maximum ram ext ension - no fracture
WIDE PLATE TEST - NOTCH LOCATIONS AND DIMENSIONS
Steel Grade
Test Temp,
oc
Final Notch
Dimensions
mm
Notch
Location
WPl
BS4360:50D
-40
8 84
HAZ, near fusion boundary
WP 2
Fe510DD
-40
9 89
HAZ, 0.8 mm from fusion boundary
WP3
RQT 500
-40
9 87
WELD METAL, fractured to HAZ fusion line
WP4
BS4360:50DD
-30
9 85
WELD METAL
WP 5
Fe510DD
-30
9 87
WP6
RQT 500
-30
9 90
FR 6 2 - 1 0 8 2 2
7210.KA/804
Closed Symbols - Subsurface

Open Symbols - Root
Subscripts Show Notch Location
-20
OF
AF
F A
O 2
-40 -
F
02
I*
60-
Ol,2
\2
F,I
2
-80-
ut'
81
i *
1,2*
I
m
1
2
2
1,FA
D F
2,1
A F
1
2
Gl
1
Plate
ne
::
_>c
Weld Type
41J IMPACT TRANSITION TEMPERATURES - 2 kJ/mm WELDS
47
FIG. 3.1
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
7210.KA/804
+20 ,
Key a s F i g .
3.1
2,1
20
Ol,2
2
1A
AF
22
02
O1
OF
DF
D F
-40
9H
EH
Ol
60
AF
2 A
2
O2
2m
1,F
1,F
F
2
1,FI
1,2
80
2
2"
Plate
DC
^C
3<C
Weld Type
41J IMPACT TRANSITION TEMPERATURES 5 kJ/mm WELDS
48
FIG. 3.2
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
41 J
ITT
C
25 mm
o,60 mm
50D
F,1
-20
Subscripts show
notch location
V 1
AF, 1
F VT 1
-40
2V
F, 2 T A 2
F,2 B*F
A1
-60
-80
X
Plate
K2
Weld type
K5
41 J IMPACT TRANSITION TEMPERATURES

2 AND 5 kJ/mm K WELDS, 25 AND 60 mm THICK
49
FIG. 3.3
(R1/8854)
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
7210.KA/804
Key a s F i g .
50
3.1
AF
-
F
40
OF
30
F
oU
DF
20
AF
F H
2 1 ' 2
D F,l
IH
1
2
FA
DF
2
2
-*-
IT
--O
01
-10
-20
OF
ri
2,1
-8^2
AF
&\
^z:
ne
z><z
Weld Type
SHIFT IN 41J IMPACT TRANSITION TEMPERATURES - 2kJ/mm WELDS
50
FIG. 3.4
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
7210.KA/804
Key a s F i g .
3.1
AF
+60 -
1
+50 -
DF
El
lA
2A
F A
+40 -
20
FA
lf
+ 30 -
+20 -
OF
S2.
2,1
^L,2
Bf
ni
F
1,F
Ol
OF
D 1
, 2
tf
C
H
OF
+>
IH
H
1/3
+10-
0_
-10 -
It- - c d
D 2
-20-
^LZ
HC
:>c
Weld T ype
SHIFT IN 41J IMPACT TRANSITION TEMPERATURES - 5 kJ/mm WELDS
51
FIG. 3.5
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
25 mm
Shift
in
41 J
ITT
C
60 mm
50D
z>u
Subscripts show
notch location
40
F,1
30 -
V 1
2 1
A F,1
20
F
10 -
F,2
V T F,2
V 2
'IBA 2
0
A2AF
10 A 1
20
K2
1
K5
Weld type
SHIFT IN 41 J IMPACT TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

2 AND 5 kJ/mm K WELDS, 25 AND 6 0 mm THICK
52
FIG. 3.6
(R1/8855)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
Impact energy
J
200
Individual results
3 test positions
180
160
140
120
100
80
[BS4360:50D, transverse, 40 mm]

60
40
20
100
-60
-1_
_1_
-40
-20
20
40
Test temperature, C
PARENT PLATE CHARPY V IMPACT ENERGY CURVE

SHOWING SCATTER IN RESULTS
53
FIG. 3.7
(R1/8856)
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
Charpy impact
energy
J
220
O
Fusion line
+1 mm
+2 mm
200
180 _
+ 1 mm
160
+ 2 mm
140 _
120
100
[Weld D4K2, 40 mm, 2 kJ/mm Weld]
80 Fusion line
Parent
60 P l a t e
/
/
40
20
_L
-100
X
-80
JL
-60
-40
-20
_L
0
30
40
Test temperature, C
HAZ CHARPY V IMPACT ENERGY CURVES SHOWING SCATTER IN RESULTS
54
FIG. 3.8
(R1/8857]
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
-Fusion line to
+2 mm notch
positions
Root
specimen
SPECIMEN LOCATIONS AND NOTCH POSITIONS

CHARPY AND 10 10 COD SPECIMENS
55
FIG. 3.9
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
Crack tip
COD
mm
0.8
BS4360:50D Plate
O M
O M
O M
0.6
O M
OM
O C
0.4
O C
0.2
M
C
O C
OC
140
-120
X
_L
-100
-80
-60
Test temperature, C
-40
10 mm SQUARE COD RESULTS SHOWING SCATTER
56
=
=
Maximum load COD

Rising load COD
-20
FIG. 3.10
(R1/8858)
7210.KA/804
FR 6210 822
Crack tip
COD
mm
1.0
(a)
B S 4 3 6 0 : 5D
0 ,
/
M/
0.8
40 mm
M
f
M/J M
OM
0.6
0.4
I
0.2
8/
==
Max
o
o
1 .0
(b)
Fe510DD, 40 mm
OM
0.8
OM
0.6
0.4
0.2
X
-120
_L
-100
X
-80
-60
-40
Maximum load COD
-20
Test temperature, C
PARENT PLATE FULL THICKNESS COD TESTS

TRANSVERSE, 4 0 mm THICK
57
FIG. 3.11
(R1/8859)
(Cont)
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
Crack tip
COD
mm
1 .0 r
(c)
0.8
0.6
0.4
RQT 500, 40 mm
Maximum load COD

Ductile crack
extension before
fracture
0.2
120
-100
-80
-60
-40
Test temperature, C
-20
FIG. 3.11
Crack tip
COD
mm
1 .0
0.8
0.6
0.4 -
0.2
ansverse, 40 mm]
120
-100
_i_
_L
J_
-80
-60
-40
Test temperature, C
_l_
-20
COMPARISON OF COD RESULTS - 40 mm PLATES
58
FIG. 3.12
(R1/8860)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
60 mm plate
25 mm plate
M =
Maximum load COD
U =
Ductile crack extension

before fracture
Crack tip
COD
mm
M-*
1 .2
60 mm plate
1 .0 -
0.8
0.6 -
0.4 -
0.2 -
-120
100
-80
-60
-40
Test temperature, C
COD RESULTS, 25 AND 60 mm BS4360:50D PLATES
FIG. 3.13
(R1/8861)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
Crack tip
COD
mm
1 .0 r
M
U
=
=
RQT 500
Maximum load COD

Ductile crack extension
before fracture
0.8 -
0.6
0.4 25 mm
O"
0.2 -
120
-100
0X-C^0Z-0#0M--0M
X
-80
-60
-40
Test temperature,C
X
-20
COD RESULTS, 25 mm. RQT 500 PLATES
60
FIG. 3.14
(R1/8862)
7210.KA/804
FR 6210 822
O Fusion line
+1 mm
Intended
notch
position
Figures indicate
measured position,mm
(F) indicates notch
in weld breaking to
fusion boundary
D +2 mm
M = Maximum load COD
Crack tip
COD
mm
1 .0
0.8
M
1 .6
(F)
0M
M
2
0.6
?
0.4
D3
3
O 3.9
DO.3
0.2
120
100
X
X
80
60
40
Test temperature, C
COD RESULTS ON WELD D4W2

50D, DOUBLE V, 2 kJ/mm
61
20
20
FIG. 3.15
FR 6210 822
Crack tip
COD
mm
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
7210.KA/804
Fusion line \
+1 mm
I Intended notch
locations
+2 mm
J
= Maximum load COD
D
M
Figures indicate measured position, mm

(F) indicates notch in weld breaking
to fusion line
60
40
20
0
20
Test temperature, C C
FULL THICKNESS COD RESULTS Fe510DD, 5 kJ/mm WELD
FIG. 3.16
Crack tip
COD
mm
1 .0
M nD 4 3.8
2 A M
D4K5
1 .9
SM
1 .2
3.4
0.8
D
Parent
plate
2.1
0.6
Fusion line .
+1 mm
+2 mm
M =
19
OF
2.1
0.2
Intended
notch locatior
Maximum load COD
Figures indicate measured

position, mm
(F) indicates notch in weld
breaking to fusion line
0.4
D
3.1
O
1 .0
1 .9
120
100
80
60
L.
40
20
20
Test temperature, C
FULL THICKNESS COD RESULTS BS4360:50D, 5 kJ/mm WELD
62
FIG. 3.17
(R1/8864)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
Fusion line
+1 mm
+ 2 mm
Intended notch locations
Figures indicate measured position, mm

(F) indicates notch in weld breaking from
fusion line
Crack tip
COD
mm
1 .2
DD4ES
1 .0
0.8
0.6
0.4
1 .7
0.2
2.6 OF
X
-100
-80
-60
4 X
-40
-20
0
Test temperature, C
O(F)
,6 D
1 2 Ch 3.9
,7
I
20
40
FULL THICKNESS COD RESULTS - Fe510DD, ELECTROSLAG WELD (-50
63
(F)
AF
60
kJ/mm)
FIG. 3.18
(R1/8865)
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
BS4360:50D
[Ate-s
= 50 s]
O
1350C
-80
950C
-ii5oc
1350C
-40
0
+40
+80
+120
Test temperature, C
EFFECT OF PEAK TEMPERATURE IN SIMULATION
5 kJ/mm CYCLE - BS4360:50D
FIG. 3.19(a)
Charpy
impact energy
J
200
160 -
120
1350/950C
V 1350C
-80
-40
0
+40
+80
Test temperature, C
EFFECT OF TEMPERING CYCLE - BS4360:50D
64
+120
FIG. 3.19(b)
(R1/8866)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
Charpy
impact energy
J
O
200r
950C
Fe510DD
[Ate-5 = 50 s]
1150C
r, 1350C
160 -
120
80
1350C
40
_l_
J_
J
+ 120
0
+40
+80
Test temperature, C
5 kJ /mm CYCLE - Fe510DD
-80
-40
FIG. 3.20(a)
Charpy
impact energy
J
200r
160
9 5 0
Fe510DD [At8-s = 50 s]
1350/950C
1350C
120
950C
1350/950C
80
1350C
40
-80
-40
0
+40
+80
Test temperature, C
EFFECT OF TEMPERING CYCLE - Fe510DD
65
+120
FIG. 3.20(b)
(R1/8867)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
Charpy
impact energy
J
200
RQT 500
[Ate-s = 50 s]
160
O
120
950C
11500
V1350C
-40
Charpy
impact energy
J
-0
+40
+80
+120
Test temperature, C
5 kJ/mm CYCLE - RQT 500
FIG. 3.21(a)
200 rRQT 500
[At8_5 = 50 s]
160
V*
120 -
1350/950C
o
-40
+40
+80
950C
1350/950C
950C
+ 120
Test temperature, C
EFFECT OF TEMPERING CYCLE - RQT 500
66
FIG. 3.21(b)
(R1/8868)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
Charpy
impact energy
J
BS4360:50D
200 r
[At 8 - 5 = 20 s]
160
120
1350C
80
40
-80
J_
-40
J_
_L
_L
0
+40
+80
Test temperature, C
J
+ 120
EFFECT OF PEAK TEMPERATURE - 2 kJ/mm CYCLE - BS4360:50D
FIG. 3.22
Charpy
impact energy
200 *
160
950C
1150C
1350C
Fe510DD
[At8_5 = 20 s]
120
80
950C.
<-~-<:
40
1150(
1350C
-80
-40
J_
0
+40
+80
Test temperature, C
-I
+ 120
EFFECT OF PEAK TEMPERATURE - 2 kJ/mm CYCLE - Fe510DD
67
FIG. 3.23
(R1/8869)
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
950C
1150C
1350C
Charpy
impact energy
J
200 _
RQT 500
[At8_5 = 20 s]
160 -
120
950C
80
1350C
40
0 I
L
-80
_L
-40
40
80
120
Test temperature, C
EFFECT OF PEAK TEMPERATURE - 2 kJ/mm CYCLE - RQT 500
68
FIG. 3.24
(R1/8870)
FR 62-10 822
200
200
7210.KA/804
950C
1350C
200
1 150C
200
1350/950C
SIMULATED HAZ MICROSTRUCTURES - BS4360:50D

(Ata-5 = 50 s,approximating
69
FIG. 3.25
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
950C
200
'&,|frt-%>;,' ''.\- >.'> -'" ^ ' ^ v ^
y> -SW - -
:-'-.-..:....' '/.-
-vA'"-l-
' '
.\.-'>;,-. ^
y. *''-;^
i
C*>.' <': ':. ' "il Vi VV'.f.
...
iv,'.' ,,' .r
. ..
&"''/ It
''/*
_tS !' ''.*> .-'v '' '.' 'i
200
'"'
'' * "r*.\V ''' ''',' '/'. "'
'7'
-'svi '
1350C
200
1350/950C
SIMULATED H AZ MICROSTRUCTURES - Fe510DD

(Ata-5 50 s, approximating to a 5 kJ/mm heat input]
70
FIG.
3.26
7210.KA/804
'R 6 2 1 0 822
7> WOT 1 ::'/'- 'v>. ^ ^ ^ / v ^ ' i o - ^ . i ' ^ ' - r V
x 200
950C
1150C
yjf"f .Mly .*:;-V; U-' ; ' ; v > f '-'' '$ &4<

''' ,'fiff/
..'--*
: ,f
' '. /''i-i- : i-.:-*
^','. i, --'----- '->',yl . .' hpjii:'-'--*-;*;?"
- 'f. 'V </-.- , ,. .-.; . . ' , . ^

^^>7;??-.^>.
' i t o.-i "1ii'
'; v* :" ^' J .fi ' ."'; r //* >".-''.t'
L'i ,~-'U:-'^ s.-.:!J >*'&&' : >'? '<r i ' f .' s'-vi-'
v^/f^^'-;."--r ^^;^.^;''^';^<::'*^'^-^,'*
200
x 200
1350C
1350/950C
SIMULATED HAZ MICROSTRUCTURES RQT 500

(At, .s = 50 s, approximating to a 5 kJ/mm heat input)
71
FIG. 3.27
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
7210.KA/804
. ; . ;
200
1. V
1150C
rf
' "$ ,'' ' f '
- s
mrn
V-' - ' >
- -
"
fi
,.*<-' ' . '
ViX *
\'
''':
:) / . ' S
'$:*
w
- : ' - 5 "V
: ..
^ , , ^ . ; * , - ' :.;..?.-..
.
"M-
200
1350C
SIMULATED HAZ MICROSTRUCTURES - B S 4 3 6 0 : 5 0 D

( A t 8 _ 5 = 20 s , a p p r o x i m a t i n g t o a 2 kJ/mm h e a t i n p u t )
72
FIG.
3.28
FR 6 2 - 1 0 822
7210.KA/804
' ^r.j:,1
-..';., ;
^fyyp*^yy
::
y y * - .. '-%> '<. o
'
'' 'c.
.
y - i f l w
-' i
vy,*~ '"'.-yy..; ***<
>-.>--\ '
##
^.jyry- " v y
#&-.
fe#ll
" - " ^ f -
#k>.y-
viv\
- *.}.-. '- '
- f.' :- --,j'i
*-'!*
UM
ÎSS
200
^^^^:y^>y v:^.y/
950C
200
mmmm
Wm
'MWit.
^:
' ^^

$M -mm
r/- -^-i %
ô
1150C
'':>.\::
tj^ V ; *;
200
1350C
SIMULATED HAZ MICROSTRUCTURES Fe510DD

(At8_5 = 20 s, approximating to a 2 kJ/mm heat input)
73
FIG. 3.29
FR 6 2 - 1 0 822
. i v
7210.KA/804
. ,,...: > : . - .% : /
.<-*>''".!.-.,-'
- ,
y y y y '-.:.y^;>"-':,''y f -' .. >. ::

^v ; yy^yr_,:.;?;y.;.-y":::yv ^ y y y ,V/;.,,
-.'' ' - '"
'"-* '
:*WNPs^!i
'-,'V,.-. .! <,. . ' . v'*.> - . V '
-'.'-'.':'',.V'" Vy "-> ''<'- *.,''""'''1-.
'
'
"
'
.'
'
'
' . . .
'
'
'
'
' vi'/';'''' y y v i ' ' ^ y y ^ n ,"'" V' ''' ''&' ':." : . : ; .-

.-/.,.
f-1/.-; ..'.,. ',
', . i ' * > j j y *

' '*' . ; " .'" ; '
'-'
y y w v y.yyv
c .'.
::-'-fy^,
yjisyiii
:y/:y>bV^' yy; , Jr >'. yjyyy yy., ; y. -
fi
Y-:-
./.,
;C<'-T--'"-.i*"-W".V'''Vr'' ? * . '*r.V ?>
tt y%,-^;"*&& mWr"
x 200
950C
x 200
y'^yyryy
1150C
.Si
!
f y > ' 'y-:%<, .'iy.- ^ ^
'-'..., .
'.XV
aSf%
y;
.' ~ ' \ '
>*:
<-iy:'-V;S
x 200
(At8-5
1350C
SIMULATED HAZ MICROSTRUCTURES - RQT 5 0 0

= 2 0 s , a p p r o x i m a t i n g t o a 2 kJ/mm h e t i n p u t )
74
FIG.
3.30
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
4.
GENERAL DISCUSSION
4.1
Appraisal of Test Methods
The relative mertis of a particular type of test can be assessed on the basis
of :Complexity of specimen preparation and test method.
Cost, which will affect the ability to replicate
the tests.
Reproducibility of results and sources of error.
Relevance to fitness for purpose in the practical
situation.
The use of the Charpy test, with notches located in the HAZ, has the advantages
of firstly, being a cheap test, which allows the cost of large numbers of test
pieces to be accommodated, and, secondly, making use of a widely available test
machine, familiar to most operators, without any change in the test method.
The only complexity which is introduced is the macroetching of the specimen in
the machined blank and scribing of the notch position to be used.
The
accuracy of the location of the final notch will then depend on the skill of
the machinist.
Some of the reservations regarding the results obtained are
applicable to Charpy testing as a whole:The absorbed energy value obtained is made up from
initiation and propagation components, in proportions
which vary from steel to steel and with position on
the transition curve, whereas fracture initiation
resistance is the parameter of interest in most
fabrications.
The notch is blunt, relative to the sharp defects
which must be tolerated in the welded structure.
The strain rate is high, compared with most practical
patterns of stress distribution.
The small specimen size only samples part of the
joint, as a whole.
An additional problem in the HAZ specimen is the difficulty of ensuring that
all the material involved in the fracture, and, hence, contributing to absorbed
energy, is relatively homogeneous.
This is somewhat easier in K weld
specimens, but, particularly in the upper part of the transition curve, the
process volume involved is large enough to enable areas outside the zone of
interest to, for instance, absorb energy by ductile deformation and distort the
results or reduce test sensitivity.
Acceptable levels of HAZ impact energy, for a particular application, are
difficult to define, as, indeed, is also true for the parent material
properties.
The Charpy test does not lend itself to mathematical analysis.
If tests are replicated sufficiently, there would appear to be a normal
distribution curve of results in parent material.
When the scatter introduced
by slight variations in notch location and fracture path, particularly in
narrow low heat input welds, is compounded with the natural inhomogeneity of
HAZ's (see Section 1.1) and the distribution of properties in the initial
steel, it is obviously unwise to accept or reject a material/weld procedure
combination on the basis of a small number of test results. The test,
nevertheless, as shown in Figs. 3.1-3.6, could rank materials in the same order
as more expensive test methods and differentiate between heat input levels and
notch positions, particularly on the wider HAZ's and those of flat profile (K,
ES) .
Many of the above observations are also true for the 10 mm square COD tests.
The specimen size is small, and therefore cheap to machine and consuming little
weld material, but also only samples a small part of the HAZ.
Testing,
75
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
however, involves the full complexity of COD testing, requiring machines

capable of accommodating small specimen sizes, for fatigue and fracture, with a
cryostat which can maintain a very constant environment, because of the low
thermal inertia of the specimen. In addition, a high speed notching machine,
capable of cutting the 0.15 mm pre-notches, is necessary. Control of the
fatigue extension of the prenotch caused some problems in practice, because of
the fine control of fatigue load required and the short length of fatigue crack
which was acceptable according to BS5762.
The results obtained have the mechanical advantage of relating purely to
fracture initiation.
The size effect in COD testing means that COD results
obtained in sub-size specimens can not be scaled up to full thickness.
The
small remaining ligament also limits the measurement capacity of the specimen,
for 6 , before maximum load COD behaviour intervenes.
Sub-size COD tests have been shown to be capable of ranking materials and notch
positions, but with, in many instances, a large scatter in results.
It is
probably best suited to application as a research technique, in situations
where a limited amount of weld is available for evaluation.
Figure 4.1 plots the Charpy 41 J ITT and 0.1 mm COD TT for 10 10 mm
specimens, in test welds from BS4360:50D (D4) and Fe510DD (DD4).
A linear
relationship, although with considerable scatter, can be observed for each
steel, separately. This would appear to illustrate the point made earlier,
regarding the effects of basic differences between Charpy test energy
(initiation and propagation components, notch acuity, loading rate) and COD
values. The differing slopes of the two lines suggests that the steels differ
in the notch and strain rate sensitivities, with constant specimen geometry.
Again, in common with many previous studies, the conclusion must be that
correlations between Charpy and COD tests will be specific to a given material,
and will not be generally valid.
Full thickness COD testing has been progressively developed over the last
decade, and, in combination with various methods for evaluating the defect
tolerance of welds, over a wide range of service conditions, has been widely
used to assess the serviceability of steels and weld metals, with an acceptable
degree of conservatism.
It is now well appreciated that, to give results
capable of being applied to practical situations, tests must be carried out in
full section thickness, and, for weld tests, on welds which duplicate, as
closely as possible, the welds to be used in the actual structure.
The
difficulties of extending this experience into the HAZ regime are almost
entirely related to the placing of the notch in the area of interest.
The
difficulites aret
ta)
Attempting to align the notch so as to sample as
homogeneous a region as possible over the full
plate thickness.
This is obviously more difficult
in full size rather than sub-size specimens.
It
is often necessary to accept correct placement in
the centre of the thickness, where the triaxial
stress system is most severe, and accept progressive
deviations towards the plate surfaces.
In bevelled
welds, of course, a low sensitivity to HAZ variations
is inevitable.
(b)
Misplacement of the notch due to machining variability,

or variation of weld shape and/or alignment, from the
edge of the specimen, where the notch position is
marked, to the centre of the specimen where the final
fatigue crack tip will be located.
Low heat inputs
and, therefore, narrow HAZ's, will exacerbate this
problem.
(c)
Progressive deviation of the fatigue crack as it grows,

from hard HAZ structures to regions of lower strength.
Minimal crack extensions, within the requirements of
BS5762, are advisable.
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The need to section and examine specimens microscopically to determine the

final notch position increases the overall cost of testing.
Examination of
Fig. 3.17, will show the differences which can occur between aim and actual
notch tip positions.
In the analysis of the results, the prime difficulty is a lack of knowledge of
the effective yield strength to assign to the HAZ, since its narrow and
inhomogeneous nature prevents any direct measurement.
4.2
Relevance of Simulative Studies
The tests carried out on simulated structures showed great potential

applicability as a research technique.
Firstly, useful volumes of material,
typical of differing regions in the HAZ, could be easily generated, for
microscopic study or for sub-size test pieces.
Valuable insights into
material behaviour could be gained, under somewhat simplified conditions, such
as the effect of lower heat input, causing poorer properties, with subsequent
improvement due to the higher number of tempering runs necessary for completion
of a joint of given thickness.
Once the necessary equipment is available, a large number of samples, relating
to different heat inputs, tempering conditions and materials, can be quickly
generated.
Two main limitations restrict direct applicability to real welds:(a)
The small specimen size.
(b)
The impossibility of synthesising the

composite effect of parent plate, weld
metal and the continuum of HAZ structures
and properties.
Materials can be ranked in a sensitive fashion and the relative merit of minor
variations in chemical composition assessed.
4.3
Effect of Steel Grade on Results Obtained
The results of the wide plate tests showed that, at temperatures as low as
-40C, the three chosen steel grades were capable of being stressed up to
yield, with large amounts of overall strain, in the presence of 9 mm deep HAZ
surface defects, before failure took place, at least in a butt weld situation.
These are very severe service temperature and stress conditions, compared with
the vast majority of structural applications.
The Charpy impact toughness performance (Tables 3.2-3.6) varied markedly from
steel to steel.
BS4360:50D exhibited 41 J impact transition temperatures of
-45, -90 and -60C (transverse, TL) in the 25, 40 and 60 mm plates
respectively.
In the multirun welds, the highest 41 J ITT's observed in the
HAZ were -25 and -55C in the 25 and 40 mm samples.
No multirun weld was
carried out on 60 mm plate.
In the 40 mm Fe510DD plate, the parent plate 41 J ITT was -55C with a maximum
degradation to 0C (DD4K5).
The most probable cause of the inferior
performance was the relatively high CEV (0.5%, cf 0.4% in 50D and RQT 500).
The RQT 500 sample plates at 25 and 40 mm thick gave initial plate 41 J ITT's
of -60 and -90C respectively, with maximum multirun values of -10 and -35C.
The tests on electroslag welds, as expected, showed massive degrees of
degradation, 41 J ITT's rising to within the +10/55C range, over the FL - 3 mm
region.
There was little systematic difference between steels, although the
40 and 25 mm 50D samples were toward the lower end, and the 40 mm Fe510DD and
RQT 500 towards the upper end of the above range.
The mean values of the 41 J ITT's in the multirun welds should be acceptable to
most in-house specifications of HAZ requirements, but the scatter involved,
particularly where the parent steel scatter was high (40 mm 50D, RQT 500) might
give rise to individual low values, which could cause problems, depending on
the detailed wording of the specification, particularly with respect to
permission to retest.
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The results from the full thickness COD tests (Table 3.9) show similar trends.
The 0.25 mm COD level chosen as the comparison parameter is sufficient to
tolerate sizeable cracks under stringent service stresses and was specified for
a number of North Sea operating platforms, at the minimum service temperature
of -10C.
As in the Charpy test results, the 50D 40 mm plate behaved
particularly well, with a low 0.25 mm COD transition temperature and lower TT
shifts than the Fe510DD and RQT 500 40 mm plate welds. The 25 mm thick 50D
showed a greater degree of degradation in the 5 kJ/mm weld than the 40 mm
plate, presumably due to the effect of the lower heat sink and, hence, longer
times at high temperature, for a given energy input.
Additionally, the number
of runs in the joint was lower, giving a reduced tempering effect.
Throughout all of the tests, there was a general adverse effect of the
relatively high CEV of the Fe510DD plate. It is difficult to assess the
relative merits of the straight A1N grain refinement approach used in this
steel compared with the Nb(CN) grain refinement in the other two grades,
because of this factor.
Any assessment must hinge on the question of whether,
in more general terms, it is possible to obtain the necessary combination of
impact toughness and, particularly, tensile strength level, in thick plates,
without resorting to carbon equivalents of this sort of level. The economics
of fabricating these grades will be extremely sensitive to CEV, since this will
control the degree of preheat required and the maximum heat input which can be
used, whilst avoiding the occurrence of HAZ hydrogen cracking and unacceptable
levels of HAZ toughness degradation. Certainly, the 50D sample plates gave
attractive combinations of properties at lower CEV levels.
The roller quenching and tempering of the 50D type CMnAlNb composition allowed
the yield strength levels to be raised by about 150 N/mm2, in RQT 500, without
detriment to impact toughness or fracture toughness parameters, at CEV levels
which did not introduce any welding problems.
There was some indication in
the K welded COD tests, Table 3.9(c), of greater sensitivity of properties to
HAZ degradation compared with the two normalised grades, but insufficient
information overall to relate this to either the inherited effect of the
initial microstructure or the higher strength level.
All of the tests ranked the 40 mm plates in the same order (50D - RQT 500 Fe510DD) and, in general, the performance even at heat inputs of 5 kJ/mm was
acceptable for most structural purposes. The wide plate results showed that,
in the presence of a 9 mm deep surface defect, the steels could be stressed up
to about plate yield level, even in RQT 500, before failure occurred after
considerable overall strain.
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FR 62-10 822
K weld
50D
Fe510DD
Single V
ES
Charpy V
41 J ITT
C
50 _
Open symbols = subsurface

Solid symbols = root
3fc Parent plate
-50
100
150
-100
-50
0.1 mm TT (10 10 mm C O D ) , C C
COMPARISON OF CH ARPY V AND 10 mm SQUARE

COD TRANSITION TEMPERATURES
79
FIG. 4.1
(R1/8871
FR 62-10 822
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5.
CONCLUSIONS
1.
An assessment of the available toughness test methods for heat

affected zones showed that:-
(a)
The Charpy test has the advantages of consuming

small amounts of test material and using well
understood and widely available test machines,
but the disadvantages of the basic test, related
to unrealistic notch acuities and loading rates,
restricted ability for subsequent mathematical
analysis of results, and sampling effects due to
the small specimen size, limits the ability to
relate Charpy impact energies to the requirements
of a particular application, especially where no
service history exists.
(b)
The 10 10 mm COD tests, which were carried out

to give results free of the confusing propagation
effects which contribute to Charpy test results,
suffered from the same sample size problems, but
ranked the steels in the same order.
The test
is more complex than the Charpy test, but is more
realistic with respect to notch acuity and loading
rate.
It again uses little of the available
material, which may be of importance in development
work, and is best suited for use as a research
technique.
Because of the small ligament size,
the measurement capacity for COD, before maximum
load behaviour intervenes, is limited.
(c)
The full thickness COD test is in common use for

parent materials and weld metals and its extension
to HAZ testing introduces complications only with
respect to the correct placement of the notch. In
spite of ideal laboratory conditions, it proved
difficult in many cases to site cracks correctly,
particularly close to the fusion boundary.
Potential causes include differences in weld shape,
particularly due to slight variability in penetration
between the edge, where the notch position is marked
and the centre, where the tip of the fatigue crack
will locate.
There is also a tendency for fatigue
cracks to deviate away from the fusion boundary
towards softer material.
(d)
Problems were experienced in all tests, due to scatter

in results, which in many cases prevented an assessment
of the effect of notch position on properties.
This
effect was most marked in the sample plates showing
scatter in the as-delivered condition.
2.
Two normalised steels were tested - BS4360:50D and Euronorm 25-72

Fe510DD, which have very similar minimum guarantee tensile and
Charpy impact test properties. With respect to the 40 mm plates
on which the majority of testing was carried out, the CMnAlNb 50D
plate had a carbon equivalent value of 0.40%, and the CMnAl
Fe510DD, a CEV of 0.50%. This resulted in better as-received
toughness in 50D, as measured by all the types of test, and
reduced sensitivity to weld energy input. Simulative work showed
that this effect arose from compositional effects, and could be
clearly seen after programmed cooling from a range of
austenitising temperatures.
3.
A BSC proprietary roller-quenched and tempered steel, RQT 500, for

which CMnAlNb 50D type feedstock is used, was also tested.
Excellent as-received properties were obtained, at a yield
strength of _500 N/mm 2 and a CEV, again, of 0.40%. The properties
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in the welded condition fell between those for 50D and Fe510DD, in
line with the respective as-received toughnesses.
4.
In wide plate tests on 40 mm plate, containing 9 mm deep surface

fatigue cracks, situated in the HAZ of the 5 kJ/mm K welds, all
of the steels gave satisfactory results, at -40C, with failure
stresses around yield level, and overall failure strains of
between 1.0 and 7.7 .
The failure strains reflected the rank
order obtained from small scale tests.
5.
Analysis of the wide plate data and full thickness COD test
results on the basis of PD6493, where it proved possible to
isolate relevant COD values, showed that prediction of critical
sizes from COD data was possible with safety factors of 2-3, in
line with experience on analysis of weld metal defects.
6.
The work carried out on 10 10 mm cross section simulated HAZ

specimens, although limited, showed potential for research
applications. The production of homogeneous specimens
corresponding to positions 0.5, 1 and 2 mm from the fusion
boundary, by imposing thermal cycles with peak temperatures of
950, 1150 and 1350C and cooling rates corresponding to 2 and 5
kJ/mm welds, demonstrated the basic differences in response of the
three steels, the results obtained ranking the steels in the same
order as the tests on real welds. The effect of the faster
cooling rate, in the 2 kJ/mm cycle, on the properties obtained,
the severity of which depended on CEV, leads to the conclusion
that the better properties obtained in practice, in such welds, is
due to the greater number of passes used, and hence more effective
tempering, and/or the restricted HAZ width, with the possibility
of support for the narrow embrittled regions by tougher material
in close proximity.
There is little possibility of extending
simulative work to real welds, in a quantitative fashion, because
of the limited section size, and the difficulty of synthesising
the behaviour of the continuum of structures from properties at
individual positions in the HAZ.
Nevertheless, valuable
understanding of the effects of changes in composition and thermal
treatment can be obtained rapidly.
7.
A body of thermal cycle data, given in Appendix 1, was generated

by means of thermocouples embedded in the HAZ's of the 40 mm test
welds. The results were shown to agree well with published data,
although changes to some of the physical constants used are
suggested.
6.
REFERENCES
1.1
Dolby, R.E., Weld. Inst. Research Report 11/1976/M.
1.2
Dolby, R.E. and Saunders, G.G., Met. Constr., _4, No. 5,

1972, pp 85-90.
1.3
Banks, E., Weld. J. Res. Suppl., _52, May 1972, pp 299s.
1.4
Coe, F.R., 'Welding Steels without Hydrogen Cracking',

Welding Institute, 1973.
1.5
BS5135 : 1974, 'Specification for Metal-Arc Welding of C and

C-Mn Steels', British Standards Institute.
1.6
Published Document PD6493 : 1980, 'Guidance on some Methods for

the Derivation of Acceptance Levels for Defects in Fusion Welded
Joints', British Standards Institute.
1.7
Pisarski, H.G. and Harrison, J.D., Select Seminar, European

Offshore Steels Research, Nov. 1978, UK Dept. of Energy.
1.8
Morigaki, O., et al, IIW Doc. XII-B-163-74.
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1.9
ERIW Sponsor Group Project 5511.
1.10
British Patent No. 1344875, High Tensile Strength and Processes

for Producing the Same, Nippon Steel Co., (April 1971).
2.1
Archer, G.L., Weld. Inst. Sponsor Group Project.
2.2
Garland, J.G. and Kirkwood, P.R., Met. Constr., 1975, ]_, No. 5,
pp 275-283, No. 6, pp 320-330.
2.3
BS5762 : 1979 'Methods for Crack Opening Displacement (COD)

Testing, British Standards Institute.
3.1
Cochrane, R.C. et al,
3.2
Webster, S. et al, BSC Research Report SH/PT/8239/-/78/B,

Aug. 1978.
Weld. Met. Fabr., 1976, _4, No. 6.
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APPENDIX 1
WELD POOL AND HAZ THERMOMETRY - 40 mm PLATES
ECSC PROJECT NO 7210.KA/804
CONTENTS
Page
1
INTRODUCTION
PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES
ECSC PROJECT, 40 mm PLATE MATERIAL, WELD PROCESSES

AND WELD PREPARATION TYPES
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3
3
4
4
PROCEDURE
4.1
4.2
5
Trial Welds
Full Size Test Panels
RESULTS
5 .1
Basic Data
5.2
Data Analysis and Presentation of Results
THEORY OF HEAT FLOW IN WELDED JOINTS
6.1
6.2
General
Weld Pool Cooling Times
6
6
6.3
Peak Temperature Distribution Across the HAZ Region
6.3.1 Weld Bead Diameter
6.4
7
Outline Programme
Plate Materials
Weld Preparation Types
Weld Processes and Energy Inputs
Retention Times at 1050C
10
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND COMPARISON BETWEEN

EXPERIMENT AND THEORY
10
7.1
Weld Pool and HAZ Cooling Times
10
7.1.1
7.1.2
Sub-Arc Welds
Modification to Theory
10
12
7.1.3
Electro-Slag Weld
12
7.2
Peak Temperature Distribution across the HAZ Region 12

7.2.1
7.2.2
Sub-Arc, 2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm Welds

83
Electro-Slag Welds
12
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Page
7.3
Retention Times above 1050C

7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
Sub Arc Welds

Electro Slag Welds (~50kJ/mm)
General
13
13
14
RELEVANCE OF DATA FOR SIMULATION WORK
14
8.1
8.2
14
15
40 mm Plates
Other Plate Thicknesses and Energy Inputs
CONCLUSIONS
15
TABLES
FIGURES
APPENDICES
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WELD POOL AND HAZ THERMOMETRY - 40 mm PLATES

ECSC PROJECT NO 7210.KA/804
INTRODUCTION
Microstructural transformations taking place in the heataffected zone (HAZ) of a welded joint depend almost entirely
on the response of the particular steel to the actual welding
thermal history experienced locally in that region. Regions
near or along the fusion line may experience peak
temperatures that are far above the austenitisation range and
upon cooling and transformation will have completely altered
the parent steel microstructure. As such, the mechanical
properties of the HAZ are then controlled by such
metallurgical changes which are in turn a function of the
thermal history experienced during welding.
While toughness degradation in the HAZ is a widely accepted
and appreciated occurrence, the uncertainties associated with
the significance of this narrow region (often only a few
millimetres wide) on the overall integrity of the welded
steel joint have led offshore structural steel designers to
follow extreme conservatism in the specification of HAZ
toughness requirements. This places stringent and often
unrealistic demands on the steel manufacturer's products to
meet such specifications, and quite often lower and more
uneconomic welding heat inputs have to be adopted in
fabrication procedures' 1 '.
An ECSC supported research programme is currently in progress
to examine critically the methods available for the toughness
measurement of the HAZ of structural steels' 2'.
The work
will also allow a rational assessment of current statutory
tests and the relevance of the specified test levels. One
aspect of the programme is reported here and deals
essentially with the measurement of actual HAZ thermal cycles
through the use of thermocouples embedded in the parent plate
at positions close to the fusion boundary. A previous
report( 3^ dealt with the measurement of weld pool cooling
cycles, using a harpoon monitor, but this technique has
limitations, despite its ease of use, in that neither peak
temperatures or retention times are measured, both of which
have a bearing on the ultimate microstructure of the HAZ
region. The buried thermocouple can do this and is also able
to record the complete thermal history of a point in the HAZ
during multi-run welds, providing essential data for
simulation of HAZ microsturctures in the laboratory followed
by small scale tests of strength, impact and toughness levels
of the various steel types without actually producing real
welds.
In this report both HAZ and weld pool cooling times are
included and compared with each other and with theory,
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FR 62-10 822
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together with the additional data on the relationship between

retention times and peak temperatures and on variation of
peak temperatures and cooling times across the HAZ region of
the parent plate.
PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES
A workable technique had to be devised and tested for
implanting thermocouples in the HAZ region of the parent
plate at such a depth that would enable the recording of
thermal cycles from both preceding, adjacent and succeeding
weld runs with a reasonable thermocouple spacing from the
fusion boundary into the first 4 mm approx of the parent
plate HAZ region.
The solution adopted is detailed below and is essentially a
compromise between the need to minimise disturbance to the
heat flow in the HAZ and the necessity for an effective and
robust technique for satisfactory installation in the large
and unwieldy (2.5 m 700 mm) test panels and for optimum
life of the thermocouples during repeated passes of the weld
head.
The technique involved drilling 3 mm diameter holes from the
back surface of the plate using the drilling jig shown in
Figure 1 to accurately position the base of the hole at the
required depth behind the machined plate edge preparation.
Using a capacitive discharge spot welder it was originally
intended to fuse the two elements of the platinum/platinum,
13% rhodium thermocouple wires to the base of the hole by
feeding them each in turn down the twin bore alumina
insulator until contact was made with the plate, the
resulting electrical discharge producing a spot weld.
However, because of the high voltage (up to 400 volts), but
low current, required for this technique to work with the
small, 0.15 mm diameter high resistance thermocouple wires,
it was necessary for safety reasons to use a low voltage
discharge with similar energy levels which in turn meant that
a low resistance electrode had to be got down the hole
together with the thermocouple wires and insulators. This
was achieved with the tubular brass electrode shown in Figure
2, and had the advantage that direct pressure could be
applied to the two twisted thermocouple wires giving a more
positive bond with the plate. After welding the electrode
was carefully withdrawn and the thermocouple wires connected
to compensating leads via an insulated terminal block.
Six thermocouples were considered to be the optimum number,
spaced at 0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 mm from the fusion
boundary as determined by short trial welds. It was fairly
common to lose the closest thermocouple due to molten metal
breakthrough, but the spacing was such that the second
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thermocouple would provide data close to the fusion boundary,

Output from the buried thermocouples was recorded on a six
pen chart recorder having an effective response time of 0.2
seconds for the maximum signal levels experienced. This was
more than adequate for the task and allowed the keeping of a
permanent record of each T/C trace for each weld run for
subsequent analysis of cooling times, peak temperatures and
retention times.
ECSC PROJECT, 40 mm PLATE MATERIAL, WELD PROCESSES
AND PREPARATION TYPES
3.1
Outline Programme
The programme of test welds on 40 mm plates for the ECSC

project is shown in Table 1, and contains the reference
number of each weld made. A decision was taken at an early
stage that it would be unrealistic to monitor all HAZ thermal
cycles on each weld and therefore only two out of the three
steels in each weld energy, weld preparation combination have
been monitored, as it was felt that any variation in thermal
cooling performance between material types would be of less
significance than variations between heat inputs, and weld
preparation details. This is not to say that the
metallurgical significance of the thermal cycle would be the
same for each steel, but that any difference in actual
cooling cycles due to slight variation in thermal
conductivity, specific heat etc, will be swamped by scatter
in the experimental results.
3 .2
Plate Materials
The ECSC programme covers three high strength steel types,

a)
FE510-DD (Euronorm 25-72), without niobium but

aluminium killed.
b)
BS4360:50D, an aluminium killed steel, niobium grain

refined, of equivalent minimum guaranteed tensile and
toughness properties.
c)
RQT 500, a BSC proprietary quenched and tempered steel,

having a similar composition to BS4360:50D but higher
guaranteed tensile and impact energy levels.
These steels are all of interest in relation to welded

fabrications particularly in regard to the stringent
specification of HAZ toughness levels by some clients and
classification authorities.
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FR 62-10 822
3.3
7210.KA/804
Weld Preparation Types
Three different weld preparations have been used for each

energy input and steel combination (K Preparation, Single and
Double Vee), each of these having their own particular
advantages or disadvantages in ease of positioning notched
specimens in the HAZ region of actual welds. For thermometry
purposes, it is generally acknowledged that the form of the
weld preparation (geometry), together with the position of a
particular weld bead in the preparation, can have an effect
on the heat flow characteristics into the parent plate' 5 ) ,
thus affecting the metallurgical properties in the HAZ
region. This will be more noticeable with the initial root
runs and should have disappeared by the time the preparation
is partially filled. Since the buried thermocouples were
positioned at approximately 2/3 of the plate thickness in
order to monitor the build-up of temperature due to
preceding, as well as succeeding weld runs, this effect will
not be too noticeable and is ignored for the purpose of this
report. It is hoped, however, that further analysis of the
weld harpoon results against run position for each weld
preparation will provide some later correlation with theory.
3.4
Weld Processes and Nominal Energy Inputs
Apart from the Electro-slag welds only two heat inputs were
used, namely 2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm. The smaller heat input was
originally intended to be made by manual metal arc, but in
the interests of weld bead uniformity, especially when
considering a 2.5 metre long test weld, welds at both heat
inputs were made using the submerged arc technique. For the
Electro-slag process a nominal heat input of 50 kJ/mm was
aimed for. Weld parameters are shown in Table 2.
It was originally expected that both the 2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm
welds would be subjected to three-dimensional heat flow
conditions, but, as will be shown later, the 5 kJ/mm was
subsequently found to be two-dimensional in practice,
necessitating a reappraisal of the physical constants used in
the theory.
PROCEDURE
4.1
Trial Welds
Short trial welds were made to determine the best run

sequence, weld head tilt angle etc. In most cases these were
also fitted with buried thermocouples to determine the
optimum spacing of the holes, both longitudinally along the
weld, and laterally away from the fusion boundary. It was
also necessary to determine the average penetration of the
weld into the side wall of the parent plate. Where these
trial welds were successful the results have been included in
this report.
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From these trials it was deduced that the optimum

longitudinal spacing of the six thermocouple holes was
20-25 mm, against the 12.5 mm spacing originally planned.
Micro sections of the initial trial welds revealed that at
12.5 mm spacing, breakthrough of weld metal into a
thermocouple hole would divert the weld bead sufficiently to
break into most subsequent thermocouple holes, whereas at
20 mm spacing the weld bead had recovered its original line,
giving less chance of further breakthrough and consequent
destruction of the thermocouples.
4.2
Full Size Test Panels
As previously mentioned these were 2.5 m long by 0.7 m wide

by 40 mm thick. The buried thermocouples were grouped
together in a 150 mm long section approximately half way
along the panels with most of the reminder of the panel being
allocated for Charpy, tensile and full-size or sub-standard
COD specimens.
The 3 mm dia holes for the thermocouples were drilled before
securing the two halves of the test panel together by MMA
root runs. Strongbacks were also used to avoid distortion in
the test panels during welding since a balanced welding
technique could not be used on the double-sided K preparation
and double vee preparation welds due to the presence of the
fragile thermocouple connections.
The thermocouples were connected to a six pen recorder using
compensating cables and observing correct polarity, (this was
checked before welding commenced during the application of
the required preheat to the plates).
As many weld runs as possible were monitored on each test
panel using both the buried thermocouples and the weld
harpoon monitor. The results were analysed from the chart
recordings knowing the calibration curve for the t/c output
and the chart speed.
RESULTS
5.1
Basic Data
The data from all HAZ monitored welds are shown in tabular
form in Appendix A and typical HAZ thermal cycles are shown
in Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 for 2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm single vee
welds and 'single-run all thermocouples' and 'multi-run
single thermocouple' combinations.
5.2
Data Analysis and Presentation of Results
The majority of the data has been reduced by computer

analysis into linear regressions of one variable against
89
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
another, i.e, HAZ delta t8/5 versus interpass temperatures,

with theory lines superimposed for comparison.
Generally speaking, because of the dependence of both actual
and theoretical cooling times on the measured interpass
temperatures, this latter has been taken as the controlling
variable. This also has advantages in that since some HAZ
cooling times were taken on weld runs without valid harpoon
results, then the interpass temperature provides the common
ground for comparison.
In order to estimate whether the data used are valid i.e, HAZ
cooling times cover the same range of interpass temperatures
as the harpoon data for each heat input, the histograms in
Appendix have been produced. Bl, B2, B3, and B4. Note
that the mean interpass temperatures for both 2 kJ/mm and
5 kJ/mm heat inputs and for HAZ and harpoon measurements are
all very close to 150C, giving confidence in the sampling.
Wherever possible, comparison has been made with theory
especially as regards cooling times and peak temperature
distributions across the HAZ, together with the variation of
retention times (Rt>1050) against peak temperature.
THEORY OF HEAT FLOW IN WELDED JOINTS
6.1
General
Conventional heat flow theory in welding recognises two basic

conditions, the first occurs where the size of the weld bead
(or energy input level) is small in relation to the plate
thickness, allowing heat conduction down through the plate
thickness or weld as well as sideways into the surrounding
plate material. This is known as three-dimensional heat
flow (3D) and, as will be explained later, is really only
valid for a finite period in a plate of finite thickness or
width.
The second condition occurs where the size of the weld bead
is relatively large compared to the plate thickness, allowing
only lateral heat flow into the surrounding plate and is
defined as two-dimensional heat flow (2D).
6.2
Weld Pool Cooling Times
The mathematical theory relating weld pool cooling times

between 800C and 500C (At8/5) to energy input, plate
thickness and interpass temperatures has been covered in the
previous report( 3) on the weld harpoon technique, and it was
shown that for both two and three dimensional heat flow, good
correlation was obtained between practical weld pool cooling
times and theory according to Uwer and Degenkolbe' 5 ) .
90
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
The relevant equations are expressed here:F o r 3D c o o l i n g ,
A t 8 / 5 = K3.E.
F o r 2D c o o l i n g ,
At 8 / 5 = 2 E J [ ( 5 0 ( _ |
Critical plate thickness, d c =
where 3
0 = - =
2
2
and 2 =
5Q
_To
- O^To
J5QQ_TO
(__
....(D
)2 1
(800-To)
+
80J_To)
...(2)
....(3)
...(4)
K
^
_
2/
....(5)
3 7 and 2 / are constants for a particular steel for 3-D and

2-D cooling respectively and are given values in Uwer and
Degenkolbe of 6,500 S. mm. C and 400 10 6 S.mm\C 2
kJ
k J2
respectively for Grade 50 type steels.
E
Calculated Energy Input
To =
Interpass Temperature
Actual Plate Thickness
Critical Plate Thickness (d>d then 3D conditions prevail)

(d<d c then 2D conditions prevail)
Thermal Efficiency of the Weld Process
Density of the Steel
=
Thermal Conductivity
C =
Specific Heat
The critical plate thickness for the 2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm S.A.
welds is shown in Figure 7a and the tables of experimental
data in Appendix A include a column of calculated (weld pool)
At8/5 values for comparison purposes, (assuming 3-D and 2-D
heat flow respectively).
Note that Uwer and Degenkolbe refer only to two dimensional
or three dimensional heat flow with no transitional region,
whereas others, notably A.W.S.' 7 ^, Bernard and Prudhomme'8'
and Kohno and Jones' 1 ' recognise a definite region where
91
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
heat flow is neither wholly 3-D nor 2-D. The relevance of

this will be discussed later after consideration of the
experimental results.
6.3
The main reference for the theory is that due to Paley, Lynch
and Adams' 9 ', which gives a formula based on heat conduction
into a thick plate from a single weld bead remote from the
plate edge.
(3-D heat flow)
1.36ip c p (r 2 - r 2
i.e
1
-
p o
where r =
r
-
m o
radius of point of interest from the
centre of the weld bead
....(6)
radius of the weld bead
It can be shown that r

where D
- r
= D
(2r+D)
distance of point from fusion boundary
hence (6) becomes:

1 .36
-
p o
Cp.D.
(2r + D)
-
m o
where
Peak temperature at point of interest
Interpass temperature
.... (7)
= Fusion boundary temperature - 1550C

One problem with this formula is that one must have a value
for p.Cp which must of necessity be an average value since
both these properties change with temperature and cooling
rate.
Going back to Uwer and Degenholbe (6) we find that
2/
3'
1
2 pCp
and inserting the values given for Grade 50 strength steel we

have
1
2pCp
..
0.04
0.65
Cm3oc
J
Cp = 8.13 J/Cm 3 .c
o>o6i5
w.wUx_,
= 0.008 j/mm 3 C
92
....(8)
(9)
FR 6210 822
7210.KA/804
i.e. this is the value which has previously been shown to

give good agreement with our harpoon results' 3 ) and has
initially been used to produce the theoretical results in
this report also.
(Note that Kohno and Jones( 1 0 ) and I R S I D ( 1 X ) all give values
for p.Cp = 0.005 J/mm 3 C. It seems likely that 0.005 is a
more realistic average value after considering transformation
data from Swinden Laboratories' 1 2 ' for 0.4% carbon steel over
a realistic cooling range, and indeed it will be shown that
this latter figure is more appropriate.
Equation 7 also requires the diameter of the actual weld bead
and this must be measured from a macrosection of the weld,
especially difficult in a multirun situation, since the
shape of the weld bead usually alters as the weld preparation
is filled up. i.e. The root runs are generally deeper and
Ushaped, whereas the capping runs tend towards the flatter,
reentrant, type of profile.
For full penetration, single run welds, (2D heat flow), it
is possible to formulate an equation which does not require
the weld bead diameter. The AWS Handbook( 7' gives a formula
by Adams' 1 3 ' and this has been used for the 5 kJ/mm and
electroslag welds,
i.e.
D t
t cp
Cp [2
D
\ -ne
l
TpTo
4.13
Cp.D.t
TmTo
1
TmTo
....(10)
A similar expression can be found in reference

heat flow,
2lTe
i.e.
TpTo
(13) for 3D
,PCP [ 22 + m2 )2] + TmTo

-
where V
Welding speed in mm/sec
Thermal diffusivity
p.Cp
but this equation gives wrong answers at the fusion boundary,

(i.e. when D = O, Tp should equal Tm) and this must be why
Adams has not included it in, the later, AWS Handbook^ 7'.
6.3.1
Weld B ead Diameter
Since weld bead diameter is a function of weld bead shape

which is itself dependent on weld preparation geometry,
93
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
position in weld preparation, welding speed and energy

input' 14', it was easiest to measure the actual diameter from
macro-sections of the completed weld for inclusion in
equation 7. This was only required for the 2 kJ/mm welds
(3-D heat flow) and came out to an average value of 12 mm
with, fortunately, a semi-circular profile at or near the
depth of the buried thermocouples.
6.4
Retention Time at 1050C
The basis for comparison with our experimental results is

that due to Defourny and Bragard' lb' which only gives the
retention time at the fusion boundary (where Tp = Tm) and not
at other positions in the HAZ as we have measured.
i.e.
5.0 second at 1520C for 2 kJ/mm welds, and

11.5 second at 1520C for 5 kJ/mm welds.
No suitable theory was found for the electro-slag welds with

their higher energy input and reduced thermal efficiency.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERIMENT
AND THEORY
7.1
Weld Pool and HAZ Cooling Times
7.1.1
Sub-Arc Welds
The weld pool and HAZ cooling times (At/8/5) for the 2 kJ/mm
welds are shown in Figures 8 and 9 respectively, with the
theory times superimposed. It can be seen that although the
scatter is fairly wide there is good agreement between the
regression line and theory according to Uwer & Degenholbe
with no significant difference between weld pool and HAZ
cooling times.
For the 5 kJ/mm welds, Figures 10 and 11 apply, and again
there is no significant difference between weld pool and HAZ
cooling times (3% at 150C interpass temp), but the theory
line for 3-D cooling differs considerably, i.e. both weld
pool and HAZ actual cooling times are increasingly greater
than 3-D heat flow would imply.
Reference to Figure 7a shows clearly that at 5 kJ/mm when
using the parameters from U and D, the critical thickness for
transition to 2-D heat flow is approaching the actual plate
thickness at high interpass temperatures and, bearing in mind
that many references (7, 10, 15) allow for a wide
transitional zone, it is reasonable to assume that transition
towards 2-D heat flow starts to occur somewhat earlier than
suggested by "U and D" and this is borne out by examination
of Figure 5 which shows a definite change in slope of the
94
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
measured cooling curve for 5 kJ/mm welds at approximately

650C. This can also be seen in Figure 3 for the 2 kJ/mm
welds but at a much lower temperature (about 350C) which of
course does not affect the At8/5/ value.
The explanation for this inflexion can be found by
considering what happens when a weld bead is laid down on a
plate of finite thickness. Initially the heat flow must
always be 3-dimensional into the cooler plate material until
the reflection of thermal energy from one of the plate
boundaries (i.e. the lower surface in this case) begins to
interfere with the heat flow in the plate, and at this point
in time, there will be a transition towards 2-dimensional
cooling.
Thus a better definition of the heat flow conditions in a
plate of finite thickness is related to the temperatures or
cooling rates which are considered to be relevant to the
final microstructure or properties of the steel. In this
case it has already been decided that the cooling time
between 800C and 500C (At8/5) is best representative of
these properties. Therefore, if the reflected thermal energy
begins to disrupt the heat flow before the temperature at the
specific point of interest has fallen to 500C, then the heat
flow conditions could be described as tending towards
two-dimensional. On the other hand, if there is no
disruption to the heat flow until the temperature has fallen
below 500C, then three-dimensional conditions would
effectively apply.
It is apparent from this, that if the heat flow is disrupted
anywhere between 800C and 500C, then the heat flow will be
transitional, but in practice the relatively greater effect
of two-dimensional cooling on the slower part of the cooling
curve means that At8/5 quickly approaches two-dimensional
times at transitional temperatures above 600C.
This transition is recognised by others' 7> 8' 10 ) and a formula
exists which predicts the change in heat flow conditions as a
function of plate thickness, heat input and temperature
differential during cooling.
j pCp(T-To)
E
i.e.
if
H>0.9,
3-D conditions apply
H<0.6,
2-D conditions apply
For an interpass temperature of 150C and plate thickness of

40 mm, the heat flow conditions during cooling are shown in
Table 3a and 3b for pCp = 0.008 and 0.005 J/C.mm3
respectively, confirming that the latter value gives
95
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
transitional heat flow more in line with experiment for both

2 and 5 kJ/mm welds,
i.e.
transitional at 350C and 650C respectively.
7.1.2
Modification to Theory
Returning to Uwer and Degenkolbe, for the 5 kJ/mm welds, it

can be shown by working back from the experimental results,
and assuming 3-D heat flow down to 650C, and 2-D cooling
below this, that pCp O.0056 j/C.mm3, and hence
K 2 ' = 575 10 6 S.mm^.Oc/kJ 2 (instead of 400 IO 6 ) in
equation 5.
This also has the effect of altering the critical plate
thickness obtained from equation 3.
The effect of these changes are shown in Figures 7b, 12 and
13 to give better agreement with the experimental results on
the 5 kJ/mm welds. (N.B. The theory for the 2 kJ/mm welds is
unaltered as they are clearly three-dimensional and thus
independent of the value of pCp).
7.1.3
Electro-Slag Welds
For the electro-slag welds, because the water cooled shoes

extract thermal energy, it is necessary to allow for a much
reduced thermal efficiency of energy transfer into the HAZ
when calculating cooling times, hence for the two 40 mm welds
it appears that, assuming two dimensional heat flow from the
full penetration weld, a relative thermal efficiency of
31-33% will give calculated cooling times comparable to those
measured, i.e. 245 and 290 seconds for heat inputs of 48.5
and 55 kJ/mm respectively.
It should be realised that the above efficiency is very
dependent on the actual set up of the welding rig, i.e. the
thermal energy extraction through the water cooled copper
shoes is particular to the condition of the shoes and the
water flow rate through them, so this efficiency figure
should not be taken as being exclusively representative of
all electro-slag welds at this energy input.
7.2
7.2.1
Sub-Arc, 2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm Welds
Figures 14 to 25 are virtually self-explanatory, being for

each weld, the peak temperature recorded by the buried
thermocouples during each weld run plotted against the
thermocouple distance from the relevant weld bead fusion
boundary. Where necessary, results from both sides of the
weld are identified together with the theory line computed
from equation 7 for the 2 kJ/mm welds or equation 10 for the
96
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
5 kJ/mm welds.
It can be seen that there is a remarkably good fit, for both
2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm welds, despite the difficulty in
measuring the thermocouple distance from the weld
microsections due to the "swamping" of each weld bead by
subsequent runs, thus reinforcing the decision to use
pCp = 0.0056 j/C.mm3.
7.2.2
Electro-Slag Welds
Figures 26 and 27 show similar data for the two consumable

nozzle welds with heat inputs of 48.5 and 55 kJ/mm
respectively.
The thermocouples in each case were duplicated along the
height of the vertical test panel, no harpoon measurements
being made because of limited access due to the water cooled
shoes.
The superimposed theory line is from equation 10 for 48.5 and
55 kJ/mm welds with 0.33% relative efficiency in 40 mm plate
and again there is good correlation with the actual results.
7.3
Retention Times above 1050C
7.3.1
Sub Arc Welds
It is fairly obvious that retention time at 1050C will

depend not only on the heat input, but also on the peak
temperature reached at that point. This was found to be so,
as can be seen from Figures 28 and 29 for the 2 kJ/mm and 5
kJ/mm welds respectively. There is a fair amount of scatter
in both cases, and it is at first surprising that the
regression line does not pass through zero time at 1050C.
However, further consideration of the shape of the thermal
cycle proves there must always be a rounded transition
between the heating and cooling part of the curve which is
more evident at lower temperatures and also at higher heat
inputs. Therefore there is always a trend towards a finite
retention time even at 1050C peak temperature, and this is
shown by the linear regression, even though it is patently
obvious that just below 1050C peak temperature there can be
no retention time.
As mentioned previously, the only available basis for
comparison with our results is that due to De Fournay and
Bragard' 15 ' for a temperature of 1520C only, and this point,
which has been marked on the graphs for comparison, can be
seen to be in good agreement with our results.
7.3.2
Electro Slag Welds (~50 kJ/mm)
Figure 30 shows the continuation of the trend noted
97
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
previously for retention times in 2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm weld

HAZ regions where a finite retention time of 36 seconds at a
peak temperature of 1050C is in line with the longer thermal
cycles experienced in an electro-slag weld of this heat
input.
7.3.3
General
Taking the results for retention times for the three energy
inputs, it appears that this is a function of total energy
input rather than effective energy input. This is probably
because, as noted previously at high temperatures, heat
transfer is more likely to be three dimensional, giving a
linear relationship with energy input, despite the
transitional flow in the 5 kJ/mm welds and the heat
extraction from the side of the plates in electro-slag
welding.
8
RELEVANCE OF DATA TO SIMULATION WORK

8.1
40 mm Plates
Simulation in the laboratory of HAZ microstructures is not

simply a matter of feeding measured thermal cycles back into
a machine which is capable of reproducing these same cycles
in a small specimen of plate material.
Even if it was feasible to reproduce exactly the measured
thermal cycle from every weld run and every weld process and
energy level, there would still be problems with temperature
and stress gradients in a real weld which cannot be
reproduced in a laboratory specimen where the object is to
provide a larger mass of heat treated material of a specific
grain size and metallurgical composition.
Thus, the large amount of data from the real welds must be
reduced and intelligently used and modified in the laboratory
to produce similar microstructures.
To this end, it is suggested that the data from this report
be taken as average values from statistical analysis of the
range of data as follows:
(a)
Interpass temperatures
Take these as 150C for both the 2 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm welds as
demonstrated in Appendix B, Figures Bl, B2, B3 B4 and as
20C for the electro-slag welds.
(b)
Cooling Times Between 800C and 500C
Take these as 15 seconds for the 2 kJ/mm welds, and 48

seconds for the 5 kJ/mm welds as shown by the Histograms B5,
98
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
B6, B7, B8, B9, BIO in Appendix B.

For the electro-slag welds take At8/5 = 245 or 295 seconds
for the 48.5 and 55 kJ/mm welds respectively.
(c)
Peak Temperatures in the HAZ Region
For single run simulations take the peak temperature from the
theory line shown in Figures 15 - 28 for the relevant heat
input and required distance from the fusion boundary.
For multi-run welds it is best to use a sequence of rising
and falling peak temperatures as shown in Figures 4 and 6 for
single vee welds, or to use the peak temperature against
distance curves and assume an average increment in distance
from the relevant weld bends of, say:2 mm for the 2 kJ/mm welds and perhaps 3 mm for the 5 kJ/mm
welds.
However, it should be emphasised that this sequence of peak
temperatures depends very much on the weld run layout and
bead size.
(d)
Retention Times at 1050C
These are dependent on peak temperature and energy input and

can best be obtained from the regression lines of
Figures 29 - 31.
8.2
Other Plate Thicknesses and Heat Cycles
Measurements are currently being made on 25 mm and 60 mm

plates and the results from these will be appended later in
the form of a Technical Note. However, there is sufficient
correlation between experiment and theory in this report to
enable cooling times and peak temperatures to be predicted
with reasonable accuracy using the formulae in Section 6
provided that the heat flow conditions are checked by harpoon
thermometry on real welds.
CONCLUSIONS
Practical measurements of both weld pool and HAZ weld thermal
cycles in multi-run submerged arc welds and comparison with
predictive methods have revealed that:
1
The technique of using buried thermocouples to record HAZ

thermal cycles can supply much more relevant and useful
data on the complete thermal history during multi-run
welds than is available from the weld pool harpoon
technique.
99
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
Within the first 4 - 5 mm depth of the HAZ region there

was no significant difference between weld pool and HAZ
cooling times for sub-arc welds of both 2 kJ/mm and
5 kJ/mm. This is at variance with some earlier
literature which suggested a HAZ cooling time of up to
10% greater than weld pool times.
Both HAZ and weld pool cooling times are consistent with
theory derived using the average value of density times
specific heat equal to 0.0056 J/mm 3 C.
Measured variations of peak temperature versus distance
into the HAZ region correspond favourably with theory for
all energy inputs.
Retention times above 1050C have been shown to have a
linear relationship with peak temperature for each energy
input and reasonably linear relationship with energy
input regardless of heat flow conditions.
Further light has been shed on the meaning of the terms
3-D, 2-D and transitional heat flow, with particular
relevance to the change in heat 'flow conditions which
will always occur during weld cooling in plates of finite
thickness.
MJA
100
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
REFERENCES
1
Kirkwood, R
BSC Report T / W E / 9 4 1 / 3 5 / 7 9 / C
Heat Affected Zone Toughness Current Specification Trends and
their Implications for Steel
Products and Fabricators.
George, M J
ECSC Research Project 7210 KA/804

Technical Report No 1 January 1979
Wong, S Y
Sterrett, A
BSC Report T / W E / 1 1 7 9 / 1 / 8 0 / D
A Theoretical and Practical
Examination of Weld Pool Thermal
Cycles.
ECSC Report No 6210-93/3/304
Properties and Weldability of C-Mn
and Micro-Alloyed Steels, IRSID,
1977.
BSI Draft for Comment
Fine Grained Structural Steels
Suitable for Welding - Guidelines
for Processing and in particular
for Welding.
Doc. 80/77362 DC.
Uwer, D
Degenkolbe, J
Thermal Cycles in Arc Welding

Calculation of Cooling Times
I.I.W. Doc. IX - 987-76, January
1976.
AWS Welding Handbook - 7th Edition
Vol 1 Fundamentals of Welding
Bernard, G
Prudkomme, M
Further Studies on the Thermal

Phenomena in Weld Joints (French)
Rev. Met. July-August 1972,
483-496.
Paley,
Lynch, J
Adams, C M
Heat Flow in Welding Heavy Steel

Plate, Welding Res. Suppl. 1964.
10 Kohno, R
Jones, S
Welding Institute Report

R/RB/PE22/78.
An Initial Study of Arc Energy and
Thermal Cycles in the Submerged Arc
Welding of Steel.
101
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
11
ECSC Research Report - 7210KF/30

Influence of Forming on the
Properties of Heavy Plates, Report
No 1 (1.7.80 - 31.12.80) Part 1 Properties of HAZ Material - IRSID
12
Sheffield Laboratories Report

PTM/6622/-/72/A
. Physical Properties for use in
Computing Temperature and Stresses
during Heat Treatment. Part 1
Carbon Steels, 10.10.72.
13
Adams, C M
Cooling Rates and Peak Temperatures

in Fusion Welding, 1958.
Welding Research Suppl. 37(5)
pp 2105 - 215S
14
McGlone, J C
Weld Bead Geometry Prediction A Review, Metal Construction - July

1982, pp 378-384.
15 De Fournay, J
Bragard, A
Characterisation of Thermal Cycles

in Submerged Arc Welding
CRM Metallurgical Reports 44,
Sept. 1975.
102
/3 1 /3 Joint
o
to
oo
\2
V Joint
K Joint
Process/
SubmergedArc
kJ/mir
Steel
2.0
5.0
SubmergedArc
2.0
5.0
Double V
SubmergedArc
2.0
5.0
W564
W605
W750
W620
W648
W701
W7 31
BS4360
5 OD
W660
W673
W629
W6 3 6
W684
W7 30
RQT 500
W732
W7 37
W677.
AIO
W679.
All
W6 91
W727
Fe 510 DD
Square
Butt Joint
Electroslag
50.0 H ^ B Q T
CMn Noz Noz
W687
W686
o
^J
W614
W633
W658
W659*
W778
W662
W674
W678
W680
t\J
>
m
>
Welds with buried thermocouples and harpoon monitoring

(All other welds, random harpoon data for future use in assessment of
geometrical factor)
>
00
o
ils.
to
I
00
to
to
s.
r
o
)
>
PO
>
PI
1
VOLTAGE AMPERAGE LINEAR SPEED ELECTRODE/FLUX

mm/min
V
I
rt E LD
PROCESS
ENERGY
INPUT 'E'
Sub-Arc
2 kJ/mm
28
450
370
Sub-Arc
5 kJ/mm
34
800
330
38/42
580
25.4
Electro-slag 48-55kJ/mm
Tibor 22, 4mm 0

OP 12ITT
Mo-B-Ti
Consumable
Nozzle
-
-J
M
>
CO
f
td
>
M
>
00
O
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
- temperature
1150
1050
950
850
750
650
550
450
350
2 KJ/mm
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
5 KJ/mm
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
2-D
Transitional Heat Flow
a)/7.Cp = 0.008 J/C.mm
(U & D)
- temperature
1150
1050
950
850
750
650
550
450
350
2 KJ/mm
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
5 KJ/mm
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
3-D
2-D
b)/.Cp = 0.005 J/C.mm3
(IRSID et al)
HEAT FLOW CONDITIONS, INCLUDING TRANSITIONAL

(INTERPASS TEMPERATURE = 150C )
TABLE A3
105
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
Moveable Stop
Guide for
Long-Shank Drill
1
1
1
1
oz : ; .
l r ^ >'
fOO
Single-Vee Prep
\
)
/
[
^x
^ v
^ s
*v
'
II'
II
'Square' Face of 'K' Prep
,?\
>l
Water-Cooled
Shoe
Double-Vee Prep
SKETCH OF JIG FOR ACCURATE BORING OF DEEP

INCLINED HOLES FOR THERMOCOUPLE
FIGURE A1
106
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
From
Discharge Welder
T/C leads
Twin Bore
Alumina Insulator
Brass Electrode
Earth Return
Lead
3 mm 0 Hole
Distance
Dependent
on
Penetration
Plate to be Welded
T/C Tip
Sandwiched
Between
Electrode Tip
and Base of
Drilled Hole
Pressure applied to Electrode during discharge
of Welder ensures good weld between T/C and test
plate leaving Brass Electrode free for
withdrawal over Insulator and T/C wires.
ARRANGEMENT OF THERMOCOUPLE, INSULATOR AND TUBULAR

BRASS ELECTRODE DURING SPOT WELDING
FIGURE A2
107
FR 6 2 - 1 0
1500
7210.KA/804
822
= 14.0 S
F.B.At,
= 14.5 S
= 14.0 S
14.0 S
8/5
13.5 S
8/5
uJ
3-D
Cooling
2-D C o o l i n g
SOO.
100
20
40
60
80
100
ISO
140
160
TIME IN SECONDS
WELD 6 7 7m 2 kJ/mm - VEE PREP, T/C TRACES, RUN 12

FIGURE A3
108
FR 6 2 - 1 0 822
7210.KA/804
1500
1400
12 - 0.5mm
1300 .
1
1200 .
1100
Run
No
1000
3 - 4 mm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ca
5-5.5mm
6)
3)7-11mm
HAZ
fc
8/5
10.5
14.5
11.0
Interpass
Temp C
133
150
157
148
157
145
145
150
135
145
145
150
145
80
107
125
133
14mm
E f f e c t of
.'
varying
""*""^": interpass
temperatures
200
1,3,5,7411
---_15-
100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 160
TIME IN SECONDS
WELD 6 7 7 , 2 k J / m m VEE PREP
T / C CLOSEST TO FUSION BOUNDARY, RUNS 1 TO 1 7
FIGURE A4
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
1500
1400
1300
0.5mm, A t g / 5 = 4 4 . 0 S
1200
1100
1.Orniti, A t g / 5 1.5mm, A t g / 5
43.0 S
= 44.0 S
1000
2.0mm, A t g / 5 = 4 5 . 0 S
900
4.0mm,
si
8 / 5
= 44.0 S
700
600
500
400
2-D
Cooling
300
200
100
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
TIME IN SECONDS
WELD 6 3 6 ,
5 kJ/mm
VEE P R E P .
RUN 7
FIGURE
1 10
A5
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
7210.KA/804
1500
Run
HAZ
8/5
Interpass
At
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IO
11
12
105
120
157
140
140
181
107
157
157
157
55.5
44.0
37.0
/
/
io . .--_---.__^2&
;/ Ai*
300
' > /
Varyxng interpass temp

levels affect low temp
cooling rate and thus
200 ' ,
'/
A t
8/5
100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
TIME IN SECONDS
T/C
WELD 6 3 6 , 5 k J / m m
VEE PREP
CLOSEST TO FUSION BOUND ARY, RUNS 3 TO
12
FIGURE
11 1
A6
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
7210.KA/804
40mm P l a t e
40
__ 5 k J / m m
35
(pCp = 0 . 0 0 8 )
ta
30.
i
9
25
2 kJ/mm
20
80
100
180
140
160
180
INTERPRS5 TEMPERATURE DE6. C
200
eso
CRITICAL PLATE THICKNESS FOR TRANSITIONAL HEAT FLOW

2 kJ/mm AND 5 kJ/mm SUB ARC WELDS,
THEORY ACCORDING TO "UWER & DEGENKOLBE"
FIGURE A7a
50
5 kJ/mm
45
(A
tn
40mm Plate
40
(pCp = 0.0057)
35
.. 2 kJ/mm
30
25.
20
80
100
120
140
160
180
INTERPSS TEMPERATURE DE6. C
200
220
CRITICAL PLATE THICKNESS FOR TRANSITIONAL HEAT FLOW

2 kJ/mm & 5kJ/mm SUB ARC WELDS, MODIFIED THEORY
FIGURE A7b
112
7210.KA/804
FR 62-10 822
VTheory
3-D Heat Flow
95% Confidence Limits
80
100
ISO
140
160
180
200
220
240
INTERPflSS T O P . EG. C
2 kJ/mm WELD, DELTA T/8/5 V INTERPASS TEMP

FIGURE A8
30*
Theory
3-D Heat Flow
SO
100
120
140
160
ISO
200
220
240
INTERPflSS TEMP. 0E6. C
2 kJ/mm HAZ, DELTA T8/5 V INTERPASS TEMP

FIGURE A9
113
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
80
7210.KA/804
70
60
S
B
Theory
3-D H e a t Flow
(pCp = 0 . 0 0 8 )
40
30
80
10
60
80
100
180
140
160
180
200
220
340
INTERPflSS TEMP. DEB. C
5 k J / m m WELD
D ELTA T 8 / 5 V INTERPASS TEMP

FIGURE A10
BO
70
60
50
Theory
3-D H e a t Flow
(pCp = 0 . 0 0 8 )
40
30
20
10
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
INTEflFflSS TE MP. G. C
5 kj/mm HAZ, DELTA T8/5 V INTERPASS TEMP

FIGURE A11
1 14
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
80
70
Theory
2-D H e a t Flow
(pCp - 0 . 0 0 5 7)
60
BO
40
30
20
10
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
INTERPflSS TEMP. 0E6. C
5 kJ/mm, WELD DELTA T8/5 V INTERPASS TEMP

FIGURE A12
Theory
2-D Heat Flow
(pCp = 0.0057)
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
INTERPflSS TEMP. DEG. C
5 kJ/mm, HAZ
DELTA T8/5 V INTERPASS TEMP

FIGURE A13
115
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
HAZ THERMOCOUPLE DATA
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
43
747
530
575
419
447
9/2
157
_
13.5
10/2
11/2
49.5
19.0
24.3
84.8
89.8
923
804
619
531
593
18.5
78
892
645
581
539
610
204
192
12/2
226
19
88.8
13/2
192
17.0
62.0
115
747
542
484
530
542
628
454
454
438
684
_
-
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
2.3
2.8
3.0
5.0
6.0
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
5.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
_
W.M.
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.3
3.0-4.0 3.0-4.0
5.5
5.0
6.6
6.0
2.5
2.8
3.0-4.0
5.0
6.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
6.0
2.5
2.8
3.0-4.0
5.0
6.0
2.5
3.0
5.0
6.6
2.5
2.8
3.0-4.0
5.0
6.0
5.5
5.5
5.0
8.0
8.5
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
sees
Comments
00
M
15.8
19.0
18.1
20.9
to
18.1
>
00
O
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
1600
1400
1200
g(D ooo
eoo
600
400
200
6
8
10
12
'4
DISTANCE FROH FUSION BOUNDARY IN MH.
WELD 677, 2kJ/mm, SINGLE VEE, RQT500

PEAK TEMP V DISTANCE, ACTUAL DATA RELATED TO THEORY
FIGURE A14
1600
1400
1200
100O
800
600
400
200
6
8
10
12
DISTANCE 'ROn FUSION BOUNOARY IN MM.
14
16
18
20
WELD AIO, 2kJ/mm, SINGLE VEE, RQT500

FIGURE A15
117
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210./30 4
822
1600
1400
1200
u
1000
800
600
400
200
6
8
10
12
DISTANCE FROH FUSION BOUNDARY IN MM.
20
WELD 620, 2kJ/mm, SINGLE VEE, FE510DD

FIGURE A16
1600
1400
Side 1
Side 2
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
6
8
10
12
14
DISTANCE FROM FUSION BOUNOARY IN Mr..
WELD 684, 2kJ/mm, DOUBLE VEE, BS 4 360 50D

FIGURE A17
1 18
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
7210.KA/804
1600.
1400
1200
u
8 ooo
eoo
600
400
200
10
12
14
16
18
20
DISTANCE FROM FUSION BOUNDARY IN MM.
WELD 660, 2kJ/mm, PREP, BS 4 3 60 50D

FIGURE A18
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
6
8
10
12
WELD 564, 2kJ/mm, PREP, FE510DD

FIGURE A19
11Q
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
6
8
10
12
14
WELD 636, 5 kJ/mm, SINGLE VEE, BS 4360 50D

FIGURE A2 0
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
6
8
10
12
14
WELD All, 5 kJ/mm, SINGLE VEE, RQT500

120
FIGURE A21
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
1400
\
\
1200
ui
\
\
1000
* *K
eoo
H
^ >s.
600
~~^_^
400
200
0
0
10
12
1.4
16
18
20
DISTANCE FROM FUSION BOUNDARY IN MH.
WELD 7 27, 5 kJ/mm, DOUBLE VEE, RQT500

FIGURE A2 2
1600
1400
1800
1000
800
600
400
200
10
12
14
WELD 73L, 5kJ/mm, DOUBLE VEE, FE510DD

FIGURE A2 3
121
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
1600
1400
II
1800
u
S looo
800
600
400
200
PEAK TEMP
S
10
18
WELD 7 3 7 , 5 k J / m m , K P R E P , R Q T 5 0 0
V D I S T A N C E , ACTUAL D ATA RELATED TO THEORY
FIGURE
A24
1600 +
1400
1200
S ooo
eoo
600
400
200
6
8
10
12
DISTANCE FROM KUS10N BOUNOAKr IN MM.
WELD 605, 5kJ/mm, K PREP, FE510DD

PEAK TEMP. V DISTANCE, ACTUAL DATA RELATED TO THEORY
FIGURE A25
122
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
lOUV ,
1400
1200
X Lower T / C ' s
O Upper T / C ' s
o \
0
0
1000
X
X
800
--Theory Line
600
400
200
10
18
14
16
18
20
WELD 778, 4 8.5 kJ/mm, ELECTRO SLAG, BS 4 3 60 50D

FIGURE A2 6
1600 +
1400
1800
1000
800
600
400
800
10
18
14
16
18
20
DISTANCE FROM FUSION BOUNOARY IN MM
WELD 674, 55 kJ/mm ELECTRO SLAG, BS 4360 50D

123
FIGURE A27
FR 6 2 - 1 0
7210.KA/804
822
20
Eqn o f l i n e i s
Y = 5.85639E-3 X
Theory
15
Correlation coefficient - .674019

95% Confidence Limits for the points
20 points in file
10
t-
-4.54101
s
2kJ/mm WELDS
WOO - " "
1200
1300
1400
1500
PEBK TDFERflTURE DEG. C
1600
FIGURE A2 8
20 +
15
Eqn of l i n e i s :
Y = 1.17329E-2 - 5 . 9 7 7 4 6
Correlation coefficient =
.500885
x 95% Confidence Limits for
the points. 44 points in
- file
10 .
t-
5 k J / m m WELDS
1100
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
PEAK TEMPERATURE DEB. C
-s
FIGURE A2 9
200 .
Eqn of line is :
Y = .192759 X -1650929
to
150
Correlation coefficient =
.772207
95% Confidence Limits for
the points. 8 points in
file
ELECTRO SLAG WELDS
UPO
"
1200
1300
1400
BOO
1600
PEfiK TBFERHTURE DEG. C

-30
R T 1 0 5 0 V PEAK TEMPERATURE
FIGURE A30
124
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
APPENDIX 1A
Tables of Measured Values of H.A.Z. and Harpoon,peak
temperatures, retention times and cooling times.
125
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
r
o
1/1
InterPass
Temp
226
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
23.3
20.3
2/1
133
14.8
40.3
88
91.5
92.5
671
100.3
722
539
755
447
602
494
512
395
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
1.5
W.M.
1.5
1 .5
1.5
1.5
2.6
5.0
2.6
5.0
Theory
t8/5
(3D)
secs
M
I
Comments
CO
M
20.9
3.0
W.M.
1.5
2.5
2.6
5.0
2.8
5.0
1 .5
W.M.
1.5
10.0
8.0
10.0
2.6
5.0
10.0
12.0
2.8
14.5
ro
(
Ci
>
>
3/1
125
293
380
315
335
293
14.2
4/1
j-i
zr
ro
>
te
t-*
5/1
181
157
19.8
63 .0
1.5
W.M.
1.5
6.0
3 .0
5.2
428
390
2.6
5.0
6.0
6.0
310
360
320
1.5
W.M.
1.5
14.0
13.0
15.0
2.6
5.0
20.0
16.0
390
466
399
331
310
17.3
15.8
>
CO
O
t
M
I
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
14/2
181
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
14.8
41 .3
15/2
181
15.5
40
450
365
340
335
385
512
390
308
360
428
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
2.5
2.8
3.04.0
5.0
6.0
12.0
16.0
12.0
17.0
14.0
2.5
2.8
3.04.0
5.0
6.0
9.0
7.0
8.0
10.0
9.0
Theory
At8/5
(3D)
00
ro
Comments
sees
On Vee Side of Prep

17.3
17.3
On Vee Side of Prep
16/2
181
351
300
285
279
310
2.5
2.8
3.04.0
5.0
6.0
15.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
18.0
2.5
2.8
3.04.0
5.0
6.0
10.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
10.0
17 .3
Capping Run
'.
ZT
>
rom
ror
w
_.
>
17/2
181
19.0
61.5
456
360
341
341
409
17.3
-J
>
CO
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
1/1
80
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
12.5
13.5
36.0
36.5
37.0
C-l
2/1
94
13.5
13 .0
13 .0
34.0
37.5
36.0
15.0
40.0
43.0
42.0
1104
812
713
419
521
2.5
1391
860
954
498
521
4.5
1000
722
860
438
494
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
t8/5
(3-D)
en
M
Comments
sees
to
M
W.M.
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
W.M.
2.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
12.3
1st Sub-Arc Run
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
12.8
Closest to T/C Position
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
2.0
3.5
3.0
4.0
8.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
3 .0
5.0
4.0
5.0
7.0
13.6
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
10.0
11 .0
10.0
12.0
15.0
13.9
CO
ra
>
3/1
38.5
>
ro
ro
__.
14 .0
4/1
107
>
5/1
112
120
18.5
60
"
739
539
671
380
423
13.4
438
331
370
290
320
tv>
>
CO
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
a
CTi
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
to
I
Comments
sees
oo
ro
M
6/1
125
16
46
637
460
575
360
390
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
7.0
9.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
14.0
13.0
13.0
14.0
17.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
14.0
13 .0
13.0
14.0
17.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
W.M.
10.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
4.0
11 .0
14.2
1st Capping Run
7/1
120
M
VO
8/1
120
9/2
94
341
279
300
248
267
341
279
300
248
267
409
409
419
456
380
m H
ZT
>
ro M
ro f
rr H
M _^
>
ro
10/2
94
15.0
36.0
1206
545
1.0
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
4.0
9.0
13.9
13.9
Final Capping Run

Side 1
12.8
T/C's 1, 2, 3
Destroyed
12.8
>
CO
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
11/2
94
ro
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
645
503
12/2
94
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
it8/5
(3D)
W.M.
5.0
12.8
4.0
5.0
W.M.
2.0
4.0
5.0
secs
Comments
00
M
NJ
12.8
12.5
29.0
1241
2.5
548
U)
o
13/2
80
12.3
12 .0
28.5
931
W.M.
2.0
4.0
4.0
428
W.M.
8.0
315
4.0
11 .0
566
14/2
U
ZT
94
15.5
41.0
12.8
>
r. W
c \~
_
>
ro
-J
to
15/2
120
15
884
584
W.M.
2.5
4.0
5.0
13.9
>
CO
en
ro
CO
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
16/2
InterPass
Temp
140
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
18.5
48.5
to
to
341
Ret
ime at
1050.C
secs
300
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
Comments
sees
1st Capping Run
Side 2
W.M.
10.0
4.0
13.0
14.9
UJ
Last Capping Run
12
145
671
575
W.M.
4.0
4.0
4.5
15.2
rn
>
m fX!
ZT
rof
m
J>
.
>
KJ
rt
--J
KJ
00
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
290
290
290
290
290
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
2.5
19.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
18.0
310
310
310
310
310
310
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
16.0
16.0
16.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
331
341
320
331
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
13.0
11.0
11.0
13.0
13.0
19.0
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
17.0
15.0
16.0
14.0
15.0
16.5
3/1
175
192
23.8
25.5
100
122
4/1
5/1
e/3
ro >
1
ro
r
>
204
169
17.3
78.0
D
O
3 31
16.5
181
23.5
105
77
1483
104.5
654
637
788
84.0
Theory
At8/5
(3D)
en
to
I
Comments
sees
00
to
M
_
16.9
18.1
Last Full Width Run
269
269
269
269
269
6/1
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Delta
t7/3
2/1
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Delta
t8/5
a
680
3.5
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
T/C Side of Prep

6.0
W.M.
4.0
-^1
17.3
ro
3 .0
2.5
>
co
o
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
7/1
8/1
InterPass
Temp
169
169
en
ro

Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
T ime at
1050.C
secs
secs
secs
secs
secs
67.5
_
_
-
_
-
258
279
279
258
258
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
14.0
14.0
15.0
14.0
14.0
_
-
_
-
269
248
269
248
248
248
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
15.0
16.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
17.0
15.0
UI
169
12.5
58.5
22.0
15.5
59.0
58.0
63.5
_
-
645
1119
584
566
566
2.0
C/J
>
cxi
ro 1
ro
r
ro
181
_ 1
>
OJ
11/1
59.0
_
-
1981
1593
730
671
738
419
521
351
360
370
3.5
3.75
_
6.0
3.0
2.5
6.0
6.0
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
Comments
sees
00
to
to
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
_
10/1
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Delta
t7/3
LO
9/1
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Delta
t8/5
16.5
16.5
T/C Side of Prep

16.5
_
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.5..
2.5
10.0
11.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
T/C Side of Prep

17.3
I\J
17.3
>
CO
*1
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
12/1
InterPass
Temp
181
Delta.
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
192
Ret
T i m e at
1050.C
sees
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
279
305
269
290
300
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
Comments
00
sees
to
to
No Data
13/1
en
to
I
17.3
14.0
14.0
18.0
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
W.M.
1 .0
3.0
3.0
2 .5
F.B.
1.5
1 .0
3.0
16.0
15.0
13.1
U)
14/1
181
27.0
71.0
78.0
C/J
ZT
192
16/1
181
19.0
83.0
23.0
69.0
812
593
610
654
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
3 20
239
239
290
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
17.3
18.1
ro
>
rx
D M
rr r^;
U)
15/1
1052
662
680
788
T/C Side of Prep
_!
>
OJ
17.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
17.3
-J
M
>
OJ

WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
en
to
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
secs
secs
secs
secs
secs
17/1
192
19.3
18/1
157
680
530
557
602
447
360
370
380
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
4.0
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
10.0
9.0
13.0
13.0
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
Comments
CO
K)
to
sees
18.1
15.8
OJ
Ln
19/1
157
20/1
C/J
ZT
181
274
248
248
248
534
557
512
475
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
17.0
16.0
20.0
6.0
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
3.5
5.0
7.0
5 .0
15.8
17.3
>
f W
M
ro
rr m
J> _.
>
OJ
21/1
181
557
461
494
521
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
5.0
7.0
8.0
7.0
17.3
T/C Side of Prep

1st Capping Run
to
>
00
>J>

en
to
I
00
ro
to
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
Comments
sees
2nd Capping Run
22/1
169
en
279
265
267
269
W.M.
2.0
3.0
2.5
18.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
16.5
3rd Capping Run

23/1
169
279
265
267
269
W.M.
2 .0
3.0
2.5
18 .0
22.0
22.0
22 .0
16.5
CO. P^
ZT >
rx
roire
rf W
On
_.
>
OJ
-J
ro
>
co
o
4-
S3
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
1/1
2/1
InterPass
Temp
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
157
157
en
to
I
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
F.L.
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1 .5
4.5
30
30
30
30
30
30
F.L.
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
26
26
26
26
26
26
F.L.
F.L.
2.0
1 .0
1.5
4.5
22
22
22
22
22
22
F.L.
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
16
16
16
16
16
16
F.L.
F.L
2.0
1 .0
1.5
4.5
22
22
22
22
22
22
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
sees
Comments
OD
to
to
15.8
15.8
OJ
3/1
4/1
169
145
290
290
290
290
290
290
305
331
325
300
300
290
16.5
15.2
>
03
*
>
--
5/1
157
279
290
290
279
279
279
to
15.8
>
CO
tjn
to
I
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
6/1
LO
CO
7/1
C/
ZT
KJ
_J.
157
157
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
secs
secs
secs
secs
secs
oo
KJ
to
355
360
365
320
295
245
240
248
248
240
240
240
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
F.L.
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
F.L.
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
14
14
14
14
14
14
22
22
22
22
22
22
Theory
At8/5
(3D)
Comments
sees
15.8
15.8
>
rotcx
1
ro
PI
>
4>
to
>
CO
4>
WELD
HARPOON DATA
m
r
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
en
to
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
sees
Comments
00
to
to
-j
1/1
133
INJ
pr
248
248
248
248
248
248
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
23.0
23 .0
21.0
20.0
23.0
19.0
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
17.0
18.0
16.0
17.0
19.0
17.0
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
16.0
20.0
18.0
22.0
16.0
22.0
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
10.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
15.2
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
17.0
20.0
18.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
15.8
14.5
C-,
3
J
t/l
H
2/1
150
f
PI
OJ
ra
3/1
157
23.0
76
>
>
1^
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
258
258
269
15.4
15.8
4/1
148
l/l
O
O
H
t
f
>
ra
>
5/1.
157
16.5
61
310
325
325
300
300
315
248
248
248
248
240
248
to
On
oo
o
*1
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
Ret
Time at
1050.C
secs
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
Weld
Run
mm
en
ro
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
sees
Comments
oo
to
ro
6/1
7/1
428
466
473
360
341
34 5
145
248
252
248
240
237
240
145
602
700
447
466
409
475
o
8/1
9/1
150
135
16.0
65
ZT >
ro fcx
ro
.
>
On
10/1
145
16.0
237
248
237
230
230
237
57
12.5
10.5
10.5
46
48
49
1515
1007
1060
619
484
671
_
-
_
-
3.3
0.5
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
6.0
7.0
5.5
8.0
7.0
7.0
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
15.0
19.0
18.0
19.0
18.0
19.0
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1 .5
2.5
6.0
4.0
5.0
9.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
14.0
13 .0
15.0
18.0
17.0
18.0
W.M.
1 .0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
F.B.
3.0
3.5
5.0
9.0
3.0
15 .2
15.2
15.4
14.6
15.2
Closest run to T/C

position
to
CO
o
.fe
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
11/1
12/1
13/1
14/1
tn
ZT
InterPass
Temp
145
150
145
80
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
15.0
15.5
12
269
250
248
230
230
248
56
14.5
14.0
14.0
13.5
14.0
44.5
43.0
47.0
48.0
49.5
1405
1497
1006
900
969
447
428
341
310
360
40
27
en
to
11 .0
11.0
27.5
26.0
29.0
30.0
30.0
931
985
772
722
796
Ret
Time at
1050.C
secs
_
-
6.0
6.0
Dist
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
sees
W.M.
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
18.0
20.0
19.0
21.0
20.0
21.0
15.2
W.M.
1.05
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
W.M.
1.05
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
11.0
10.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
1 .0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
4.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
F.B.
2.5
2.5
4.0
21.0
21.0
22.0
21.0
21 .0
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Comments
oo
to
to
15.4
15.2
12.3
>
ro1
re
r
rr ra
.)
.
>
On
15/1
107
215
215
192
192
204
-J
to
13.4
>
oo
o
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
'3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
ime at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
16/1
125
17/1
133
39
18/1
150
438
409
341
320
265
697
722
610
628
671
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
11 .0
9.0
11.0
10.0
11.0
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
5.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.0
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
22.0
21.0
23.0
22.0
22.0
1 .0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
12.0
11.0
13.0
11.0
12.0
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
7.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
en
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
to
I
Comments
sees
oo
to
to
14.2
14.5
to
19/1
150
20/1
107
14
34
248
248
226
226
237
390
390
331
331
237
15.4
15.4
cr. H
ZT >
cx
ro
ro
rt
4>
.
>
o-i
557
575
503
503
530
13.4
-J
to
>
CO
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
22/1
133
23/1
145
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
237
237
215
215
226
512
530
466
494
500
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
4.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
23.0
23.0
1 .0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
6.5
7.0
1 .0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
16.0
13.0
14.0
14.0
15.0
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
20.0
24.0
25.0
25.0
26.0
1.0
F.B.
1.5
2.5
4.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
9.0
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
25/1
'
145
237
237
226
226
237
26/1
157
447
466
419
456
447
co
to
to
14.5
15.2
1st Capping Run

15.2
2nd Capping Run

15.2
>1
rocx
re
ra
rt ra
in .
>
On
ZT
145
341
341
300
305
315
Comments
secs
co
24/1
en
to
I
Final Capping Run

15.8
ro
>
oo
o
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
secs
secs
secs
secs
ti
8/1
133
14.5
52.0
>
o
1-4
3
Li
9/1
157
10/1
145
13.8
52.5
tn
t '
[
Oi.
<
l'I
n
m
IJ
:

H
O
11/1
133
en H
ZT
12/1
157
11.0
>
ro cx;
ro ra
ra
. .
>
>
50.0
Ret
Time at
1050 .C
secs
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
to
I
Theory
At8/5
(3D)
sees
Comments
00
M
to
619
560
447
450
409
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1 .5
4.5
5
6
8
7
9
F.L.
2.0
1 .0
1 .5
4.5
24
23
20
21
23
F.L.
2.0
1 .0
1.5
4.5
1 .0
2.5
4
5
8
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
21
21
21
21
24
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
13
14
14
14
17
14.5
258
248
237
237
230
1082
780
705
566
466
1.5
15.8
15.2
248
243
237
237
230
14.5
310
295
279
275
265
-J
to
15.8
>
^
00
o
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
13/1
Inter
Pass
Temp
to
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
secs
secs
secs
secs
secs
13.5
48.0
14.5
13.0
13.0
13.0
51.5
53.0
50.0
51.0
1234
828
1052
876
654
3.5
160
14/1
on
150
14.0
47 .5
258
248
248
248
240
0.5
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
F.L.
2.5
1.0
1.5
4.5
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
21
22
22
23
25
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
11
12
12
13
16
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
2.0
4.0
2.0
2.5
4.5
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
21
22
22
22
25
Theory
t8/5
(3D)
sees
Comments
oo
to
to
15.8
16.0
15/1
16/1
150
157
13.5
14.3
48.0
14.0
48.0
52.0
375
330
325
325
300
923
654
923
730
615
15.4
15.8
C/3
ZT
>
(D CX
ro ra
ra
_
>
en
17/1
157
258
248
253
240
235
to
15.8
>
CO
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
en
to
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
ime at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
t8/5
(3D)
secs
Comments
CO
to
ro
18/1
160
19/1
157
49.0
390
341
385
341
680
510
784
545
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
10
12
11
12
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
2.0
4.0
3.0
4.5
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1 .5
22
23
23
24
16.1
F.L.
2.0
1 .0
1.5
12
13
12
13
15.8
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
4.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
15.8
16.0
15.8
-,
en
20/1
162
16.5
53.0
21/1
157
248
242
245
242
360
310
351
315
C/D i
ZT
>
ro cx
ro ra
rt
ra
_ i
>
c3>
22/1
157
14.0
44.0
552
456
605
503
to
zK
>
CO
*1
WELD
HARPOON DATA
InterPass
Temp
en
to
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
23/1
157
13.8
41 .0
24/1
157
13.8
39.0
Run/
Side
No
25/1
162
16.5
46.0
26/1
169
15.0
45 .0
240
237
240
237
331
300
341
315
447
385
494
424
248
237
245
240
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
22
25
24
24
F.L.
2.0
1 .0
1.5
12
18
13
14
F.L.
2.0
1 .0
1 .5
7
9
8
7
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
25
22
25
26
F.L.
2.0
1.0
1.5
16
16
15
15
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
sees
-P-
>
en
27/1
162
17.3
51.0
325
295
320
305
Comments
oo
to
to
15.8
15.8
16.1
16.5
C/1 U
ZT >
rorr
ro
ra
r-r ra
-J
KJ
16.1
>
03
O
4J*
WELD
HARPOON DATA
ra
f
Run/
Side
No
rl
O)
J>
o
c
3/1
4/1
InterPass
Temp
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
C
325
345
365
360
290
320
107
258
310
290
305
250
269
100
11'
en
to

Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
_
-
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
13.0
14.0
16.0
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
7.0
6.0
9.0
7.0
9.0
8.0
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
10.0
5.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
sees
13.4
Comments
oo
to
M
First 2 kJ/mm S.A. Run
2
11 Prep Side
13.1
l'I
t'!
CO
ra
ni
>
>
5/1
110
'1
6/1
133
5.5?
10.5?
310
351
399
399
290
310
1569
1468
1097
915
475
494
C/J pJ
er >
ro cx
ro

i
>
-J
7/1
125
380
399
341
341
269
285
_
_
-
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2 .0
3.0
4.0
W.M.
0.5
1 .5
2 .0
3.0
4.0
W.M.
3.0
2.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
11 .0
11.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
13.0
13.5
Suspect wrong chart

speed on harooon
recorder
T/C Side of Prep

14.5
to
14.2
ZK
>
00
Sd
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
8/1
9/1
10/1
InterPass
Temp
133
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
15.5
15.5
15.0
15.0
44.0
44.5
44.5
46.0
1277
1220
1148
1045
539
535
15.3
48.0
351
351
320
325
269
145
120
16
42.5
14.5
14.0
14.5
14.5
11/1
r/j
37.5
37.5
37.0
38.0
969
1075
892
868
539
503
360
360
320
331
269
275
133
~ >
ro CX
re ra
rara
K3 _^
>
-~j
46.5
47.0
12/1
133
en
to
I
739
796
654
662
466
456
Ret
Time at
1050.C
secs
5.0
4.5
2.0
_
1 .0
_
-
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.5
3.0
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
10.0
11.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
1.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
12.0
13.0
13.0
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
5.0
Theory
At8/5
(3-D)
sees
14.5
Comments
00
to
to
T/C Side of Prep
T/C Side of Prep

13.9
14.5
ro
14.5
00
Jj=.
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
14/1
15/2
InterPass
Temp
133
90
*1
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
On
O
53.0
10.5
16/2
17/2
C/J
ZT
107
120
13.0
36.5
24.0
13.0
33.5
38.0
671
713
619
654
475
475
575
331
409
360
300
310
1595
419
713
521
380
370
566
1015
722
521
438
3.5
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
ram
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
t8/5
(3-D)
en
to
Comments
secs
W.M.
0.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
F.B
2.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
7.0
4.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
10.0
F.B.
2.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
7.0
F.B.
4.0
7.0 13.4
6.0
8.0
10.0
F.B.
2.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
7.0
W.M.
3.0
13.9
5.0
3.5
7.0
8.0
14 .5
oo
ro
Run 13 Results Omitted
Run 14 Final Capping
Run
T/C Side of Prep
to
12.7
Last Full Width Run

2nd Side
(l/i
Prep)
T/C Side of Prep
>
rocx
,
ro
rt ra
OJ
.
>
~j
18/2
120
595
341
438
409
320
320
F.B.
2.0
1 .5
3.0
3.0
7.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
10.0
13 .0
13.0
13.9
-~j
;sj
CO
JJJ.
en
to
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
19/2
20/2
21/2
133
145
157
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
38.0
44.5
1483
654
1045
796
654
484
16.5
17.0
19.0
19.0
46.0
47.5
320
380
365
310
310
602
804
876
672
321
CO
Ret
T i m e at
1050.C
secs
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
F.B.
2.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
7.0
1.0
2.0
1 .5
3.0
4.0
7.0
F.B.
2.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
7.0
9.0
8.0
10.0
11.0
13.0
16.0
F.B.
2.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
7.0
3.0
2 .0
2.5
3.0
3.0
7.0
Theory
t8/5
(3D)
to
to
Comments
sees
Closest Run to T/C

14.5
1st Capping run

15.2
Final Capping Run

15.8
C/J P^
ZT
>
ro CXI
ro
ra
rt
*
>
^j
-J
to
>
CO
*1
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
en
to
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
ime at
1050 .C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
(2-D)
Comments
oo
ro
sees
to
01
CI
UI
1/1
157
2/1
157
61.5
L'I
c,
,
3
3
1483
645
772
9.0
99.0
?C
I
747
557
1st Root Run

*2.0 kJ/mm
2nd Root Run

*3.0 kJ/mm
PCI
PI
>
>
ro
1-3
3/1
157
48.8
193.3
,53.0
89
ra
PI
931
557
624
W.M.
W.M.
3.0
2.0
W.M.
3.0
W.M.
W.M.
3.0
13
12
12
48.2
First 5.0 kJ/mm Run
UI
4/1
157
602
442
475
48.2
co H
er >
ro rx
ro ra
ra ra
>
co
Capping Run
5/1
169
53.0
220.8
53.0
205
228
1035
628
728
W.M.
W.M.
6.0
5.0
3.0
6.0
51.9
to
>
00
CTl
to
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
6/2
169
145
C/J
er >
rora
re
rt ra
ra
o _>
>
oc.
181
10.0
10.3
1.8
W.M.
W.M.
1 .5
2.0
2.0
4.0
W.M.
W.M.
1.5
2.0
2.0
4.0
1191
1104
1067
775
1082
844
12.3
8.5
3.25
W.M.
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
4.0
W.M.
2.5
2.5
3.5
3.0
5.0
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
53.3
46.5
49.3
45.8
45.7
237
247
212
219
211
207
216.8
179
171
181
180.8
174.5
47.0
261 .3
43.5
198.3
42.3
43.7
40.75
43.3
43.0
9/2
1525
1483
1111
923
992
713
Delta
t7/3
169
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Delta
t8/5
UI
OJ
8/2
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Delta
t7/3
7/2
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
Delta
t8/5
56.0
51 .0
>200
>200
6.0
615
602
584
466
584
512
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
1 .5
2.0
2.0
11 .0
12.0
14.0
12.0
12 .0
14.0
57.0
55.0
61.5
270
283
290
61.0
303
317
908
820
844
619
852
722
W.M.
W.M.
1.5
2.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
3.5
5.0
6.0
Theory
ta/5
(2D)
co
to
t\j
Comments
sees
Side 2
5.0 kJ/mm
51 .9
Last Full Width Run

44.9
Capping Run
51.9
Capping Run
T/C Side of Prep
56.1
to
>
00
>-d
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
t1
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
133
34.0
600
605
620
610
590
Inter
Pass
Temp
4/1
on

Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
2D)
6/2
51
'
PO
PI
F.B.
F.B.
F.B.
F.B.
2.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
F.B.
F.B.
F.B.
F.B.
2.5
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
5.0
F.B.
F.B.
F.B.
F.B.
2.5
W.M.
W.M.
W.M.
0.5
4.0
F.B.
F.B.
F.B.
F.B.
2 .5
1 .5
0.5
1 .0
1.5
2.5
Comments
00
to
to
sees
41 .9
^1
OJ
Y
C,
to
I
No Thermometry on
Side 1
27.9
(This Run 3D Heat

Flow due to low
Preheat)
29.5
Fast Cooling
Times due to low
Preheat
>
ti
H
O
On
7/2
66
PO
1550
11 .5
24.5
73.0
24.0
26.0
29.5
69.0
76.0
86.0
1547
1362
892
9.0
7.5
26.5
78.5
1376
10.5
27.0
29.0
29.5
79.0
80.0
100.0
1318
1263
1022
11.5
7.5
35.0
116
1169
JO)
UI
8/2
C40
80
ra>
ro cx
ro
ra
rr ra
. _.
>
vO
9/2
133
26.0
36.0
36.0
38.5
126
135
145
1376
1169
1089
8.0
12 .0
8.5
2.0
31 .6
More Realistic
Cooling Times
41 .9
-J
to
ZK
>
00
a
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050 .C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
_
_
_
_
248
237
230
226
226
220
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
_
_
320
300
300
295
290
259
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
22.0
16.0
16.0
<
27.5
162
PI
PI
_
_
_
_
_
_
_'
820
452
557
484
460
405
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1 .5
4.0
16.0
16.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
39.5
168
6.5
28.5
30.0
163.5
168.0
1277
503
828
876
637
512
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
13.0
13.0
12.0
11 .0
14.0
16.0
239
213
221
230
245
1433
1433
1504
1198
969
15.5
14.3
13.5
10.0
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
2.5
4.0
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
O
Oi
1>J
1/1
80
en
to
I

Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
t8/5
(2D)
Comments
00
sees
to
to
31.6
U!
<H
=1
3
2/1
107
In
Cl
36.3
r
m
On
on
po
PI
11
4*
3/1
105
29.0
189
11
36.3
5
H
O
CD
tn
4/1
120
43.5
171
J>
en
o
t. 1
>
CS
ra
ra
5/1
157
51.5
224.5
55.5
53.5
54 .8
55.0
54.0
Last Full Width Run

38.9
Nearest Run to T/C

J
ro
48.2
>
CO
o
,J>
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
6/1
InterPass
Temp
140
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
sees
sees
sees
sees
_
-
54.0
169.0
_
7/1
140
44.0
43 .0
44.0
45.0
45.0
171
179
186
194
205
548
557
539
454
399
_
1227
1148
1045
969
844
en
Ret
Time at
1050.C
secs
_
8.5
7.0
on
en
S/l
181
54.0
37
9/1
107
33.0
103
112
117.5
512
484
496
438
409
W.M.
852
755
772
688
658
399
395
409
380
360
>
CX
ra
ra
10/1
157
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
t8/5
(2-D)
sees
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
13.0
11.0
13.0
13.0
15.0
15.0
43.6
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
F.B.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
4.0
43.6
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
12.0
11 .0
12.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
56.1
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
3.0
2 .0
3.0
3.0
18.0
5.0
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
15.0
12.5
14.0
15.0
18.0
17.0
to
I
Comments
oo
to
to
36.3
48.2
ZK
>
CO
#
ron
to
I
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
11/1
InterPass
Temp
157
CO
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050 .C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
on
-J
12/1
157
ro
ro
671
645
688
645
658
380
370
375
360
351
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1 .5
4.0
2.5
3.5
4.0
2.5
3.0
5.5
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
W.M.
1.5
4.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
18.0
18.0
20.0
Theory
ta/5
(2-D)
Comments
sees
1st Capping Run
Nearest T/C
48.2
48.2
Final Capping Run
>
OX
ra
R
-O.
ro
CO
WELD
HARPQON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
C
pi
f
s
o
1/1
2/1
on
co
180
157
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
secs
secs
secs
secs
310
310
310
310
310
310
W.M.
W.M.
0.5
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
22.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
25.0
24.0
_
_
_
_
-
370
370
331
341
331
341
_
:
-
W.M.
W.M.
0.5
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
20.0
18.0
22.0
17.0
20.0
20.0
210
722
680
548
575
503
512
_
-
W-.M.
A.M.
0.5
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
10.0
8.0
12.0
12 .0
13.0
16.0
4/1
181
72
255
66.0
57.5
61 .0
co
er
ro >
ro
ra
5/1
181
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Delta
t8/5
181
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Delta
t7/3
PI
PO
pi
3/1
Ret
Time at
1050 .C
secs
Delta
t8/5
S
>
>
ro
60.0
67.0
"
314
320
340
345
6.5
5.8
363
1518
1305
780
876
680
730
W.M.
W.M.
0.5
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
4.0
6.0
8.0
7.0
12.0
10.0
288
295
315
312
327
330
1355
1162
730
730
772
923
9.0
6.0
W.M.
W.M.
0.5
0.5
W.M.
F.B.
4.0
8.0
5.0
5.0
10.0
9.0
5.3
Theory
At8/5
(2-D)
sees
Comments
CO
ro
to
56.1
48.2
56.1
56.1
Closest to T/C
Position
to
56.1
>
CO
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
6/1
192
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
sees
sees
sees
sees
181
62
24
59.5
64.0
71.0
64.0
69.0
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
secs
602
557
447
484
434
434
295
303
318
315
327
1362
1227
820
1248
946
512
438
484
428
419
7/1
(
to
I
15.5
12.5
17.0
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
W.M.
W.M.
0.5
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
12.0
14.0
16.0
14 .0
16.0
17.0
W.M.
W.M.
0.5
W.M.
W.M.
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
W.M.
0.5
W.M.
W.M.
F.B.
12 .0
12 .0
14 .0
12.0
15.0
Theory
ta/5
(2D)
Comments
sees
00
to
to
60.3
56.1
on
ko
8/1
215?
9/1
en
269?
High Apparent Reheat

due to Cold Junction
Overheating
Connection B lock
Melting
Runs 9,L0 and 11
Disregarded .
ra >
ro cx
ro ra
ra
to
>
00
O
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
Inter
Pass
Temp
Cr-
Cl
3/1
192
HAZ T H E R M O C O U P L E DATA
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
sees
sees
sees
sees
a
en
Peak
Temp
C
3 20
320
320
320
320
320
Ret
T i m e at
1050.C
sees
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
(2D)
181
00
to
to
F i r s t S A Run
*2 kJ/mm only
*2.97 k J / m m
6.0
F.B.
only
351
365
365
C'
o
c
)
r
en
o
Comments
sees
360
360
4/1
to
I
1511
654
43.5
PI
5/1
181
48.5
548
584
580
PO
F i r s t Full 5 k J / m m
W.M.
Run
56.1
1 .0
1.0
3.0
3.5
6.0
F.B.
7.0
ilPO
>
>-<
.
O
39.5
6/1
133
37.5
173
1391
10.0
162
co H
ra
>
roCX
rora
rara
D
D
1277
1220
52.5
54.5
7/1
169
41 .9
1 .0
593
584
575
53.5
53 .5
296
900
852
3.0
3.5
12 .0
10.5
F.B.
1 .5
1 .0
1 .0
3.0
3.5
3.0
3.5
51 .9
-J
to
>
CO
Sd
en
to
co
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
8/1
9/1
InterPass
Temp
181
192
to
to
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
42.0
593
584
456
484
690
52.0
55.0
229
235
1177
1089
58.0
58.0
55.0
255
261
270
855
910
850
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
F.B.
12.0
Comments
sees
56.1
3.0
3.5
7.5
5.5
Theory
At8/5
(2-D)
10.0
F.B.
3.0
1.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
5.0
3.5
60.3
Final Capping Run

No Thermometry on
Side 2
>
Co
ra
ra
-J
to
>
00
4^
^d
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At8/5
(2-D)
en
to
I
Comments
sees
co
to
ro
3/1
4/1
100
107
38
en
to
5/1
6/1
120
157
47
>
CX
rara
7/1
120
41
-"
123
132
52.0
380
50.0
49.0
380
380
44.5
46.0
44.0
39.0
41.0
41 .5
155
165
153
138
147
279
290
258
258
248
269
345
360
320
341
341
331
785
772
688
688
637
548
852
763
705
977
985
705
1037
992
939
1476
1169
1060
3.0
6.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
8.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
3.0
5.0
3.5
3.5
2.5
6.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
14
8
38.9
First Sub-Arc Run

*2.0 kJ/mm
*3.0 kJ/mm
First 5.0 kJ/mm

Run
48.2
38.9
-o
to
>
CO
>1
en
to
I
CO
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
Side
No
InterPass
Temp
to
to
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
secs
225
8/1
169
en
oo
9/1
145
51.0
206
209
50.5
55.5
50.0
47.0
48.0
47.5
190
201
207
209.5
212
224
713
645
671
939
347
645
1015
844
915
1398
1177
1097
15.5
8.5
6.5
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
3.0
8.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
5.0
5 .0
6.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
1.5
1 .0
2.5
1.5
1.0
Theory
At8/5
(2-D)
Comments
sees
51 .9
44.9
First Capping Run/

No Record for Run 10,
Side 2, Harpoon Data
Only
>
ox
ra
ra
to
CO
*1
en
to
I
oo
to
to
WELD
HARPOON DATA
c:
11
Run/
Side
No
1/
Bottom
InterPass
Temp
20
PI
t
pi
n
po
o
l/l
>
o
ra
>
1/
Top
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050 .C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
_
-
226
243
253
262
20
286
294
307
312
_
-
_
W.M.
10.0
10.0
13.0
13 .0
1015
970
844
830
1490
1191
1148
1030
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
74
59
47
F.B.
F.B.
3.0
6.0
8.0
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
t8/5
(2-D)
sees
_
W.M.
10.0
10.0
13.0
13.0
Comments
244.5
Theory Assumes
Rel Ef f y of 0.32
(2-D Heat Flow)
F.B. W.M.
244 .5
F.B.
3.0
6.0
8.0
-o
to
CX
ZK
>
co
o
Mj
en
ro
I
co
to
to
WELD
HARPOON DATA
Run/
. '
S l d e
NO
12/A
inter
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Delta
t8/5
Delta
t7/3
Peak
Temp
Ret
Time at
1050.C
sees
sees
sees
sees
sees
20
Bottom
T/Cs
Pass
m
Temp
12/B
20
Top
T/Cs
Dist
from
Weld
Run
mm
Theory
At/5
(2D)
300
302
318
308
333
360
591
1476
1007
106.5
F.L. 1.0
5.5
F.L. 1.0
5.5
1476
1504
1485
1348
1277
931
148 .0
130.0
131 .0
115.0
85.0
W.M.
W.M.
F.L. 0.5
1.25
1 .5
4.0
W.M.
W.M.
F.L. 0.5
1 .25
1.5
4.0
Comments
sees
295.7
262.5
247 .5
en
Ui
Dist
from
Fusion
Boundary
mm
No Harpoon Times.
Theory Assumes 0.32
Rel Effy of 0.375
and 2D Heat Flow
295.7
CO
ra
re
ro
ra
to
>
00
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
APPENDIX 1B
Histograms of measured and theoretical data,
166
FR 6 2 - 1 0 822
>2>10. K A / 8 0 .
2 KJ/Mr, WELD.
13 point,
INTERPRSS TEMPERATURES
litan:
J55.BJ4
100
120
S.D.:
30.9BJB
Var:
353. BS3
60
BO
140
160-
180
EOO
20
E40
FIG. 1B1
INTERPRSS TEnP. DE5. C
g KJ/MM. HAZ, INTERPASS TEMPERATURES

F
S3 pol n 11
rie ant
J 40. 472
S.D.:
37.48
Var:
J 404. 75
so
loo
izo
MO
iso
INTERPftSS TEMP. DES. C
1fi7
iso
200
22C
240
F I G . 1B2
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
5 KJ/MM. WELD, INTERPASS TEMPERATURES
F
70
80
22 palnt4
SO
ritan:
100
147.903
110
S.D.:
120
130
30. b&DS
140
Var:
ISO
953,61
170
160
180
FIG.
JNTERPftSS TEflP. DES. C
ISO
1B3
5 KJ/MM. HAZ. INTERPASS TEMPERATURES

F
SS palnta
Haen:
14S.11
S.D.:
33.5721
130
140
Ver:
1127.09
J7.6
1S.0
12.6
10.0
7.5
5.0
2-5
o.o
60
70
30
100
110
120
INTERPftSS TEO?. CE6. c
150
160
170
FIG.
180
1 B4
ISO
EOS
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/804
2 KJ/MM. WELD POOL COOLING TIME DISTRIBUTION

F
54 polni-t
ritan:
16.179S
S.D. 2.8505B
Var:
8.125S
10 ..
e.
HD
10
16
12
18
20
22
24
SS
FIG. 1B5
DELTA T8/5 WELD
2 KJ/MM. HAZ COOLING TIME DISTRIBUTION

F
51 pointa
Utan:
15.0431
S.D.:
3.48271
Var:
12.1233
G,
3 .
2 .
0 ,.
10
12
14
16
IB
20
22
24
26
28
FIG.
OELTfl T8/S
169
16
FR 62-10 822
7210.KA/80
5 KJ/MM. WELD COOLING TIME DISTRIBUTION

F
55 pointa
Utan:
47.36
S.D.:
10.655
Var:
113.523
8 ,
25
30
35
40
45
50
56
n
60
65
70
VELO DELTA T8/5
75
FIG. 1B7
5 KJ/MM. HAZ COOLING TIME DISTRIBUTION

F
83 pointa
Utan:
47.891
S.D.:
11.4505
Var:
131.113
5.
20
25
30
35
40
45
HflZ DELTA T8/5
170
60
55
60
65
70
FIG.
75
1B
FR 6 2 - 1 0
822
7210.KA/804
c KJ/MM.
F
THEORETICAL COOLING TIME
81 C 84 J polntt
tan:
15.3506
S.D.:
DISTRIBUTION
1.72425
Var:
2.37303
14 ,
12
10
Q
12
13
14
15
16
18
17
13
20
21
FIG. 19
U 4 D DELTA T8/S
5 KJ/MM. THEORETICAL COOLING TIME DISTRIBUTION

F
20
83 pointa
Maon: 47.2584
S.D.:
S.34405
Var:
SS.6231
15.
io.
n
20
25
30
35
40
46
50
U 4 D OELTA T8/5, 2-D HEAT FLOW
1 71
55
SO
B5
70
FIG.
1B10
75
CDNA09297ENC

Measurement of Toughness in The Heat Affected Zone of Welded Structural Steels

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Measurement of Toughness in The Heat Affected Zone of Welded Structural Steels

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Commission of the European Communities

technical steel research

Properties and service performance