04-02-2015

Gaurav
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
gauravs@iitgn.ac.in
Short course on
Soil-Structure Interaction
Computer Applications and Material Models
19-23 January, 2015

Constitutive law

Energy
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FE formulation

Solution proceeds via minimization of energy

It is not necessary to solve full 3D problems always
Computational cost becomes an issue
Need to idealize the problem

Typically used when one dimension is significantly

larger than the other two

Strip footing
Retaining wall
Dam

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Analysis of tunnel excavations

T. Svoboda and D. Masin, Comparison of displacement field predicted by 2D and 3D finite element
modelling of shallow NATM tunnels in clay, Geotechnik, 34(2), 115-126, 2011.

Analysis of tunnel excavations

T. Svoboda and D. Masin, Comparison of displacement field predicted by 2D and 3D finite element
modelling of shallow NATM tunnels in clay, Geotechnik, 34(2), 115-126, 2011.

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Typically used when one dimension is significantly

smaller than the other two

Thin plates
No out of plane loading

Plate with a hole

far = 20 N/m2
E = 210 Gpa
= 0.25

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Analysis of soft tissue

T. Chanthasopeephan, J. P. Desai, and A. C. W. Lau, 3D and 2D Finite Element Analysis in Soft Tissue Cutting
for Haptic Display, Advanced Robotics, ICAR05 Proceedings, 2005.

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Typically used when there is rotational symmetry

about one axis

Cylindrical geometries

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Analysis of piles

F. Tschuchnigg and H.F. Schweiger,

Comparison of Deep Foundation Systems
using 3D Finite Element Analysis Employing
Different Modeling Techniques, Geotechnical
Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA,
44(3), 40-46, 2013.

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F. Tschuchnigg and H.F. Schweiger, Comparison of Deep Foundation Systems using 3D Finite Element
Analysis Employing Different Modeling Techniques, Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS &
AGSSEA, 44(3), 40-46, 2013.

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Locally 2D, globally 3D

L. A. Qureshi and K. Amin, Comparison of 2D & 3D Finite Element Analysis of Tunnels based on SoilStructure Interaction using GTS, 14th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building
Engineering, Moscow, Russia, 2012.

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Locally 2D, globally 3D

L. A. Qureshi and K. Amin, Comparison of 2D & 3D Finite Element Analysis of Tunnels based on SoilStructure Interaction using GTS, 14th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building
Engineering, Moscow, Russia, 2012.

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Typically used when there is

symmetry about one axis

Bars and beams

W.C. Mun, A. Rivai, and O. Bapokutty, Effects of Elements on

Linear Elastic Stress Analysis: A Finite Element Approach, IJERT,
2(10), 561-567, 2013.

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Transition to structural elements from continuum

elements
Locally 1D, globally 2D (or 3D)

Locally, we have
Beam element
Beam-column element
Bar element (also called truss element)

Globally
Use of rotation transforms

Essentially: Matrix method of analysis

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local-global connection

direction cosines

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direction cosines

local-global connection

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Advantages
Fast analysis yet capturing the response realistically

Disadvantage
No handle on modeling of connections

Workaround?
Use of two-tier models

Detailed 2D or 3D model
of connection

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Steel chimney confined in RCC frame

Chimney modeled as a shell

Frame modeled using 1D frame elements

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Bad aspect ratio/distorted elements

Introduces errors
Remedy: have a good mesh
In large deformation problems: use of updated

Lagrangian formulation may help

N.-S. Lee and K.-J. Bathe, Effects of Element Distortions on the

Performance of Isoparametric Elements, Int. J. Numerical Methods in

Engineering, 36, 3553-3576, 1993.

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Overlapping of elements
Check: negative jacobian of coordinate transformation:

(x, y) (r, s)
Remedy: keep checking jacobian

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Shear locking
Usually happens in thin members, plane stress

idealizations
FEs introduce artificial stiffness (usually through
artificial shear stresses)
Remedy: reduced integration along one direction
Causes approximations to be less exact reduces stiffness

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Shear locking

P = 20 kN
E = 210 GPa, = 0.25
Exact tip deflection:
u: 1.039 mm
v: 0.6615 mm

FE (2 GPs in s and r)
u: 0.9321 mm
v: 0.5935 mm

FE (2 GPs in s, 1 in r)
u: 1.038 mm
v: 0.6612 mm

P
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Incompressible locking
Happens when using displacement-only discretization

for 3D or 2D plane strain problems

Remedy: use of mixed-methods (Hu-Washizu,
Hellinger-Reissner)/elements

Q1 element
Linear approximation of displacement
at nodes

Q1/P0/V0 element
Linear approximation of displacement
at nodes, Constant approximation of
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pressure and volume at centroid

Incompressible locking
Cooks membrane
Plane strain
E = 200 GPa
= 0.4999

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Incompressible locking
Cooks

membrane
Plane strain
E = 200 GPa
= 0.4999

Q1/P0/V0 element

Q1 element
~3mm

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Modeling of discontinuities
Cracks
Cohesive interfaces
Contact problems
Cohesive elements, generalized finite element, extended

finite element
Modeling composite materials with high degree of

modulus mismatch
Causes numerical difficulties

Global error behavior

Model parameters
Validation/calibration, etc.

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Gaurav
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
gauravs@iitgn.ac.in

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