T h e Ar a b Am e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y

Faculty of engineering and information technology

principles of circuit lab

Steady State Response and Phase Angle of First Order System

(Exp #7)

Name:
Mohammad
21110767

Salah

ID:

Objective:
To study the voltage current relationships of a first order system; and to study phase angle
measurement techniques.

Introduction:
To study the voltage current relationships of a first order system lets try to find VR in figure 2

Figure 2
VR = [R / (R + (1 / JC))] * Vs 0
VR = [JRC / (1 + JRC)] * Vs 0
VR = |VR| (90 (RC))
The phase deferent between voltage and current for this arrangement is

= 90 -

(1)

(RC)

General theory:
The voltage and current of a first order system excited by a sinusoidal signal can be represented by
two phasors that are not in phase. In this experiment we will study the steady-state response and the
phase angle between voltage and current of a first order system.
Phasor
The complex voltage or current at a given frequency is characterized by only two parameters,
amplitude and phase angle. For example the complex voltage Vs (t) = Vm ej(t + q) can be exactly
defined if Vm and q are known. Therefore, for any linear circuit operating in the sinusoidal steady
state at a single frequency , every current or voltage may be characterized completely by its
amplitude and phase angle; and their complex representation will contain the same factor e jt. Thus,

it is possible to simplify the complex representation by omitting the factor e jt. Also, additional time
and effort may be saved if these complex quantities are written in polar form.
Let us define impedance Z as the ratio of the phasor voltage to phasor current. Impedance is a
complex quantity having dimensions of ohms. Think of an inductor L as being represented in the
time-domain by its inductance L and in the frequency domain by its impedance jL. The same can
be said about C and 1/jC. Also, note that the impedance of an inductor and capacitor are functions
of frequency.
Component Voltage

Phase

In phase

Lead 90

Lag 90

Impedance

Phase Measurement
Phase comparison of two signals of the same frequency can be made using the dual trace feature of
the scopes in the lab. To make the comparison, proceed as follows:

By using the Oscilloscope we find the time

difference between the two waves (t) i.e.:
two successive peak or two successive
zeroes.
We use this equation to convert the time
delay to degree
= t *360 *f
Where f is the frequency of the signals.

PROCEDURE
1. We connect the circuit of Figure 2 using a sinusoidal voltage source with amplitude of 5
Volts, a (100nF) capacitor and 1K resistor.
2. We find the output voltage for each of the following frequencies (Hz): 100, 1K, 3K, and
7K, 10K. we put the result in table 1.
frequency

Vout

100 Hz

53

6V

1 KHz

10

9V

3 KHz

9.8 V
2

7 KHz

2.6

9.89 V

10 KHz

1.01

9.9 V

3. To design a RC circuit for a specific phase angle at 1 kHz

1. We find R value by using equations NO. (1) for a 45 phase angle

45 = 90-tan { 2*3.14(1*10^3)*R*(100*10^-9) }
R=1/6.28*10^4
R=1.59K
-1

1. Repeat the above steps for 30 phase angle

30 = 90-tan { 2*3.14(1*10^3)*R*(100*10^-9) }
R=1.73/6.28*10^4
R=2.7K
-1

Conclusion :
In this experiment, we have learned about

voltage current relationships of a first order system;

and to study phase angle measurement techniques