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Research Article
Petrophysical Properties (Density and Magnetization)
of Rocks from the Suhbaatar-Ulaanbaatar-Dalandzadgad
Geophysical Profile in Mongolia and Their Implications
Tao Yang,1 Jintian Gao,1 Zuowen Gu,1 Baatarkhuu Dagva,2 and Batsaikhan Tserenpil2
1
2
1. Introduction
Spatial and temporal variations in petrophysical property
record the evolution process of the earth crust [1]. Consequently, knowledge of petrophysical properties is not only
important basic data for regional geological and geophysical studies, but also essential for detailed potential field
interpretations and modeling of source structures [24].
Measurements and analysis of petrophysical property are
thus crucial for physically understanding the petrology and
calibrating geophysical parameters [5, 6].
Mongolian plateau is part of the Central Asian Orogenic
Belt (CAOB), one of the largest orogens on the Earth, and
considered to have evolved over some 800 Ma, from the
latest Mesoproterozoic to the late Palaeozoic [79]. The
formation and tectonic evolution of the CAOB followed
contraction and closure of the Paleo-Pacific, Paleo-Asian,
Paleo-Tethyan, and the Tethyan oceans, respectively [10]. In
the eastern Asian continent, Mesozoic and Cenozoic circumPacific orogens, which originated from subduction of the
Pacific Plate under the Asian continent, are superimposed on
92
96
100
104
108
112
116
50
50
TMM
Ulaangom
ATM HB
DB
Moron
BTM
Darkhan
BB
SB
Bulgan
LB
Khovd
HRB
Uliastai
TMM
Altay
GAB
Ulaanbaatar
Undurhan
C
GAB
Mandalgovi
AMM
SMB
GAB
GAB
Dalandzadgad
Sainshand
NB
SMB
GTB
AB
42
46
MGB
HHB
Bayankhongor
Choibalsan
46
AMM
42
HUM
SLB
TUM
92
96
104
100
H
Crustal shortening
zone
S Salair
C Caledonian
H Hercynian
I Indosinian
108
112
116
Basin marine
Triassic-Jurassic
Continental
Triassic-Jurassic
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Cenozoic
Figure 1: Outline of tectonic map of Mongolia with the sampling points of rock samples along the Suhbaatar-Ulaanbaatar-Dalandzadgad
geophysical profile (compiled after Wang et al. [13]). Tectonic Units. North Mongolia: Tuva-Mongolian Massif (TMM); Argun-Mongolian
Massif (AMM); Altai-Mongolian Massif (ATM); Buteel Massif (BTM); Lake belt (LB); Bayangol belt (BB); Dzhida belt (DB); Haraa belt
(HRB); Gobi-Altai-Mandalgovi belt (GAB); Hangai-Hentii belt (HHB); Selenge belt (SB); Middle Gobi belt (MGB). South Mongolia: Tsagaan
Uul Massif (TUM); Hutag Uul Massif (HUM); Nuhetdavaa belt (NB); Gobi-Tienshan belt (GTB); South Mongol belt (SMB); Atas Bogd belt
(AB); Sulinheer belt (SLB).
2. Geological Backgrounds
Mongolia occupies the heart of the CAOB and an interior
portion of the Eurasian Plate [15]. Geologically, it is an
3
Magnetic susceptibility of sedimentary rock mainly
depends on the composition and content of accessory minerals (e.g., magnetite, maghemite, hematite, and iron hydroxides) [19]. and NRM of sedimentary rock mainly range
in 10100 105 SI and 110 mA/m, respectively (Figures
3(b) and 3(c)). Among them, clastic sedimentary rocks
have higher and NRM than chemical sedimentary rocks
(Table 1). Generally, value is lower than 1 (Figure 3(d)),
indicating that their magnetization is dominated by induced
magnetization.
4.2. Igneous Rocks. Density of igneous rocks depends almost
exclusively on the mineralogical and chemical composition
of these rocks, it increases with the increasing content
of dark minerals [19]. Igneous rocks have a wide range
of distribution, with dominant values of 2.52.8 g/cm3
(Figure 4(a)). Extrusive rocks (e.g., basalt and dacite) have
much higher than those of intrusive rocks; among them,
of plutonic rock is generally higher than that of hypabyssal
rock (Table 2). The mafic basalt has the highest , with
an average value of 2.72 g/cm3 , followed by those of
intermediate igneous rocks (e.g., tuff, diorite, syenite, and
dacite) (mean 2.67 g/cm3 ), and the felsic granite and
porphyry generally have the lowest , with average value of
2.63 g/cm3 (Table 3 and Figure 5(a)). Geological age also has
a considerable influence on density of rock. Rocks with the
same lithology may display different densities, deviating by
520% from the average value, at different ages. For example,
average value of felsic granite increases with the decreasing
age, Ordovician (2.62 g/cm3 ) Devonian (2.65 g/cm3 )
Permian (2.73 g/cm3 ) Triassic (2.76 g/cm3 ).
and NRM of igneous rock are variable (Figures 4(b) and
4(c)) and increase significantly with the decreasing content
of silica. Namely, felsic rocks have the lowest and NRM
values, followed by intermediate rocks, and mafic rocks show
the highest and NRM values (Table 3 and Figures 5(b)
and 5(c)). For example, average value for felsic granite and
intermediate dacite is about 80 and 350 105 SI, respectively. for mafic basalt ranges from hundreds to thousands
105 SI, with an average value of 1300105 SI (Table 3). Mafic
rocks have considerable NRM, ranging between hundreds
and thousands mA/m, which often makes an important
contribution to the total magnetization (Table 3). In addition,
it is found that extrusive rocks (e.g., basalt and dacite) have
much higher compared to plutonic rocks; hypabyssal and
pyroclastic rocks have relatively lower (Table 2).
Generally, samples with > 1 are comparable with
those having < 1 (Figure 4(d)). Among them, value
of mafic rocks ranges between 2 and 6, indicating the
dominance of natural remanent magnetization with respect
to the induced magnetization (Table 2). NRM of intermediate
rocks is comparable with their induced magnetization; in
contrast, felsic plutonic rocks have much lower values
(generally <1), indicating the strong contribution of induced
magnetization to the total magnetization. In general, extrusive and pyroclastic rocks that formed on earths surface have
much higher values; hypabyssal rocks that formed near
Table 1: Statistical results of density (), magnetic susceptibility (), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), and Koenigsberger ratio (Q)
of different sedimentary rocks from the Suhbaatar-Ulaanbaatar-Dalandzadgad profile in Mongolia.
Lithology
Dolostone ( = 10)
Chemical
sedimentary rocks
Limestone ( = 40)
Siliceous rocks ( = 55)
Clastic rocks
Siltstone ( = 35)
All clastic rocks
(g/cm3 )
NRM (mA/m)
(105 SI)
2.682.73
2.71 0.04
2.662.86
2.72 0.06
2.542.82
2.66 0.07
2.542.86
2.69 0.07
3.54.1
3.8 0.4
0.75.1
1.5 1.7
0.63.3
1.7 0.9
0.65.1
1.7 1.3
19.226.5
22.6 5.2
1.425.4
10.2 9.2
1.156.9
9.1 17.1
1.156.9
10.6 13.9
0.330.53
0.4 0.14
0.127.93
0.5 3.41
0.086.84
0.55 2.72
0.087.93
0.51 2.70
2.622.77
2.69 0.07
2.582.78
2.68 0.06
2.532.70
2.61 0.06
2.532.78
2.66 0.06
0.63.3
1.3 1.2
0.75.9
2.2 1.6
1.851.1
11.3 21.3
0.651.1
3.1 13.9
14.825.9
20.2 4.5
6.164.4
24.8 17.5
16.4106.5
30.3 34.2
6.1106.5
25.2 21.7
0.070.56
0.16 0.23
0.110.41
0.25 0.09
0.195.93
0.94 2.3
0.075.93
0.33 1.36
Note. The statistical results of different parameters are given as minimummaximum, mean value standard deviation. For , the arithmetic mean is used,
and for others, the geometric means are given.
(g/cm3 )
NRM (mA/m)
(105 SI)
2.592.83
2.72 0.09
2.582.71
2.63 0.04
2.582.83
2.69 0.09
196.54378.0
1379.8 1435.3
1.14726.5
300.2 1902.5
1.14726.5
717.7 1582.6
350.32150.4
1303.5 547.7
12.23275.7
348.3 1656
12.23275.7
740.4 1106.8
0.236.00
2.66 1.73
0.2132.69
2.17 12.65
0.2132.69
2.44 8.16
Pyroclastic rocks
Tuff ( = 45)
2.522.77
2.63 0.08
0.52465.3
14.2 823.6
5.31568.3
41.5 510.8
0.0930.13
0.86 10.40
Hypabyssal rocks
Porphyry ( = 25)
2.562.60
2.57 0.02
0.4632.4
10.0 276.2
2.0509.9
14.4 222.5
0.437.59
1.75 2.92
Diorite ( = 15)
2.852.97
2.93 0.07
2.592.76
2.68 0.12
2.572.81
2.64 0.06
2.582.83
2.69 0.09
3.35.5
4.3 1.5
9.8449.4
66.2 310.9
0.51826.5
38.4 562.4
1.14726.5
717.7 1582.6
35.971.7
50.7 25.3
8.2378.6
55.8 261.9
3.0933.7
79.7 292.0
12.23275.7
740.4 1106.8
0.190.23
0.21 0.03
2.982.98
2.98 0.0
0.0612.71
0.49 2.88
0.2132.69
2.44 8.16
Syenite ( = 10)
Granite ( = 135)
Table 3: Statistical results of , , NRM, and Q values of mafic, intermediate, and felsic igneous rocks.
Lithology
Mafic rocks ( = 45)
Intermediate rocks ( = 115)
Felsic rocks ( = 145)
(g/cm3 )
2.592.83
2.72 0.09
2.522.97
2.67 0.12
2.562.81
2.63 0.06
NRM (mA/m)
196.54378.0
1379.8 1435.3
0.54726.5
37.8 1279.5
0.41826.5
30.7 547.5
(105 SI)
350.32150.4
1303.5 547.7
5.33275.7
79.7 1095.2
2.0933.7
57.4 287.5
Q
0.236.00
2.66 1.73
0.0932.69
1.19 9.21
0.0612.71
0.55 3.02
5
0.6
0.6
Relative frequency
N = 585
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
10
100
1000
10000
10
100
(10 SI)
(g/cm )
(a)
(b)
0.5
0.6
Relative frequency
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
10
100
NRM (mA/m)
1000
10000
(c)
0.01
0.1
1
Q
(d)
Figure 2: Histogram for (a) density (), (b) magnetic susceptibility (), (c) natural remanent magnetization (NRM), and (d) Koenigsberger
ratio () of all rock samples from the Suhbaatar-Ulaanbaatar-Dalandzadgad geophysical profile in Mongolia.
their parent rock and the alteration processes that the rock
was subjected [19]. and NRM increase by an order of
quartzite, marble, and gneiss. values of marble and gneiss
are lower than 1, suggesting the dominant contribution of
induced magnetization, whereas quartzite has values >1,
indicating a strong contribution of remanent magnetization
(Table 4).
In short, igneous rock has the lowest average value
but the highest NRM, , and values, followed by those
of sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock has the highest
average value, with the lowest NRM and (Table 5 and
0.9
0.75
Relative frequency
N = 235
0.6
0.50
0.25
0.3
0.00
0
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
10
(g/cm3 )
1000
10
(105 SI)
(a)
Relative frequency
100
(b)
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0.1
10
100
0.01
0.1
Q value
NRM (mA/m)
(c)
(d)
Figure 3: Histogram for (a) , (b) , (c) NRM, and (d) of sedimentary rock samples.
(g/cm3 )
2.672.80
2.72 0.08
2.722.80
2.76 0.06
2.582.61
2.60 0.02
NRM (mA/m)
0.837.0
3.9 16.7
1.11.6
1.3 0.4
0.61.0
0.8 0.2
(105 SI)
6.9132.1
41.3 55.8
22.639.6
29.9 12.0
1.11.6
1.3 0.3
Q
0.050.70
0.24 0.28
0.070.18
0.11 0.08
1.431.52
1.48 0.07
7
0.4
0.5
Relative frequency
0.4
N = 305
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
10
100
1000
10000
(g/cm )
(10 SI)
(a)
(b)
0.5
0.3
Relative frequency
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
10
100
NRM (mA/m)
1000
10000
(c)
0.01
0.1
10
100
Q value
(d)
Figure 4: Histogram for (a) , (b) , (c) NRM, and (d) of igneous rock samples.
10000
2.9
2.8
(105 SI)
(g/cm3 )
1000
2.7
100
10
2.6
2.5
Mafic
Intermediate
Felsic
Mafic
(a)
Intermediate
Felsic
(b)
10000
10
NRM (mA/m)
1000
100
Q
1
10
0.1
Mafic
Intermediate
Felsic
Mafic
(c)
Intermediate
Felsic
(d)
Figure 5: Box plot for (a) , (b) , (c) NRM, and (d) of basic, intermediate, and felsic igneous rocks. Red dash lines indicate the average
values of the corresponding petrophysical parameters.
Table 5: Statistical results of , , NRM, and Q values of rocks with three major lithologies.
Lithologies
Sedimentary rocks ( = 235)
Igneous rocks ( = 305)
Metamorphic rocks ( = 45)
(g/cm3 )
2.532.86
2.68 0.07
2.422.97
2.66 0.10
2.582.80
2.70 0.09
NRM (mA/m)
0.651.1
2.4 10.3
0.44726.5
56.1 1138.4
0.637.0
2.1 13.3
(105 SI)
1.1106.5
17.6 19.9
2.03275.7
106.7 860.0
1.1132.1
18.0 48.4
Q
0.077.93
0.39 2.05
0.0632.69
0.94 6.30
0.051.52
0.30 0.57
9
10000
2.9
2.8
(105 SI)
(g/cm3 )
1000
100
2.7
10
2.6
2.5
1
Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
(a)
Igneous
Metamorphic
Igneous
Metamorphic
(b)
10000
10
NRM (mA/m)
1000
100
Q
1
10
0.1
Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic
(c)
Sedimentary
(d)
Figure 6: Box plot for (a) , (b) , (c) NRM, and (d) of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Red dash lines indicate the average
values of the corresponding petrophysical parameters.
10
Tectonic units
(g/cm3 )
2.602.85
2.67 0.08
2.572.97
2.70 0.10
2.522.77
2.68 0.05
2.522.96
2.66 0.09
2.532.70
2.60 0.06
2.582.73
2.65 0.05
Major lithologies
SB
Granite, dacite
HRB
HHB
Sandstone, tuff
MGB
AMM
SMB
105
NRM (mA/m)
1.11826.5
58.5 494.5
0.51790.8
10.6 551.2
0.738.6
2.1 7.6
0.44726.5
50.7 1320.0
0.951.1
3.3 16.1
1.133.4
3.0 11.8
(105 SI)
12.22150.4
161.8 648.1
3.0 933.7
50.7 275.1
1.136.0
13.3 8.6
2.03275.7
123.1 989.3
1.4106.5
8.2 35.4
10.437.6
23.1 9.9
Q
0.1112.71
0.47 3.65
0.055.79
0.28 1.53
0.117.59
0.41 2.48
0.0732.69
1.17 7.87
0.437.93
1.09 2.51
0.113.43
0.32 1.21
104
Magnetite
Magnetite trend
104
103
103
102
10
(105 SI)
(105 SI)
Pyrrhotite
Paramagnetic trend
101
100
102
100
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
0.01
3.3
0.1
(g/cm )
Intermediate rock
Felsic rock
Metamorphic rock
6. Conclusions
From the large amount of petrophysical data of rock samples
from the Suhbaatar-Ulaanbaatar-Dalandzadgad geophysical
profile, the following important general conclusions describing the variation in density, magnetic susceptibility, and NRM
can be drawn.
3
(1) The lower limit of density for all rocks is 2.53 g/cm
and the upper limit is 2.97 g/cm3 . Such density contrast would result in variable gravity anomalies along
the profile.
(2) Magnetic susceptibility of sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, and part of felsic to intermediate
1
Q
10
100
Intermediate rock
Felsic rock
Metamorphic rock
11
600
300
400
200
200
100
200
100
4000
Magnetic
5
NRM (mA/m) susceptibility (10 SI)
Magnetic
anomaly (nT)
3000
2000
1000
0
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
SB
HRB
HHB
MGB
AMM
SMB
Superficial anomaly
Upper crust anomaly
Basement anomaly
Figure 9: Comparison between different components of lithospheric magnetic anomaly and the NRM and magnetic susceptibility of
outcropped rock samples along the profile. Data of the lithospheric magnetic anomalies are compiled from Yuan et al. [14].
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no commercial or associative
interests that represents a conflict of interest in connection
with the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by the International Scientific
and Technological Cooperation Program of China (no.
2011DFB20210). The authors are deeply appreciative for all the
safe travel led by the other RCAG staffs and the drivers during
the whole fieldwork.
References
[1] J. H. Schon, Physical Properties of Rocks: Fundamentals and
Principles of Petrophysics, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1996.
[2] H. Henkel, Studies of density and magnetic properties of rocks
from Northern Sweden, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 114,
no. 2, pp. 235249, 1976.
12
[13]
[14]
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[16]
[17]
[18]
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