Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering

EVAPORATION
Submitted by:
Dacaimat, Carlos Miguel C.
Garcia, Maria Cecille S.
Reyes, Jonathan P.
Villaluna, Edson Valter U.
Submitted to:
Engr. Analyn C. Bejasa

CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

SINGLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR

INTRODUCTION
The single-effect evaporator is used to concentrate a cane sugar
solution of 15Brix to a solution of 30Brix by removing the water. This
evaporator consists of a cylindrical body with standard head and bottom.
Existing Problem for Evaporators

(Basis for Parameters)

Reference: Geankoplis, Principles of Transport Processes

A single-effect evaporator is being used to concentrate a feed of

5000 kg/h of a cane sugar solution at 80F and containing a sugar content
of 15Brix (degree Brix is wt % sugar) to 30 Brix for use in a food
process. Saturated steam at 240F is available for heating. The vapor
space in the evaporator will be at 1 atm pressure.

CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

PARAMETERS
a) Input
Feed:
Temperature
Concentration
Flow Rate
Steam:
Pressure
Temperature
b) Process
Level
Pressure
Concentration
c) Output
Vapor:
Temperature
Concentrate:
Concentration
Temperature
Flow rate

CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

INSTRUMENTATION
a) Input

Feed
Temperature
Thermocouple:
Type K ( Positive Conductor:
Nickel-Chromium
alloy;
Negative Conductor: NickelAluminum Alloy)
The feed will passed the pre
heater to increase the inlet temperature of the feed and for better
efficiency of the evaporator. It is directly installed in the pre heater to
determine the inlet temperature of the feed. It consists of two
dissimilar metals, joined together at one end, and produces a small
unique voltage at a given temperature. We used type K Thermocouple
because it is the most common and general purpose thermocouple
with a sensitivity of approximately 41 microvolt/C. It is inexpensive,
and a wide variety of probes are available in -200 degrees C to 1350
degrees C.
Concentration
In-line Refractometer:
PRM-100
This unit measures the refraction of light generated between the
prism surface and a liquid sample. The PRM-100 is upgraded from
the PRM-85 in the following aspects such as, improved measurement
accuracy: Brix 0.05%, nD 0.00010, Simple two-piece construction:
detection section and operation display section and Easy-to-read color
display panel. The prism is specially designed to prevent solid

CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
materials from collecting on the surface,
even after extended periods of use.
Flow Rate
Magnetic Flow Meter
Rosemount Magmeter
Magnetic flow meters offer a cost
effective and low maintenance method
to accurately measure volume of the
water added to the dissolving tank. This
is used to accurately measure the water flow rate
and ensure consistent product formation. This unit
has the following features: Accuracy to 0.25%

Steam
Pressure
Steam Pressure Sensor
MSP 300 Pressure Transducer
The MSP300 pressure transducer from
the Microfused line of MEAS sets a new price
performance standard for low cost, high volume,
commercial and industrial applications. This
series is suitable for measurement of liquid or
gas pressure, even for difficult media such as
contaminated
water,
steam,
and
mildly
corrosive fluids. This transducer could read a
wide pressure range up to 10,000 psi, ideal for safe use in the
industrial setup for sugar evaporation.
Temperature
Thermocouple
Type K ( Positive Conductor: Nickel-Chromium alloy; Negative
Conductor: Nickel- Aluminum Alloy)

CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Type K Thermocouple is used

for it is the most common and
general purpose thermocouple with
a sensitivity of approximately 41
microvolt/C. It is inexpensive, and a
wide variety of probes are available
in -200 degrees C to 1350 degrees
C.
b) Process
Level
Point Level Sensor
Rosemount 3100 Series Level Transmitter
The Rosemount 3100 Series is a liquid
level transmitter based on ultrasonic
technology that is suitable for many liquid
applications. Ultrasonic pulse signals are
transmitted and reflected from the liquid
surface. The transmitter listens for
reflected signals (echoes) and measures
the time-delay between transmitting and
receiving. The distance to the liquid surface
is automatically calculated using the
computed time-delay. The transmitter then
calculates the liquid depth (level) and
outputs the level as a 420 mA signal (and a digital HART signal on
the Rosemount 3102 and 3105). The Rosemount 3101 is used for
measuring the level only. The 3102 and 3105 can calculate distance-tosurface, contents (volume), or open channel flow, and then output the
result as a 420 mA signal and a digital HART signal. An integral
temperature sensor continuously measures the air temperature around
the transmitter. It then computes the speed of sound in air,
automatically compensating the calculated distance for temperature
effects. The transmitter can read a fluid height up to 36 ft which is a
good selection for the levels sensor.

CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Pressure
MSP 300 Pressure Transducer
The MSP300 pressure transducer from
the Microfused line of MEAS sets a new price
performance standard for low cost, high
volume,
commercial
and
industrial
applications. This series is suitable for
measurement of liquid or gas pressure, even
for difficult media such as contaminated
water, steam, and mildly corrosive fluids. This
transducer could read a wide pressure range
up to 10,000 psi, ideal for safe use in the industrial setup for sugar
evaporation.
Concentration
Analyzer
Micro Motion CMF
Micro Motion meters accurately measure the inline Brix sugar concentration during syrup
preparation and final product mixing. This is
essential to ensure consistent flavor and shelf-life. Its
features includes, Mass flow accuracy of 0.5%, an inline density accuracy to +/-0.04 *Brix and it cleans in-place.
c)Output
CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Vapor
Temperature
Thermocouple
Type K ( Positive Conductor: Nickel-Chromium alloy; Negative
Conductor: Nickel- Aluminum Alloy)
Type K Thermocouple is used for it is the most common and
general purpose thermocouple with a sensitivity of approximately 41
microvolt/C. It is inexpensive, and a wide variety of probes are
available in -200 degrees C to 1350 degrees C.

Concentrate
Concentration
Inline Refractometer
PRM-100
This unit measures the refraction of
light generated between the prism
surface and a liquid sample. The PRM100 is upgraded from the PRM-85 in the
following aspects such as, improved
measurement accuracy: Brix 0.05%,
nD 0.00010, Simple two-piece construction: detection section and
operation display section and Easy-to-read color display panel. The
prism is specially designed to prevent solid materials from collecting
on the surface, even after extended periods of use.
Temperature
Thermocouple

CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Type K ( Positive Conductor:
Nickel-Chromium
alloy;
Negative
Conductor:
NickelAluminum Alloy)
Type K Thermocouple is used
for it is the most common and
general purpose thermocouple with
a sensitivity of approximately 41
microvolt/C. It is inexpensive, and a wide variety of probes are
available in -200 degrees C to 1350 degrees C.

Flow rate
Turbine Meter
Daniel 1500
Meter

Turbine

Flow

The Daniel 1500 Liquid

Turbine
Flow
Meter
is
a
volumetric flow metering and
transmitting
device
used
extensively in the petroleum
industry. It is the meter of choice
for accurate measurement of
liquid hydrocarbons and other
process
fluids.
Its
wide
applicable temperature range of
-40 to 204 degrees and pressure of 285 psi let the flow meter under
less maintenance.

Corrective and Safety Measures

pressure vacuum relief valve

preheater
CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Instrumentation Diagram:

CHE 424 PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

EVAPORATION

DACAIMAT, CM., GARCIA, MC. REYES,J, VILLALUNA, EV.

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