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45-1972
2014
IRC
451972
Published
by
New
Delhi- II
1996
I'ricc
Rs. 80/-
(Plus flacking
&
Postage)
[RC: 45-1972
First
Published
October, 1972
Reprinted
March, 1984
Reprinted
July,
Reprinted
March, 1992
Reprinted
August, 1996
November, 2002
January, 2006
Reprinted
Reprinted
Reprinted
1987
June, 2009
(Rights of Publication
rinted
by Abhinav
Prints, Delhi- 1
(500 Copies)
10041
IRC:
45~15r7a
INTRODUCTION
of
soil
Rao
1.
Shri B. Balwani
2.
Shri S. Scciharamaii
Convenor
Mimber'Secntary
Members
N.
Ramaswamy
3.
Shri S. B. Joshi
7.
Shri
4.
Dr. R. K. Katti
8.
Dr. K. S. Sankaran
5.
Shri S.
Mv Kau!
9.
6.
Dr. P.
S.
iQ.
Ray Chowdhury
Shri S. N. Sinha
M. Shri T. N. Subba Rao
in
their
7th
forniuiated
'\\\
Appendices.
1.3.
(i)
moment between sides and base is continuously changing with the increase in deformation of the
sharing of ihe
soil
(ii)
llio
and
is
moment between
the sides
to
its
ultimate
Cailiip;
1.4.
Elastic theoiy method gives the soil pressures at the side
and the base under design loads, but to determine the actual factor of
it
will
soil resistance.
2.
2.1.
SCOPE
is
soil like
scour
embedment
direction of
3.
less
is
if
w^ill
sand and
The
level.
the depth of
lateral forces.
The
be checked
(i)
tiic
by the
elastic theory
with
and
soil resistance
with appropriate
factor of safety,
4.
1.
Elastic
Step
METHOD OF CALCULATION
1)
whce
total
downward
load acting at
IRC
7---
45^1972
on the well
at
scour
level.
M
Step 2
moment about
applied external
total
Compute
Ib
and
due
and
ly
to tills
and
base of
the
shifts.
where
Ib
mlv
(1
momeiii of
2 /x'o^J
-i
inertia
of base aboui th
direction of horizontal
axis
normal
to
its
C.G.
Iv
moment
of the
soil
-^^ -
'
where
soil
mass
offering resistance
Note:
taken as 0.9.
factor for
resultant
m =
Kh/K.
axis,
level.
Ratio of horizontal
lo
vertical coefficient
values for
shall generally be
II
assumed
coefficient of friction
tan
well
where 8
and soil.
S,
is
as unity.
IRC
45-1972
for rectangular well
-,y^
diameter
=-
TTU
Step 3
H > ^^1 +
< M(l -
}r
and
^^') -f
where
D/2.
/i
l/mlv
It f lai!
i>
Siep 4
mM/1
limiting
is > y (Kp
vuUieroM/1
Ka)
Ka),
^- y
soil.
elastic state
y (Kp
soil.
<f>.
mU/l >
if
be taken as tan
Civ k the
and the
where
density of the soil
v'hv n
Kp & Ka
^-
nd act ve pressure coefficients to be. cr.lcuCouK mb's theory, assuming S *, the angle
of wall friction between well and soil equal to f ^
r>as:ivc
'
laied using
Step 5
table).
Calculace
IRC
45-1972
where
<^
I
and
A =
Step 6
Step 7
not
M/r
Check
^J*!
<0,
i.e.,
no tension
>
If
in
soil.
Steps 3, 4 and 6 or
all
do
Step 8
II.
Step 1
W/A >
Check that
ess
total
{Vide Anncxure 2)
o-u/2
downward load
by a
'u
of
of the
soil
well.
Step 2
Calculate the base resisting moment
of rotation by the following formula
:
Mb
at the plane
Mb ^ QWB
B
tan
width
parallel
in
#
case
of square
to direction
circular wells.
and
of forces
rectangular
and diam.-ter
wells
for
IRC
45-W2
Q
rectaaguiaf
base.
belaw
for square or
is
to
be
Table
D/B
soil.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.41
0.45
0.50
0.56
0.64
Ms
0.10yD(Kp
in the
Ka) L
where
=3 density
soils
of soil (submerged
under
waiter or
density to
be taken for
it
mass
offering resistance.
shalJ be 0.9
In
diameter to account
D=
Kp,
Ka
Step 3
and back
formulae
maximum
scour
level.
moment due
to friction at front
Mf
= 0.18
y (Kp
Ka) L.B.D*
sin 3
by following
IRC
Mf
The
45
1972
(ii)
Step 4
0.1
y (Kp
- Ka) B^D*
total resistance
sin S
moment Mt about
the plane of
rotation shall be
Mt
Step 5
0.7
Check Mt
+ Ms +
(Mb
<
Mf)
where
rrt
moment about
the
plane of
base, taking
below
I.ID
I.ID
4-
I.ID
4- 1.6L
I.ID
-f
I.ID
4-
-1-
1.4
B f
4-
1.4
1
(Wc
(L
25(L
-+
Ep
+ Wc
-f-
Wc
-h
-f
W or S)
Ep)
4-
W or S)
...
(1)
...
(2)
...
(3)
...
(4)
...
(5)
where
D ^
L
dead load
=
Wc =
Ep =
earth pressure
W =
wind force
buoyancy
water current fo:cc
seismic force
Note (i)
For horizontal force due to frictional resistance of
bearing due lo dead and live loads, appropiiatc factors shall be taken.
But effect of deformation due to temperature, shrinkage and creep
may be neglected for normal structures.
.
IRC
45
Hole
1972
Moment due
(ii) :
direct loads,
if
and
to shift
till
rotation.
Step 6:
and
ELASTIC THEORY
I.
(Annexwe
I)
INTRODUCTION
b.iscd
METHOD
are
made
in
(i)
elastic,
(ii)
the base
is
perfectly
soil
"z*' as expressed by p
= Khz
where
Kh
is
the
The
coefficient of horizontal
(iv)
The
well
is
assumed
to
H and
moment
Mo at
scour
level.
2.
A
B
SYMBOLS
width
of the base
level.
of the
IRC
on the
45
1972
well at
scoiir
level.
iii
moment
through
resultant force.
moment of
Iv
inertia
- coefficient of vertical
Kh
"
l^ote
~- projected
=
=
Coulomb's theory.
width of the
soil
may
mass offering
resistance.
XT
,
i.e.,
efficient
LD'
'~\2*
ratio of the
moment of the
moment
at the base
(Mo
Mp
Mb
=
=
=
horizontal
soil reaction.
coefficient
z=z
coefficient of friction
P
fi
=: density
moment
of
soil
base.
at the base.
soil.
soil.
soil.
under water)
co-
H.D)
Mo
of
coefficient of horizontal
KaI^p
axis passing
in elevation
IRC
45
1972
= angle of friciion
taken equal to J
=
=
=-
<*y
soil
<^
soil
reaction at distance
CO.
from
of
base.
^2
dista!\ce
base pressures.
circular wells.
3.
In the most general case, the centre of rotation can be above the
base atCi,
It
(
can be easily
rotacion, if the
latter lies
it
is
Fir
I.
=
Mb =
P
resisting
moment
at the base.
10
from the
sides.
IRC
^3
EUEVi^TldM OF
451972
WE
PKJMJ
DISTRIBUTIQW
AT S>Dg
ac
PUkNOFWELU
if
Fig.
soil react
at depth
^ Kh
ion
m Ke.y
D
Total horizonlal
soil
"y" from
x (D
x
(D
scour level
y)
dy
o
11
wx?!!
y) u
IRC
451972
Ke.L
o
= m KeL
D
Mp
moment of P aboui
be the
^=
Putting
Let
I.
base level
Mp =J<r. (D-y)dy.L
D
= m KeL
^^Jy(D-y)dy
D
mKeL
^-f{yiy
-h
y-2Dy)dy
-"^^LD
= mKolv
Now
(2)
deflection at distance
(X
-
M*.
the base.
at
IC(Xc 4
^J'Ty a
A.X- Ko pXc
X)XdA
-ah
KoJxMA
d
B/2
(Xc
X)0
+B/2
+B/2
KeXcJxdA
-B/2
Vertical
-I-
X) 0
IRC
As
45^ 1972
Jxd A =
0 and Ib
Mb Tor
=-
J Xd A
wlicncc
Kelfl
(3)
^ .4 0
/3;x(W-/P)-^P
eiiLiilibi
H-1
orH
iuni
/3/xW=.P(l
-l
Mo
H D = Mb + Mp
.
-i-
or
M = Mb + Mp
Substituting equations
M^-Ke^B-;
-Keiin
mKe
M/[Ib
-;
!v4-
mlv(l
-:
KO
(1), (2)
mlv(l
-:
-^ /i'Pc^D
/i'Po^D
-1-
and
(5)
(3)
/i'oi.2mKefv.
2/xV)]
M
(6)
1
where
From
^- lu
equation
-i
m U (I
H-
(4j
"jf'^^ =P^-2n,Kelv/.>
M
-
where
H + ^aW^ -
(I
13
-]-P^JL^i')
1)
-TT
.2.n'^.'>
I
mlv
IRC
45-1972
Eiiuation (7)
satisfied
is
-jr
-H <
or
only
if
W-
;x
(\
whence we obtain
fiji)
fiW
<7(l-M/j + /iW
The
Ke(Xc
by
X)
W -/P-Ja-ydA-Ke J(Xc +
= KeJXcdA
/x'P)/A
KeXc-fKe.x
j/P
KG
a,
B/2
AsKo=^
14
X)dA
+KeJxdA
= KgXc. A
whence XcK 6 = (W -
(8)
IRC
4.
(i)
the
dastic state.
soil
-=
y (Kp - KA)y
m?^?.y(D- y)> y
m !y (D~y)> y
or
(at y ==
(ii)
JCp
- Ka
^Ka)
L.H.S.
is
maximum)
y (Kp - Ka)
or
The maximum
soil
soil,
than 0,
mKe >
or
(Kp
or
allowable pressure on
pressure at ba>.c
similarly the
i.e.,
(3"/'
minimum
1.
shall not
soil
exceed
pressure
**(''^**
no tension.
The
45-1972
CONDITIONS OF STABILITY
The maximum
maximum
{Anncxurc 2)
INTRODUCTION
AmieMire
approximate!)
determines the stresses in the soil mass but does not indicate the safety
against ultimate failure of the founc'ation.
For this it will be necessary to
elastic
know
the
theory
mode
described
in
y
)
lEC
45-1972
The pattern of
failure
iV^^v.^:-^v^::--;,-;-
Fig. 2
The
soil
path with centre of rotation somewhere above the base. The plastic
flow at the side follows the usual concept as in the case of rigid
bulkhead
Fiiilurc has
at failure.
at
about 3*
3.
The observed
HAass,
i.e.,
both
QUANTUM OF RESISTANCE
at the base
direct loads
is
given in Fig. 3.
moment
increase in the ratio of the direct load to the ultimate bearing capacity
of the
soil
up
to 0.5 to 0.7.
After that
it
reduces.
It
is,
therefore,
of two or
cakmblcd by any
more on ultimate
rational formula.
16
IRC
4S-1972
Fig. 3
4.
(i)
Morement of
(a) Effect
4.
0-7
01
FoundoWs of
0^1
AfforcntwidlV^s
30
Fo
Vi
cm
cm
2?D
17
tEC
451^
The point of
the soil a$
Fig. 5
soil resistance.
the
magnitude of horizontal
shift
D/B
This
shift in position
direction will
the sides
and
18
moments between
IRC
OS
\'0
t^i
?o
it^
45
1972
'^^B
Note
of
rolcation
olhe?.*
5.
METHOD OF
CAJLCXILATION
5.1.
The base
resisting
moment
is
the
moment of the
friclional force
which is assumed to be
cylindrical passing through the corners of the base for a square v;5ll
as shown in Fig. 7. For circular wells, the surface of rupluie corresponds to that of a part of sphere with its centre at the point of
rotation and passing through the periphery of the base.
If
is
factors given
be W/B,
per unit
width
will
shown
in Fig. 8.
(i)
For a reclaopi^
IRC
45-1972
Fie. 7
Applied load
W/B
^^VTVfff
,
ttH'f
Upward
ft
W/B
Fig. 8
base pressure
IRC
lis
/.
horizoiUiil coniponcMi
1972
45
R. J 6. cos o6
RJc^
Due
element
to
is
this
cos cL VV B
vertical
force
normal force
the
tlevelo|x\l
at
ilie
h Fn
where
Fn
^ R.
t^.
cl
cos JL cos JL
cosU
^JL
2WR
/ (I
_J
RW
-3
{B
cos2o6)
L^j^
sin e. cos G)
/T'
4nD
2nBD
Mb-=Ftan^R
(ii)
Mb
in
...
(I)
expression of
is
to be applied
order to accuimi
for
the
for
surface
the abivc
of rupture
*'n**
Mb = Q WB
tan
equal to 0.2D
fi>r
TRC
45- 1972
wlicrc
width
ihc
ill
parallel to the
wells
direction
of
rectangular
forces
and
well
which
= a constant,
as well as ihc
D/B
ratio.
Its
values are
wells.
is
to be multiplied
Table
dJb
ol
T.0
0 45
0 50
Note
range
may
5 2.
The
41
values of
for iniermediatc
To
056
2I
064
be linearly interpolated.
Side Resisting
The ultimate
soil
Moment
(M,)
pressure disiiibutfon
is
at
indicated in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9
22
IRC
The
point of rotation
moment
side resistance
is
lowkd
at
- Ka) = X =
ADEF
Lct,yD(Kp
From
Dt
h^^sc.
The
0.2D
\^
or
4S -1972
=Y
BF
BC;
Di
0.2
..
(1)
...
(3)
A'sABCandCEF
From
X
Equating
X~Y
'
(I)
and
"
=
or
(2)
5Di-D
D-Di
Y
2D:
where
D,
Moment
A's
ABC
1/3D
and
ihe nlgebrnic
moments of
DEC
15
Say
is
135
13/135
0.096D.X
0.1
XD
DX
Subsiimiing for
Ms
2.x. ^-g
= 0.1
Foi a Width of L,
yD (Kf
Mt
0.1
23
Ka) per
yD (Kf
KjJ.L
IRC
45-1^72
Resisting momeiil ile to frldioa mi
5.3.
front and
Due
iMck faces
(Mr)
shown
to
rrt;tional forces
on
the front
and back
will
The
momen'i *Mf*
is
ver?ical pressure
dm
Total
D,
friction
to fricdon at
is
force/unit
^fOr^D
A BOD
Area of
any kvel
yD (Kp
^^
0.8D
- Ka)
^^^^^^
0.1yD(Kp-KA)
Total friction force/unh width
I.l
Moment about
(i)
centre of rotation
Mr
^yD
yD
0.
say
83 y (Kp
0180
(Kp
- Ka)
(Kp~Ka).
- Ka)
neglected,
in sin
fhe
$ ti^ne^ the
A yD (K, -K>0.
A AOE
Area of
*Mf*
the
^2 yD (Kp-Ka)
moment
D/3
pressure at
the
effect
in Fig. 9,
|
B.
sin
sin5xL
L.B.D=
sin 5
y(Kp-KA)LBD
sin a
24
sin
IRC
45-1972
(ii)
Lever arm
TT
Thcrefi rc
Since
Mr
0.9
.ay O.ll y
(Kp - Ka) B
moment
Tola! resisting
4-
s.n ?
sinr;
sin S.
M,
of
soil
Mr
is
given by
Mf)
Factor of safety
5.5.
(Mb
L. sin 5
moment of soil
Total resisting
Mr
02
105y(Kp-K J BMy
-0
Ka).
y (Kp - Ka).
TT
^ iil
5.4.
yD* (Kp
The
of
variation
strength
of the
characteristic
expression.
it
soil
moment
should
also
be
mathematically
(soil resisting
moment)
(I)
where
Yj
The passive
'.he
resistance of soil.
for variation
As
loads
is
come
to 0.7.
Hand
25
IRC
451972
Dead
(i)
load, a factor
load
1.1
would be
Icf^s
a permanent
Live load
Considering the
effect
of variation in
IRC
load*
maximum
of 1.25
is
considered adequate.
Notes
will
cor-
(1)
The
forces
should be added,
of the bearings
e.g.,
may
due
imposed deformations
characteristic
to
However, for
statically indeterminate structures, the forces due to above causes
should be considered. Similarly, the forces due to settlement of
support have also to be taken into consideration.
be
generally
neglected
(iv)
Buoyancy
of submerged masses
ultimate
the
for
Due
a factor of
analysis.
may
1.4
be adopted.
unity.
(vi)
by
Wind
live load,
forces.
Due
or seismic forces
a factor of
When
the bridge
Earth pressure on
from
is
is
not covered
1.4 is considered
maximum
live
adequate.
abutments
To account
for increased
26
IRC
45-^1972
the angle of internal friction being lower than determined by tests for
is
combinations
of load
factors
are
obtained
I.ID
l.lD-f
0)
B+
+WorS)
1.4(Wc 4-Ep
(2)
I.ID -f 1.6L
+ B+
1.1D + B +
I.ID
(3)
1.4(L
+ Wc +
1.25(L+
Ep)
Wc +Ep
(4)
-f
W or S)
(5)
where
D = dead load
L = live load including braking, etc.
B = buoyancy
Wc = water current force
Bp = earth pressure
W = wind force
= seismic force
S
(viii) Tilt
effects
and
shift
of moments due to
and
shift
of wells,
if
(M) about
(Mb
-f
Ms
-1-
Mr)
<
i.e.,
to say