Naval - British Navy - Captain James Cook - The Death of

18th Century Material Culture
The Death of Captain James Cook
Captain James Cook

The son of a farm labourer, James Cook (17281779) was
born at Marton in Yorkshire. In 1747 he was apprenticed
to James Walker, a shipowner and master mariner of
Whitby, and for several years sailed in colliers in the
North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea and Baltic Sea. In
1755 he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy and was
appointed an able seaman on HMS Eagle. Within two
years he was promoted to the rank of master and in 1758
he sailed to North America on HMS Pembroke. His
surveys of the St Lawrence River, in the weeks before the
capture of Quebec, established his reputation as an
outstanding surveyor. In 1763 the Admiralty gave him the
task of surveying the coast of Newfoundland and
southern Labrador. He spent four years on HMS
Grenville, recording harbours and headlands, shoals and
rocks, and also observed an eclipse of the sun in 1766.
National Library of Australia
Captain James Cook

The First Voyage
(1768 - 1771)
In May 1768 Cook was promoted to the rank of lieutenant and given command of the bark
Endeavour. He was instructed to sail to Tahiti to observe the transit of Venus in 1769 and also to
ascertain whether a continent existed in the southern latitudes of the Pacific Ocean. The
expedition, which included a party of scientists and artists led by Joseph Banks, left Plymouth in
August 1768 and sailed to Brazil and around Cape Horn, reaching Tahiti in April 1769. After the
astronomical observations were completed, Cook sailed south to 40S, but failed to find any
land. He then headed for New Zealand, which he circumnavigated, establishing that there were
two principal islands. From New Zealand he sailed to New Holland, which he first sighted in
April 1770. He charted the eastern coast, naming prominent landmarks and collecting many
botanical specimens at Botany Bay. The expedition nearly ended in disaster when the
Endeavour struck the Great Barrier Reef, but it was eventually dislodged and was careened and
repaired at Endeavour River. From there it sailed around Cape York through Torres Strait to
Batavia, in the Dutch East Indies. In Batavia and on the last leg of the voyage one-third of the
crew died of malaria and dysentery. Cook and the other survivors finally reached England in July
1771.
Captain James Cook

The Second Voyage
(1772 - 1775)
In 1772 Cook, who had been promoted to the rank of captain, led a new expedition to settle
once and for all the speculative existence of the Great Southern Continent by prosecuting your
discoveries as near to the South Pole as possible. The sloops Resolution and Adventure, the
latter commanded by Tobias Furneaux, left Sheerness in June 1772 and sailed to Cape Town.
The ships became separated in the southern Indian Ocean and the Adventure sailed along the
southern and eastern coasts of Van Diemens Land before reuniting with the Resolution at
Queen Charlotte Sound in New Zealand. The ships explored the Society and Friendly Islands
before they again became separated in October 1773. The Adventure sailed to New Zealand,
where 10 of the crew were killed by Maori, and returned to England in June 1774. The
Resolution sailed south from New Zealand, crossing the Antarctic Circle and reaching 7110S,
further south than any ship had been before. It then traversed the southern Pacific Ocean,
visiting Easter Island, Tahiti, the Friendly Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Norfolk
Island and New Zealand. In November 1774 Cook began the homeward voyage, sailing to
Chile, Patagonia, Terra del Fuego, South Georgia and Cape Town. The expedition reached
England in July 1775.
Captain James Cook

The Third & Final Voyage
(1776 - 1779 / 1780)
A year later Cook left Plymouth on an expedition to search for the North West Passage. His
two ships were HMS Resolution and Discovery, the latter commanded by Charles Clerke.
They sailed to Cape Town, Kerguelen Island in the southern Indian Ocean, Adventure Bay in
Van Diemens Land, and Queen Charlotte Sound in New Zealand. They then revisited the
Friendly and Society Islands. Sailing northwards, Cook discovered the Sandwich Islands
(Hawaii) and reached the North American coast in March 1778. The ships followed the coast
northwards to Alaska and the Bering Strait and reached 7044N, before being driven back by
ice. They returned to the Sandwich Islands and on 14 February 1779 Cook was killed by
Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay. Clerke took over the command and in the summer of 1779 the
expedition again tried unsuccessfully to penetrate the pack ice beyond Bering Strait. Clerke died
in August 1779 and John Gore and James King commanded the ships on the voyage home via
Macao and Cape Town. They reached London in October 1780.
The Routes of Captain James Cooks Voyages
The Routes of Captain James Cook's Voyages

The First Voyage is Shown in Red
The Second Voyage in Shown in Green
The Third Voyage is Shown in Blue
The Route of Cook's Crew Following his Death is Shown as a Dashed Blue Line
Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands
Captain James Cook Journals III

January, 1778
We no sooner landed, that a trade was set on foot for hogs and
potatoes, which the people gave us in exchange for nails and
pieces of iron formed into some thing like chisels.At sun set I
brought every body on board, having got during the day Nine
tons of water.about sixty or eighty Pigs, a few Fowls, a quantity
of potatoes and a few plantains and Tara roots.
Captain James Cook
An Inland View at Waimea, Atooi (Kauai - Hawaiian Islands)

by John Webber, Commissioned by the Admiralty to Accompany Captain Cook on His 3rd Voyage to the South Pacific
January 1778
(The British Library)
Captain Cooks Description of Hawaiians from his Journal, February 1778 - The First Visit
February 1778
CHART of the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

From: A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean: Undertaken, by the Command of His Majesty... Volume 4 by Capt. James Cook
(National Library of Australia)
A View of the North Point of Kealakekua Bay, Likely Drawn from the Deck of the H.M.S. Resolution
January 1779
An OFFERING before CAPT. COOK, in the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

Tereoboo, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to Capt. Cook

by John Webber of the H.M.S. Resolution
(State Library New South Wales)
TEREBOBOO, KING of OWYHEE, bringing PRESENTS to CAPT. COOK.

A Chief of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands

by John Webber, Commissioned by the Admiralty to Accompany Captain Cook on His 3rd Voyage to the South Pacific 1787
A Man of the Sandwich Islands Dancing.

A MAN of the SANDWICH ISLANDS DANCING.

A YOUNG WOMAN of the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

A MAN of the SANDWICH ISLANDS, with his HELMET.

A Canoe of the Sandwich Islands, the Rowers Masked.

A CANOE of the SANDWICH ISLANDS, the ROWERS MASKED.

A Man of the Sandwich Islands Masked.

A Man of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) in a Mask

A MAN of the SANDWICH ISLANDS, in a MASK.

An Idol Made of Wicker and Covered in Red Feathers

VARIOUS ARTICLES, at the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

A View of Karakakooa, in Owyhee

A View of KARAKAKOOA, in OWHYEE.

SANDWICH ISLANDS
Captain Molesworth Phillips, Chatham Division, British Corps. of Marines - Survivor of Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii
c. 1781
(Nottingham City Museums)
Captain Molesworth Phillips, Chatham Division, British Corps. of Marines - Survivor of Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii
c. 1781
(Nottingham City Museums)

by George Carter 1783
(Bernice P. Bishop Museum)


The DEATH of Captain JAMES COOK.

by John Hall, Published by Sayer & Bennet, After George Carter 1783
The Death of Cook

by John Webber, Commissioned by the Admiralty to Accompany Captain Cook on His 3rd Voyage to the South Pacific c. 1781 - 1783
(State Library - New South Wales)
THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN COOK

by William Byrne, Francesco Bartolozzi, After John Webber 1784
(National Portrait Gallery)
THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN COOK

by William Byrne, Francesco Bartolozzi, After John Webber 1784
"The Death of Cook"

by John Cleveley the Younger c. 1784
(Private Collection)
View of Owhyhee, One of the Sandwich Islands / The Death of Cook

After John Cleveley, the Younger, Made From Sketches Obtained by His Brother, James, Carpenter Aboard the Resolution
(National Maritime Museum)
c. 1787
View of Owhyhee, One of the Sandwich Islands / The Death of Cook by John Martyn
(Bonhams)
c. 1787
(Bonhams)
c. 1787
(Bonhams)
c. 1787
(Bonhams)
c. 1787
"View of Owhyhee in the Sandwich Islands in the south Seas (The Death of Cook)"
by John Cleveley the Younger, & Francis Jukes c. 1787 - 1788
"View of Owhyhee in the Sandwich Islands in the south Seas (The Death of Cook)"
by John Cleveley the Younger, & Francis Jukes c. 1787 - 1788
Representation of the Murder of Capt.Cook at O Why -ee

by John Rickman Journal of Captain Cooks Last Voyage
The Death of Captain James Cooke, 14 February, 1779

by Johann Zofanny c. 1795
(Vienna Museum)
The Death of Captain James Cooke, 14 February, 1779

by Johann Zofanny c. 1795
(Vienna Museum)
Representation of the DEATH of Capt. COOK.

Publ. by S. Cumberlege, Act of Parliament, After John Webber July 1, 1781
(Hordern House)
Representation of the DEATH of Capt. COOK.

Publ. by S. Cumberlege, Act of Parliament, After John Webber July 1, 1781
(Antipodean Books, Maps, & Prints)
The DEATH of CAPT. COOK. Febr.y 14, 1779

Late 18th Century
(The British Museum)
The Death of Captain Cook by the Natives of OWhyhee.

by W. Granger Late 18th Century
The Death of Captain Cook

by William Byrne, by Francesco Bartolozzi, After John Webber 1785
THE DEATH of CAPTAIN JAMES COOK, F.R.S. at OWHYHEE

by J. Fielding
(Antipodean Books, Maps, & Prints )
The Death of CAPTN. COOK at the SANDWICH ISLANDS 1779

18th Century
The Death of Capt. Cook

Publisher & Date Unknown
The DEATH of CAPT.N COOK...

from Andersons Compilation. Sept. 11, 1781
Wooden Coffin Carved by the Crew of the H.M.S. Resolution to Hold a Lock of Captain James Cooks Hair
Made after he was Stabbed to Death on the Beach of Kealakekua Bay in the Attempt to Kidnap the King of Hawaii
Wooden Coffin Carved by the Crew of the H.M.S. Resolution to Hold a Lock of Captain James Cooks Hair
Made after he was Stabbed to Death on the Beach of Kealakekua Bay in the Attempt to Kidnap the King of Hawaii
Captain Cook Monument

Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii
(Photo Courtesy Captain Zodiac)
British Marines - The Death of Captain James Cook

Kealakekua Bay 14 February 1779
From "Britain's Sea Soldiers" by Col. C. Field, Liverpool, 1924
"Although the killing of Captain Cook by the natives of Hawaii In the Sandwich Islands cannot well come under the category of
either a Naval or Military engagement there was a certain amount of fighting immediately subsequent to his death, and the heroism of
Lieutenant Phillips of the Marines, who instantly avenged its was most conspicuous. Sergeant Ledyard, of the same Corps, who was
also present, and who afterwards became rather a noted traveller, gives a very interesting account of the unfortunate affair. This is
taken from Jared Spark's Memoirs of Ledyard's Life and Travels, published in 1828. The Immediate cause of the fracas in which Cook
met his death was the abstraction of the Discovery's largest cutter by the natives. Upon the loss of the boat being reported, Cook, in
his pinnace with six Marines, and supported by other manned and armed boats, landed at the village of Kowroa for the purpose of
capturing the chief Teraiobu, in order to hold him as a hostage for the return of the stolen boat. Mr. Phillips, the Lieutenant of
Marines, induced him to come out of his hut. He accompanied them, and Cook was trying to persuade him to come on board his boat
to Kowroa, when the crowd of natives who had assembled interposed with a hostile demonstration. 'There was one in particular,'
writes Ledyard, 'that advanced towards Cook in an attitude that alarmed one of the guards who presented his bayonet and opposed
him, acquainting Cook in the meantime of the danger of his situation, and that the Indians in a few minutes would attack him; that he
had overheard the man whom he had just stopped from rushing in upon him, say that our boats which were out in the harbour had
just killed his brother, and that he would be revenged. Cook attended to what this man said, and desired him to shew him the Indian
that had dared to attempt a combat with him, and as soon as he was pointed out, Cook fired at him with a blank. The Indian
perceiving he received no damage from the fire, rushed from without the crowd a second time, and threatened anyone that should
oppose him. Cook, perceiving this, fired a ball which, entering the Indian's groin, he fell, and was drawn off by the rest. Cook,
perceiving the people determined to oppose his designs, and that he should not succeed without further bloodshed, ordered the
Lieutenant of Marines, Mr. Phillips, to withdraw his men and get them into the boats, which were then lying ready to receive them.
This was effected by the serjeant, but the instant they began to retreat, Cook was hit with a stone, and perceiving the man who threw
it, shot him dead. The officer in the boats observing the guard retreat, and hearing this third discharge, ordered the beats to fire. This
occasined the guard to face about and fire, and then the attack became general. Cook and Mr. Phillips were together a few paces in
the rear of the guard, and perceiving a general fire without orders, quitted Teraibou, and ran to the shore to put a stop to it; but not
before being able to make themselves heard, and being close pressed upon by the chiefs, they joined the guard, who fired as they
retreated. Cook, having at last reached the margin of the water, between the fire of the boats, waved with his hat for them to cease
firing and come in, and while he was doing this, a chief from behind stabbed him with one of our iron daggers, just under the shoulderblade, and it passed quite through his body. Cook fell with his face in the water, and immediately expired."
Avacha Bay, Bering, & Chukchi Seas & Return
VIEWS of the COAST of KAMTSCHATKA.

PLAN of the BAY of AWATSKA, on the EAST COAST of KAMTSCHATKA

A MAN of KAMTSCHATKA, TRAVELLING in WINTER.

The Narta, or Sledge for Burdens in Kamtchatka (Russia)

After John Webber, Commissioned by the Admiralty to Accompany Captain Cook on His 3rd Voyage to the South Pacific 1789
The Narta, or Sledge for Burdens in Kamtchatka (Russia)

Balagans or Summer Habitations, with the method of Drying Fish at St,, Peter & Paul, Kamschatka (Russia)
A Sledge of Kamtschatka
A SLEDGE of KAMTSCHATKA.
A View of Part of Bolchoiercka (Bolsheretsk)

12 - 16 May 1779
A VIEW at BOLCHERETZKOL, in KAMTSCHATKA.

A WHITE BEAR.
A View of the Town and Harbour of St. Peter and St. Paul in Kamtschatka
A VIEW of the TOWN and HARBOUR of ST. PETER and ST. PAUL, in KAMTSCHATKA .
A MAN of KAMTSCHATKA.
A WOMAN of KAMTSCHATKA.
SUMMER and WINTER HABITATIONS, in KAMTSCHATKA.

The INSIDE of a WINTER HABITATION, in KAMTSCHATKA.

MACAO
Temple in the Inner Harbour of Macao

December 1779 - January 1780
View of Macao Near the Canton River after the Death of Captain James Cook
The Crews of the H.M.S. Resolution and Adventurer Trade with Chinese Merchants on the Return to England
(Ministry of Defense Art Collection)
View in Macao, Including the residence of Camoens, when he wrote his Lusiad
View in Macao, Including the residence of Camoens, when he wrote his Lusiad
Japan to Con Son (Pulau Condore)
View of the Coast of JAPAN...

VIEWS of the COAST of ASIA

VIEWS of SULPHUR ISLAND...

The York Courant

Tuesday 18 January 1780
A SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND SERVICES OF THE LATE CAPTAIN JAMES COOK
The Westminster Magazine for January, 1780
View at Korakatoa
February 1780
View in Cracatora
After John Webber, Commissioned by the Admiralty to Accompany Captain Cook on His 3rd Voyage to the South Pacific 1780 - 1789
Krakotoa, An Island in the China Seas

(Ministry of Defense Art Collection)
A View in the Island of Cracatora

A View in the Island of Cracatora

View in Cracatoa
February 1780
The Plantain Tree

by John Webber
The Plantain Tree

by Francis Jukes, Published by Thomas Martyn, After John Clevely 1788
The Plantain Tree

The Fan Palm

The Fan Palm

A VIEW IN PULO CONDORE

After John Webber, Commissioned by the Admiralty to Accompany Captain Cook on His 3rd Voyage to the South Pacific 1780 - 1792
A VIEW IN PULO CONDORE

A View in the Island of Pulo Condore

View in Macao
View in Macao
Mourning
Bronze Courage and Perseverance Medal

1779
(Museum of New Zealand)
Royal Society Memorial Medal

by Lewis Pingo 1784
Royal Society Memorial Medal

by James Hogg c. 1785 - 1793
Morning Ring Owned by Elizabeth Cook

c. 1780
(State Library - New South Wales)
The APOTHEOSIS of CAPTAIN COOK.

Published by John Thane, After Philip James de Loutherbourg, After John Webber 1794
Elizabeth Batts Cook, Widow of Captain James Cook

by William Henderson 1830
Acknowledgements
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18th Century Material Culture

The Death of Captain James Cook

Captain James Cook

Captain James Cook

Captain James Cook

Captain James Cook

The Routes of Captain James Cooks Voyages

The Routes of Captain James Cook's Voyages

Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands

Captain James Cook Journals III

An Inland View at Waimea, Atooi (Kauai - Hawaiian Islands)

CHART of the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

An OFFERING before CAPT. COOK, in the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

Tereoboo, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to Capt. Cook

TEREBOBOO, KING of OWYHEE, bringing PRESENTS to CAPT. COOK.

A Chief of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands

A Man of the Sandwich Islands Dancing.

A MAN of the SANDWICH ISLANDS DANCING.

A YOUNG WOMAN of the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

A MAN of the SANDWICH ISLANDS, with his HELMET.

A Canoe of the Sandwich Islands, the Rowers Masked.

A CANOE of the SANDWICH ISLANDS, the ROWERS MASKED.

A Man of the Sandwich Islands Masked.

A Man of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) in a Mask

A MAN of the SANDWICH ISLANDS, in a MASK.

An Idol Made of Wicker and Covered in Red Feathers

VARIOUS ARTICLES, at the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

A View of Karakakooa, in Owyhee

A View of KARAKAKOOA, in OWHYEE.

The Death of Captain James Cook

The Death of Captain James Cook

The Death of Captain James Cook

The DEATH of Captain JAMES COOK.

The Death of Cook

THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN COOK

THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN COOK

"The Death of Cook"

View of Owhyhee, One of the Sandwich Islands / The Death of Cook

Representation of the Murder of Capt.Cook at O Why -ee

The Death of Captain James Cooke, 14 February, 1779

The Death of Captain James Cooke, 14 February, 1779

Representation of the DEATH of Capt. COOK.

Representation of the DEATH of Capt. COOK.

The DEATH of CAPT. COOK. Febr.y 14, 1779

The Death of Captain Cook by the Natives of OWhyhee.

The Death of Captain Cook

THE DEATH of CAPTAIN JAMES COOK, F.R.S. at OWHYHEE

The Death of CAPTN. COOK at the SANDWICH ISLANDS 1779

The Death of Capt. Cook

The DEATH of CAPT.N COOK...

Captain Cook Monument

British Marines - The Death of Captain James Cook

Avacha Bay, Bering, & Chukchi Seas & Return

VIEWS of the COAST of KAMTSCHATKA.

PLAN of the BAY of AWATSKA, on the EAST COAST of KAMTSCHATKA

A MAN of KAMTSCHATKA, TRAVELLING in WINTER.

The Narta, or Sledge for Burdens in Kamtchatka (Russia)

The Narta, or Sledge for Burdens in Kamtchatka (Russia)

A View of Part of Bolchoiercka (Bolsheretsk)

A VIEW at BOLCHERETZKOL, in KAMTSCHATKA.

SUMMER and WINTER HABITATIONS, in KAMTSCHATKA.

The INSIDE of a WINTER HABITATION, in KAMTSCHATKA.

Temple in the Inner Harbour of Macao

Japan to Con Son (Pulau Condore)