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O problema inicial era como conectar um dispositivo de baixa tenso a um sistema de alta
tenso e ter a capacidade de lidar com elevadas correntes de falta (quilo-amperes). O que
podemos fazer para que o rel efetue a medio das correntes que circulam no sistema de
alta tenso, com o objetivo de detectar essas faltas?
A soluo consiste em usar um tipo especial de transformador, denominado transformador
de corrente. As principais partes de um transformador de corrente so:
Ncleo de ferro
Enrolamento secundrio
Condutor primrio
Isolao externa
Marcas de polaridade
IEC:
VDE:
K, L, k, l
These are the two of the most common connections of current transformers in threephase systems.
At the left, the Y connection provides the line currents at the secondary.
At the right, the D connection, provides the difference currents (delta currents) to
the secondary loads.
The burden is the total load connected to the transformer. It can be expressed in
OHMS or in VA. In both cases it is important to know the CT secondary ampere
rating IN.
S 200VA,
IN 5A
Then:
ZB ( )
200
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For the ideal current transformer, the secondary current is a perfect replica of the
primary current except for a scale factor (the CT ratio). The Is vs. Ip / Ns curve looks
like a perfectly straight line at a 45 degree angle.
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Actually, the secondary current is not a perfect replica of the primary current. There
is a difference not only in magnitude and angle, but also in the wave shape of both
currents. The real Is vs. Ip / Ns curve does not appear as a perfectly straight line.
However, in a well-designed CT with the proper burden, the behavior is very close
to linear for a significant range of currents.
For large primary currents, the CT experiences what is called saturation, and the
difference between the ideal secondary current (or ratio current, or Ip / Ns ) and the
real secondary current becomes larger. This difference is called the error.
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A tenso do knee point IEC definida como o ponto de interseo de duas linhas no
grfico log-log. Uma linha corresponde parte linear da curva do TC, e a outra
corresponde tenso de saturao. A tenso do knee point IEC est muito prxima
do incio da saturao, e considerada igual ao comeo da saturao.
A tenso do knee point IEC est diretamente relacionada Tenso Nominal C ANSI,
que ser discutida, posteriormente, nos slides desta seo.
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A curva de excitao pode ser usada em combinao com as tenses nos terminais
padro Classe C para especificar um TC.
Vamos voltar curva do exemplo mostrada anteriormente.
No exemplo mostrado, para uma relao 2000/5, a tenso de saturao plena est
prxima de 500 Volts, e o TC tem uma resistncia do secundrio de 0,7 Ohm.
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This is a simple equation which serves to determine the standard terminal voltage of
a CT for a given fault current.
The equation is only valid for symmetrical fault current. If the fault current contains
a DC offset, then the decay rate of the offset must be factored in.
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We start with the expression of the instantaneous fault current for a simple R-L
circuit. Note that there is a sinusoidal part and an exponentially decaying DC offset.
The condition for maximum asymmetry is happens when = 90.
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These equations show that the area under the voltage waveform is proportional to the core
flux.
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O erro se propaga alm dos filtros do rel e tambm alm das rotinas de estimao
fasorial.
Muitos rels modernos operam com a componente fundamental da corrente medida.
O grfico superior mostra a magnitude de corrente ideal de um TC no saturado;
versus a corrente do TC saturado.
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The volt-time area is limited by the saturation flux density as shown on the next slide.
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The equation shown in the slide is derived with the following procedure. First, start with
the volt-time integral for the case of resistive burden and asymmetric fault current:
R
t
L
)dt
R
1
L RL t L I F Z B
L L t L
I F Z B sin t e
sin t
e
R
R
R
R
IF ZB
X XR t X
sin t e
R
R
X XR t X
BAN I F Z B sin t e
R
R
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The limit of the integral term gives us the relationship of the CT voltage, the
maximum fault current, the X/R ratio, and the burden.
The CT voltage is stated in terms of the saturation flux density. Consequently, we
have saturation criterion.
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We can also state Equation in terms of the Standard Ratings values defined in
C57.13.
CT Nominal Current:
IN = 5 amps
Standard Burden:
X
20 1 I f Z b
R
Where:
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Equation (6) is the criterion to avoid saturation where If is the maximum fault current in
per unit of the CT rating and ZB is the burden in per unit of the standard burden.
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This slide answers the question, How well are CTs rated for line protection? with an
example of a utility 138 kV line.
The slide shows the CT data and the calculation of the per unit fault current If and the
X/R ratio.
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The example shows how the criterion equation is used to determine the maximum burden
that avoids saturation.
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This slide shows the burden budget for the installation. Subtracting the internal resistance
of the winding and the total lead resistance allows a maximum relay burden of 1.073
ohms. The CTs are adequately rated since burden of the microprocessor relay and the
fault detector are far less than the allowable burden.
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The previous example suggests the above procedure for determining the CT ratings for
line protection applications.
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This table lists maximum currents that can avoid saturation versus X/R ratio, CT ratio,
and CT rating. Note how an increase in X/R ratio limits the maximum current. The table
serves to show CT performance at a glance.
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X/R = 12
IF = 3,07 pu = 6.154 amps
ZB = 0,5 pu
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X/R = 12
IF = 7,69 pu = 15.385 amps
ZB = 0,5 pu
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Uma outra razo para considerar a forma de onda de um offset pleno, ao especificar
um TC, que qualquer fluxo residual existente no ncleo devido a condies
anteriores de falta pode provocar a saturao do TC, em breve, para uma nova
condio de falta.
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A frmula baseada nas normas ANSI e inclui o efeito da taxa de queda. Ela
tambm considera o offset total. Embora a norma ANSI estabelea que haver 10%,
ou menos, de erro para 20 vezes a corrente nominal, ela no considera nenhum fluxo
remanescente. Entretanto, a frmula considera uma margem para o fluxo
remanescente.
Como exemplo, usando uma relao X/R de 12 com uma corrente de falta e burden
que fazem com que o clculo seja igual a 20, o TC vai saturar depois de
aproximadamente 1,5 ciclo com offset total e fluxo remanescente de 50% .
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Problema:
A mxima corrente de falta externa para a linha mostrada acima de 12 kA para uma
falta fase-terra com X/R de 11. A relao de transformao de corrente 2000:5. A
resistncia do cabo do TC do percurso s de ida de 0,5 .
Considere que voc possa usar dois tipos de rels, um com impedncia de 1 ohm e o
outro com uma impedncia de 0,1 ohm. Considere que os cabos e o rel sejam
puramente resistivos.
Se voc estivesse especificando o valor nominal do TC, o que voc iria selecionar
para cada rel visando evitar a saturao do TC?
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