No.

15-1030
In the

Supreme Court of the United States

JUNE SHEW, et al.,
Petitioners,
v.
DANIEL P. MALLOY, GOVERNOR
OF CONNECTICUT, et al.,
Respondents.

On PetitiOn fOr a Writ Of CertiOrari tO the United

StateS COUrt Of a PPealS fOr the SeCOnd CirCUit

BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE

SECOND AMENDMENT COALITION
IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS
Paloma a. CaPanna, attorney
Counsel of Record

Attorney for Amicus Curiae

Second Amendment Coalition

i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TABLE OF APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTERESTS OF AMICUS CURIAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
ARGUMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
I.

T H E I N T ERV EN T ION OF T H I S
COURT IS NECESSARY TO QUELL
THE MAELSTROM OF DECISIONS
ERODING OUR CIVIL RIGHTS UNDER
THE SECOND AMENDMENT TO THE
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION . . . . . . . .1
I.A.

THE SECOND AMENDMENT IS

THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS
MOVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

I.B.

T H E C OU RT I S N EEDED
TO CONDUCT A CRITICAL
E X A M I N A T IO N O F T H E
RECORD ON APPEAL AND
T O I S SU E A RU LI NG I N
ACCORDA NCE WITH FED.
.......................

ii
Table of Contents
Page
II. THE COMMON USE STANDARD
FROM HELLER IS NOT PROTECTING
OUR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS UNDER
THE SECOND AMENDMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.A.

THE LOW ER COURTS

GRANTED SUMMARY
JUDGMENT AGAINST THE
PLAINTIFFS, CONTRARY TO
THE HELLER STA NDA RD
AND CONTRARY TO THEIR
OWN FINDINGS, IMPELLING
T H E I N VOLV E M EN T OF
THIS COURT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

II.B.

THE FIREARM IS THE

ONLY CONSUMER PRODUCT
PROTECTED BY THE
BILL OF RIGHTS . W ELL ESTA BLISHED FEDER A L
LAW AND THE FIREARMS
INDUSTRY REPRESENT AN
OPPORTUNITY TO FIX THE
SNARL OF LOWER COURT
DECISIONS CHILLING
MILLIONS OF LAW-ABIDING
FIREARMS OWNERS . . . . . . . . . . . .14

III. T H E C O U R T S B E L O W A R E
C AV I N G I N T O E M O T I O N A L
PR E S SU R E A N D N EGL EC T I NG
. . . . . . .18

iii
Table of Contents
Page
III.A.

NUMEROUS JUDGES A RE
HIDING BEHIND QUESTIONS
OF BU R DEN T O AVOI D
PRO T ECTING OU R CI V IL
LI BERT I E S U N DER T H E
SECOND AMENDMENT. . . . . . . . . .18

III.B.

THE LOW ER COURTS

SHOULD HAVE REJECTED
THE GOV ERNMENT S
INA DMISSIBLE A ND
INCORRECT SUBMISSIONS
PURSUANT TO FED R. CIV.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

iv
TABLE OF APPENDICES
Page
APPENDIX A A LISTING OF THE AMICI . . . . .
APPENDIX B NATIONAL FIREARMS
A C T R E G I S T E R E D W E A P ON S B Y
STATE, DATED FEBRUARY 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . .

v
TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES
Page
CASES
Abramski v. United States,
...................
Brown v. Bd. of Educ.,

. . . .5

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
District of Columbia v. Heller,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
Friedman v. City of Highland Park, IL,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
Henderson v. United States,
......
Kolbe v. Hogan,
rehg granted
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 12, 20, 22

vi
Cited Authorities
Page
Korematsu v. United States,

. . . .5

Marbury v. Madison,

. . . . . . . .5

McDonald v. City of Chicago,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
,
LEXIS 18121 (2015); appealed sub nom.
......................
Robinson v. Cuomo,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Scott v. Sandford,

. . . . .5

Texas v. Johnson,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
U.S. v. VA,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

vii
Cited Authorities
Page
Whitney v. Cal.,

. . .5

STATUTES AND OTHER AUTHORITIES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 28
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
...................................
..................
................................
..............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
.................................
...........................

viii
Cited Authorities
Page
.................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

. . . . . . . . . . . .7

. . . . .14

ix
Cited Authorities
Page
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
...........................

. . . . . . . .4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
........
..........................
............................
..............
..................................
........

x
Cited Authorities
Page
........
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

. . . . . . . . . . . .4
...........

1
Amici

Amicus Curiae

INTERESTS OF AMICUS CURIAE1

Amicus Curiae

Amici

Amici

ARGUMENT
I.

THE INTERVENTION OF THIS COURT IS

NECESSARY TO QUELL THE MAELSTROM
OF DECISIONS ERODING OUR CIVIL RIGHTS
UNDER THE SECOND AMENDMENT TO THE
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION.
2

Amici
Amici

Heller3

I.A.

THE SECOND AMENDMENT IS THE

MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.

feel
IL

Friedman v. City of Highland Park,

3. District of Columbia v. Heller,

McDonald

Heller
4

Kolbe v. Hogan

4. McDonald v. City of Chicago,

rehg granted

4
5

No

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

Heller, supra,

Marbury v. Madison,

See, e.g., Scott v. Sandford,

Whitney v. Cal.,

United States,

v. Bd. of Educ.,

Korematsu v.

Brown

Henderson v. United States,

McDonald

Henderson
.

Heller

Abramski v. United States,

et seq
McDonald

Abramski,

I.B.

Heller
Heller, McDonald, Henderson,

THE COURT IS NEEDED TO CONDUCT

A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE
RECORD ON APPEAL AND TO ISSUE
A RULING IN ACCORDANCE WITH
FED.R.CIV.P. 56.

7
Heller, McDonald, Henderson,

Abramski,

Amici

Amicus Curiae

Assn. v. Cuomo
LEXIS 18121 (2015); appealed sub nom. Shew v. Malloy, petition

N.B.:
Amicus Curiae

8
10

11

12

13

14

sub nom. Shew, supra,

.
11. Sub nom. Shew, id.
supra
13. Sub nom. Shew, supra,
supra

15

Heller

II. THE COMMON USE STA NDA RD FROM

HELLER IS NO T PRO T ECTI NG OU R
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS UNDER THE SECOND
AMENDMENT.
Heller

Friedman v. City of Highland Park

supra

10
Shew v. Malloy
Hogan
Assn. v. Cuomo
Friedman
certiorari
Heller

Kolbe v.

e.g.,

Friedman, id.

Amicus Curiae.

Amici

17

Amici

Robinson v. Cuomo,

11

II.A.

THE LOW ER COU RTS GR A N TED

SUMMARY JUDGMENT AGAINST THE
PLAINTIFFS, CONTRARY TO THE
HELLER STANDARD AND CONTRARY
TO THEIR OWN FINDINGS, IMPELLING
THE INVOLVEMENT OF THIS COURT.

Heller

Heller.
Pistol Assn. v. Cuomo
sub nom. Shew v. Malloy, supra.

appealed

Id.,
Shew v. Malloy,

12
affd in part, revd in part,
,
LEXIS 18121 (2015), appealed sub nom. Shew,
supra.
Id.,

,
affd in part, revd in part,
, 804
appealed sub nom. Shew, supra.

Kolbe,

supra

Kolbe,

id.,

13

Park,

415.

Hogan,

Friedman v. City of Highland

cert. denied, supra.

Id.,

Kolbe v.
affm in part, vacated

in part and remanded,

motion for rehg granted

Highland Park

Friedman v. City of

14
affd
cert. denied, supra.

Heller

Heller
II.B.

McDonald. Friedman, supra,

T H E F I R E A R M I S T H E O N LY
CONSUMER PRODUCT PROTECTED
BY THE BILL OF RIGHTS. WELLE S TA B L I S H E D F E D E R A L L AW
A N D THE FIREA RMS IN DUSTRY
REPRESENT AN OPPORTUNITY TO
FIX THE SNARL OF LOWER COURT
DECISIONS CHILLING MILLIONS OF
LAW-ABIDING FIREARMS OWNERS.

18

15

Heller

Heller,

supra,

per se

Heller

20

20. N.B.:

sub nom. Shew,

Heller,

17
21

Heller, supra,

Amicus Curiae

Supra,
21. Sub nom. Shew, supra,

18

Henderson

Heller

Abramski, supra

certiorari

III. THE COURTS BELOW ARE CAVING IN TO

EMOTIONAL PRESSURE AND NEGLECTING
FED.R.CIV.P. 56 REQUIREMENTS.
III.A.

NUMEROUS JUDGES ARE HIDING

BEHIND QUESTIONS OF BURDEN
TO AVOID PROTECTING OUR CIVIL
LIBERTIES UNDER THE SECOND
AMENDMENT.

manner
prohibition

Pistol Assn. v. Cuomo,

Malloy,

supra,

supra,

Shew v.

20

NYSRPA

v. Cuomo, WDNY, supra

Kolbe v. Hogan,

supra,

Kolbe,

DMD, supra,

C.f., Friedman,

supra,

Friedman, NDIL, supra,

supra,

Heller,

McDonald, supra,
Heller

21
McDonald, supra,

Hellers

Friedman, U.S., supra,

III.B.

Heller
Kolbe,

THE LOWER COURTS SHOULD HAVE

REJECTED THE GOVERNMENTS
INADMISSIBLE AND INCORRECT
SU BM I S SIONS PU R SUA N T T O
FED.R.CIV.P. 56.

Chester.
supra,

22
Texas v. Johnson

McDonald, supra,

Heller, supra,

23

post hoc
U.S. v. VA, 518 U.S. 515, 533,

NYSRPA, supra,

U.S. v. VA, supra.

24
CONCLUSION

Heller,

Id.

Heller

Heller, supra,
Heller
Amicus Curiae

Heller

Heller,

supra,

25
22

23
24

Paloma a. CaPanna, attorney

Counsel of Record

Attorney for Amicus Curiae

Second Amendment Coalition

amended by
amended by

et seq., repealed by

et seq.

APPENDIX

1a
A OF THE AMICI
APPENDIX A Appendix
A LISTING
The Shooters Committee on Political Education is
a statewide organization founded in 1965, by a group of

amicus
The 110 Rod and Gun Club, Inc.

The Albion Fish & Game Club, Inc

The Albion Rod and Gun Club, Inc.

The Alden Rod & Gun Club Inc.

Appendix A

The Allegany Chapter of SCOPE

The Almond Rod and Gun Club, Inc.

The Association of Former New York State

Troopers, Inc.

The Avon Anglers Unlimited, Inc

3a
Appendix A
The Barre Sportsmens Club, Inc

The Bath Rod and Gun Club, Inc.

The Black North Rod & Gun Club, Inc.

Inc

The Broome County Sportsmens Association,

Burns Family Farm, L.L.C.

The Canandaigua Tea Party Patriots

Appendix A

Capitol District SCOPE is a grassroots organization

The Cattaraugus County Chapter of SCOPE is

The Cattaraugus County Tea Party Patriots is a

Cayuga County Chapter of SCOPE is a group

Central New York Chapter of SCOPE

5a
Appendix A

Chautauqua County Chapter of SCOPE

The Chemung County Chapter of SCOPE was

Chestnut Ridge Rod and Gun Club, Inc. is a

Conesus Lake Sportsmens Club, Inc

Club

Corning Fish and Game

6a
Appendix A
Cortland County Committee of SCOPE

Crosby Creek, LLC

Crum Elbow Sportsmens Association, Inc.

Dansville Fish & Game Protective Association is a

Delchenego Rod and Gun Club, Inc.

7a
Appendix A

Depew Rod & Gun Club Inc.

The

Dutchess County Chapter of SCOPE

Dutchess County Pistol Association, Inc.

Dutchess County Sportsmens Association, Inc.

Appendix A
The Eden-North Collins Gun Club, Inc. features

Erie County Chapter of SCOPE

The Erie County Conservation Society, Inc. was

The Erie County Sheriffs Police Benevolent

Association Inc.

The Essex County Fish and Game League, Inc.

9a
Appendix A
Evans Rod and Gun Club, Inc.

The Federated Sportsmens Clubs of Cattaraugus

County, Inc.

The Federated Sportsmens Clubs of Chenango

County, New York, Inc.

The Federated Sportsmens Clubs of Oneida County,

Inc.

The Federation of Dutchess County Fish and Game

Clubs, Inc.

Appendix A
Finger La kes Resou rce Conser vation a nd
Development Council, Inc.

Five Point Rod & Gun Club

The Frederick Douglass Foundation of New

York

Genesee County Chapter of SCOPE

11a
Appendix A
Glenville Fish and Game Club, Inc.

Grand Island Rod & Gun Club, Inc

Hamburg Rod & Gun Club, Inc. was founded in

Helderberg Rod and Gun Club, Inc

Hidden Lake Conservation Association, Inc. is an

Appendix A
The Holland Rod & Gun Club, Inc.

Horton Hill Sportsman is a group of outdoor

Hudson Fish and Game Club, Inc

Hudson Valley Sportsmens Assn., Inc. is a shooting

Interlaken Guns and Ammo

Interlaken Sportsmans Club, Inc

Jefferson-Lewis Chapter of SCOPE

13a
Appendix A
Junior Wilson Sportsmens Club, Inc. was founded

Leatherstocking Club of Oswego County

Livingston County Chapter of SCOPE

Livingston County Federation of Sportsmens

Clubs, Inc

The Mad River Club, Inc

Appendix A

The Malone Fish and Game Club, Inc

Manchester Hunt Club, Inc

Medina Conservation Club, Inc

Club, Inc.

Middleburgh Rod & Gun

Mikes Guns and Ammo

Millbrook Rod & Gun Club, Inc

15a
Appendix A
The Monroe County Chapter of SCOPE sees its

Montgomery County Committee of SCOPE operates

The Mount Morris Sportsmans Club, Inc. offers

Mumford Sportsmens Club Inc

NCA Sports Club

The New York City Chapter of SCOPE

16a
Appendix A

New York Oath Keepers LLC is a statew ide

New York State Conservation Council Incorporated

N.Y.S. Sporterifle Inc

Niagara County Chapter of SCOPE

17a
Appendix A
North County Chapter of SCOPE

North Syracuse Rod & Gun Club, Inc

Northern Dutchess Rod and Gun Club, Inc

The Oneida-Herkimer Committee of SCOPE

Inc

Onondaga County Federation of Sportsmens Clubs,

Appendix A
Ontario County Chapter of SCOPE

Orange County Constitutionalists Coalition is a

Orange County Chapter of SCOPE

of SCOPE

Orleans County Chapter

Orleans County Clay Crushers, Inc

Inc

Orleans County Federation of Sportsmans Clubs,

19a
Appendix A
Inc

Oswego County Federation of Sportsmens Clubs,

Oswego County T rappers A ssociation wa s

Painted Post Field and Stream Club, Inc

The Pawling Fish and Game Association, Inc

Perkinsville Rod and Gun Club

Pleasant Valley Trout & Game Club, Inc

Appendix A
Putnam County Chapter of SCOPE brings forward

Putnam County Federation of Spor tsmens

Clubs

Putnam County Firearm Owners Association, Inc

Randolph Rod and Gun Club, Inc

Red Creek Conservation Club, Inc

Appendix A

Rochester Personal Defense, LLC

Rochester Rifle Club, Inc

Safari Club International,

Western and Central New York Chapter,

Saranac Lake Fish and Game Club, Inc

Appendix A
Inc

The Schenectady County Conservation Council,

Schoharie County Chapter of SCOPE

The Schroon Lake Fish and Game Club, Inc

Schultheis Sporting Goods, Inc

Seneca County Federation of Sportsmens Club, Inc

The Schuyler County Chapter of SCOPE

Appendix A
The Seneca County Committee of SCOPE is on

Smiths Stock Farms, Inc

th

generation dairy

South Bristol Fish and Game Association, Inc

South Seneca Sportsmens Club, Inc

South Shore Association of Oneida Lake, Inc

Southern Dutchess & Putnam Spor tsmens

Association, Inc

Appendix A

Southern Tier Region Chapter of SCOPE

Sportsmens Archery Club of St. Marys Inc

Sportsmens Coon Hunters Association of Batavia,

New York, Inc

Springwater Rod & Gun Club, Inc

Steuben County Chapter of SCOPE

Appendix A

Inc

Steuben County Federation of Conservation Clubs,

Suffolk County Chapter of SCOPE

New York

Tell Them Where You Got It

Ten X Shooting Club, Inc

TEA

Appendix A
Tioga County Committee of SCOPE

The Tonawandas Sportsmens Club, Inc

Torpys Pond Outdoor Club, Inc

Tupper Lake Rod and Gun Club, Inc

Twin Lakes Sportsmens Association, Inc

Appendix A
Ulster County Committee of SCOPE

Watertown Sportsman, Inc

Wayland Rod and Gun Club, Inc.

The Wayne County Chapter of SCOPE

Appendix A
West Mountain Rod & Gun Club, Inc.

White-Otter Fish & Game Club, Inc

Whortlekill Rod and Gun Club, Inc

Williamson Conservation and Sporting Club,

Wilson Conservation Club, Inc

Wood & Brook Sportsmans Club, Incorporated was

Appendix A

The Wyoming County Chapter of SCOPE unites

Yates Carlton Lakeshore Sportsmans Club is a

Yates County Chapter of SCOPE

York Sportsmans Club, Inc

30a
Appendix B FIREARMS ACT
APPENDIX B NATIONAL
REGISTERED WEAPONS BY STATE, DATED
FEBRUARY 2015

FOLDOUT

31a
Appendix B

FOLDOUT

Exhibit 8. National Firearms Act Registered Weapons by State (Feb 2015)

State
Alabama
Alaska
Arkansas
Arizona
California
Colorado
Connecticut
District of Columbia
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Iowa
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Massachusetts
Maryland
Maine
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Mississippi
Montana
North Carolina
North Dakota
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
Nevada
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Vermont
Washington
Wisconsin
West Virginia
Wyoming
Other US Territories
Total

Any Other
Weapon 1

Destructive
Device2

Machinegun 3

Silencer4

Short Barreled
Rifle5

Short Barreled
Shotgun 6

Total

1,154
320
602
1,165
3,856
953
708
69
32
3,436
1,856
34
877
637
980
1,579
701
1,080
538
838
987
570
1,122
2,646
1,369
419
435
894
202
734
437
427
302
786
1,831
1,858
1,158
1,540
2,104
41
692
350
1,582
6,740
458
2,834
226
1,848
762
446
302
6

74,778
4,499
44,239
82,271
245,524
43,200
11,603
38,427
2,454
144,313
59,799
6,701
24,563
18,016
88,946
40,044
21,522
25,166
49,929
14,473
49,531
3,134
23,865
41,948
29,468
9,064
3,506
83,200
1,817
6,190
4,033
41,823
77,700
34,306
39,744
76,872
15,408
20,088
159,048
3,118
32,245
3,693
38,172
200,870
15,410
187,526
2,429
40,925
29,197
13,705
118,123
359

18,212
1,674
5,140
15,987
29,550
6,629
26,741
4,466
591
33,435
28,046
410
3,455
4,053
26,086
18,754
3,660
12,605
6,623
6,985
25,548
4,698
12,247
9,307
9,389
4,137
2,299
11,461
1,568
2,190
8,034
7,621
3,819
8,904
12,366
19,641
8,908
6,436
17,928
647
8,113
1,634
13,415
33,548
6,533
32,685
1 '116
4,191
6,762
2,863
1,748
215

15,501
3,527
12,218
25,642
11,091
15,050
7,432
285
294
50,422
59,942
139
793
19,167
1,641
27,329
6,080
20,650
18,855
9,156
10,822
2,061
7,898
1,270
12,366
8,289
5,220
18,432
3,745
4,880
7,271
1,081
4,943
14,310
3,383
25,383
27,870
15,589
27,021
28
20,298
5,649
16,860
130,767
50,291
26,881
72
18,027
9,100
4,199
3,044
18

2,550
1,162
2,159
8,996
9,058
4,094
2,406
787
174
14,872
7,500
58
470
2,231
2,066
3,984
1,964
2,388
2,981
1,975
3,489
1,640
1,478
1,969
3,423
1,416
912
5,443
532
1,156
2,822
1,105
1,803
4,886
4,435
5,603
3,230
3,698
6,561
108
3,078
474
4,759
23,840
3,214
11,023
221
2,632
2,712
1,194
571
12

2,224
1,242
1,067
2,054
13,185
1,526
987
1,091
542
7,913
11,019
61
959
456
1,702
8,696
899
1,739
1,679
1,006
4,242
442
1,181
1,099
2,460
756
426
2,858
258
806
464
2,555
653
898
7,921
5,910
1,639
1,400
12,715
112
3,886
189
5,913
7,420
1,287
7,285
135
804
1,189
1,008
388
47

114,419
12,424
65,425
136,115
312,264
71,452
49,877
45,125
4,087
254,391
168,162
7,403
31 '117
44,560
121,421
100,386
34,826
63,628
80,605
34,433
94,619
12,545
47,791
58,239
58,475
24,081
12,798
122,288
8,122
15,956
23,061
54,612
89,220
64,090
69,680
135,267
58,213
48,751
225,377
4,054
68,312
11,989
80,701
403,185
77,193
268,234
4,199
68,427
49,722
23,415
124,176
657

57,523

2,446,984

543,073

792,282

181,314

138,393

4,159,569

15

Source: ATF National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record (NFRTR).

1

The term "any other weapon" means any weapon or device capable of being .concealed on the person from which a shot can be discharged through the
energy of an explosive, a pistol or revolver having a barrel with a smooth bore designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun shell, weapons with
combination shotgun and rifle barrels 12 inches or more, less than 18 inches in length, from which only a single discharge can be made from either
barrel without manual reloading, and shall include any such weapon which may be readily restored to fire. Such term shall not include a pistol or a
revolver having a rifled bore, or rifled bores, or weapons designed, made, or intended to be fired from the shoulder and not capable of firing fixed
ammunition.
2 Destructive

device generally is defined as (a) Any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas (1) bomb, (2) grenade, (3) rocket having a propellant charge of
more than 4 ounces, (4) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, (5) mine, or (6) device similar to any of the
devices described in the preceding paragraphs of this definition; (b) any type of weapon (other than a shotgun or a shotgun shell which the Director finds
is generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes) by whatever name known which will, or which may be readily converted to, expel a
projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, and which has any barrel with a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter; and (c) any
combination of parts either designed or intended for use in converting any device into any destructive device described in paragraph (a) or (b) of this
section and from which a destructive device may be readily assembled. The term shall not include any device which is neither designed nor redesigned
for use as a weapon; any device, although originally designed for use as a weapon, which is redesigned for use as a signaling, pyrotechnic, line
throwing, safety, or similar device; surplus ordnance sold, loaned, or given by the Secretary of the Army pursuant to the provisions of section 4684(2),
4685, or 4686 of title 10, United States Code; or any other device which the Director finds Is not likely to be used as a weapon, is an antique, or is a rifle
which the owner intends to use solely for sporting, recreational, or cultural purposes.
3 Machinegun

is defined as any weapon which shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot,
without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. The term shall also include the frame or receiver of any such weapon, any part designed
and intended solely and exclusively, or combination of parts designed and intended, for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun, and any
combination of parts from which a machinegun can be assembled if such parts are in the possession or under the control of a person.
4

Silencer is defined as any device for silencing, muffling, or diminishing the report of a portable firearm, including any combination of parts, designed or
redesigned, and intended for the use in assembling or fabricating a firearm silencer or firearm muffler, and any part intended only for use in such
assembly or fabrication.
5 Short-barreled

rifle is defined as a rifle having one or more barrels less than 16 inches in length, and any weapon made from a rifle, whether by
alteration, modification, or otherwise, if such weapon, as modified, has an overall length of less than 26 inches.

Short-barreled shotgun is defined as a shotgun having one or more barrels less than 18 inches in length, and any weapon made from a shotgun,
whether by alteration, modification, or otherwise, if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches.

16