Eng 101

Quotation Punctuation
Causal Techniques

Quotation Marks
Punctuation & Quotation marks
Place periods inside
According to the online article written by
Smith, Textbooks are boring.
In the online article, the author declares
that Textbooks are boring (Smith).

Quotation Marks
Punctuation & Quotation marks
Place commas inside
According to the online article written by
Smith, Textbooks are boring, and
textbooks should be burned.

Quotation Marks
Punctuation & Quotation marks
Put question marks and exclamation
points inside quotation marks unless
they apply to the whole sentence
Bedtime at my house is marked by
Mommy, can I tell you a story now?
(Stanko 7).
Have you heard the old proverb Do not
climb the hill until you reach it? (Stanko
7).

Quotation Marks
Punctuation & Quotation marks
Put colons and semicolons outside
Harold wrote, I regret that I am unable to
attend the fundraiser for AIDS research; his
letter, however, came with a substantial
contribution (Stanko 7).
Do not use quotation marks to draw
attention to familiar slang, to disown trite
expressions, or to justify an attempt at
humor
It was a ballpark figure.
http://youtu.be/E-PIidaqCyU

The good doctors newsletters...

WebMD lists sleep-driving as a side effect
of prescription sleep aids.
The worker says to himself, If I didnt know
better I think I have been pink washed.
November has arrived and we are officially in
the Holidays, that exciting time of the
year when we get to spend time with
family, friends and loved ones.
Someone once said that a small group of
determined individuals can change the
world.

Causal Techniques

What are the elements of a

Causal essay?
Purpose
Patterns
Reasoning Errors
Ethics
Thesis and details

https://youtu.be/Gyk55GYnGl0

Purpose
What is a cause?

Probes the reasons why actions, events,

attitudes, and conditions exist

What is an effect?

Examines consequences of causes

2 purpose possibilities for a causal essay

Explain historical events, natural
happenings, actions and attitudes of
individuals and groups
Help readers anticipate the
consequences of personal actions,
natural phenomena, or government
policies

Patterns
Single cause produces several effects
Might discuss cause then effects or
effects then cause
I. Poor language skills
II. Body
A. Cant keep up with required
reading
B. Cant take adequate notes
C. Cant write competent papers

Patterns

Several causes produce one effect

Might discuss effect then causes or causes
then effect

I. Decrease in U.S. zinc production

II. Body
A. produced more cheaply abroad
B. replaced on cars by plastics, lighter
metals
C. cannot be recycled

Patterns

Causal Chain

Each event is effect of preceding one and the

cause of the following one
Help explain how devices function and how
some social changes proceed
Similar to process analyses which is
concerned with HOW events occur...causal is
concerned with WHY events occur

II. Body
A. sleep late
B. miss breakfast
C. become hungry and distracted
D. perform poorly on exam

Patterns

Multiple Cause-Multiple Effect

Sequence of causes and effects is too complex to fit

image of chain
Present causes then effects or effects then causes

Topic: accident
II. Body
A. causes of the accident
1. driver ran stop sign
2. Bushes and unlit headlights impaired
vision
3. Wet pavement caused skidding
B. Effects of the accident
1. missed the movie
2. Unnerved so missed classes next day
3. Other driver lost license

Reasoning Errors
Ignoring multiple causes
An effect rarely stems from a single
cause
Mistaking chronology for causation
Dont assume that just because one
event followed another that the first
necessarily caused the other
(chronology)
Confusing causes and effects
Pam and Paul married because they fell
in love; in reality it was an economic
necessity, and love came later.

Ethics
Forcing a particular outcome by uncovering only
certain causes
Report blaming poor instruction for high
student failure rate neglects oversized classes,
socioeconomics
Carefully weighed importance of chosen causes
If a few, but not most, of the classes in the
problem school system are oversized, then
report shouldnt stress their significance
Discuss every important effect (even one that
damages point)
Report emphasizing the beneficial effects of
jogging must discuss potential for energy
Consequences of people acting upon essay
Call to action

Thesis & Details

Thesis statement
Identifies the event to be explained or
effects to be considered
Explains importance of understanding
the causes or effects
Offers a summary of the major causes
or effects
Details
Not just a bare-bones discussion of
causes and effects or a list
Vivid description used

For Tuesday 3/29

Purpose
Aziz, David, Robert, Cody
Patterns
Danny, Tony, Zach
Reasoning Errors
Ashley B., Naudya, Ashley C. , Mieah
Ethics
Corrine, Pauline, Summer, Daishawna
Thesis & Details
Brittany, Kaprielle, Cambria, Cassie

Apply your assigned elements to each of the following readings. Be

prepared to extensively discuss your findings with the class.
Knapps Why We Keep Stuff
Mooneys The Science of Why We Dont Believe Science
Luscombe & Stinchfields Why We Flirt
*pages are listed in the syllabus