3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Citizenship
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Citizenshipisthestatusofapersonrecognizedunderthecustomorlawasbeingamemberofacountry.
Apersonmayhavemultiplecitizenshipsandapersonwhodoesnothavecitizenshipofanystateissaidto
bestateless.
NationalityisoftenusedasasynonymforcitizenshipinEnglish[1]notablyininternationallaw
althoughthetermissometimesunderstoodasdenotingaperson'smembershipofanation(alargeethnic
group).[2]Insomecountries,e.g.theUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,nationalityandcitizenshipcan
havedifferentmeanings(formoreinformation,seeNationality#Nationalityversuscitizenship).

Contents
1 Determiningfactors
2 History
2.1 Polis
2.2 Romanideas
2.3 MiddleAges
2.4 Renaissance
2.5 Moderntimes
3 Differentsenses
4 International
4.1 EuropeanUnion
4.2 Commonwealth
5 Subnational
6 Education
6.1 UnitedKingdom
6.2 Ireland
7 Seealso
8 Notes
9 References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

1/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

10 Furtherreading
11 Externallinks

Determiningfactors
Apersoncanbeacitizenforseveralreasons.Usuallycitizenshipoftheplaceofbirthisautomaticin
othercasesanapplicationmayberequired.Eachcountryhastheirownpoliciesandregulationswhich
changethecriteriaofwhoisissuedcitizenship.
Parentsarecitizens(jussanguinis).Ifoneorbothofaperson'sparentsarecitizensofagivenstate,
thenthepersonmayhavetherighttobeacitizenofthatstateaswell.[a]Formerlythismightonly
haveappliedthroughthepaternalline,butsexequalitybecamecommonsincethelatetwentieth
century.Citizenshipisgrantedbasedonancestryorethnicity,andisrelatedtotheconceptofa
nationstatecommoninChina.Wherejussanguinisholds,apersonbornoutsideacountry,oneor
bothofwhoseparentsarecitizensofthecountry,isalsoacitizen.Statesnormallylimittherightto
citizenshipbydescenttoacertainnumberofgenerationsbornoutsidethestate.Thisformof
citizenshipisnotcommonincivillawcountries.
Bornwithinacountry(jussoli).Somepeopleareautomaticallycitizensofthestateinwhichthey
areborn.ThisformofcitizenshiporiginatedinEnglandwherethosewhowerebornwithinthe
realmweresubjectsofthemonarch(aconceptpredatingcitizenship),andiscommonincommon
lawcountries.
Inmanycasesbothjussolisandjussanguinisholdcitizenshipeitherbyplaceorparentage(orof
courseboth).
Marriagetoacitizen(jurematrimonii).Manycountriesfasttracknaturalizationbasedonthe
marriageofapersontoacitizen.Countrieswhicharedestinationsforsuchimmigrationoftenhave
regulationstotrytodetectshammarriages,whereacitizenmarriesanoncitizentypicallyfor
payment,withoutthemhavingtheintentionoflivingtogether.[5]
Naturalization.Statesnormallygrantcitizenshiptopeoplewhohaveenteredthecountrylegally
andbeengrantedpermittostay,orbeengrantedpoliticalasylum,andalsolivedthereforaspecified
period.Insomecountries,naturalizationissubjecttoconditionswhichmayincludepassingatest
demonstratingreasonableknowledgeofthelanguageorwayoflifeofthehostcountry,good
conduct(noseriouscriminalrecord)andmoralcharacter(suchasdrunkenness,orgambling),
vowingallegiancetotheirnewstateoritsrulerandrenouncingtheirpriorcitizenship.Somestates
allowdualcitizenshipanddonotrequirenaturalizedcitizenstoformallyrenounceanyother
citizenship.
Excludedcategories.Inthepasttherehavebeenexclusionsonentitlementtocitizenshipon
groundssuchasskincolor,ethnicity,sex,andfreestatus(notbeingaslave).Mostofthese
exclusionsnolongerapplyinmostplaces.ModernexamplesincludesomeArabcountrieswhich
rarelygrantcitizenshiptononMuslims,e.g.Qatarisknownforgrantingcitizenshiptoforeign
athletes,buttheyallhavetoprofesstheIslamicfaithinordertoreceivecitizenship.TheUnited
Statesgrantscitizenshiptothosebornasaresultofreproductivetechnologies,andinternationally
adoptedchildrenbornafterFeb27,1983.Someexclusionsstillpersistforinternationallyadopted
childrenbornbeforeFeb27,1983eventhoughtheirparentsmeetcitizenshipcriteria.

History
Polis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

2/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ManythinkerspointtotheconceptofcitizenshipbeginningintheearlycitystatesofancientGreece,
althoughothersseeitasprimarilyamodernphenomenondatingbackonlyafewhundredyearsand,for
mankind,thattheconceptofcitizenshiparosewiththefirstlaws.Polismeantboththepoliticalassembly
ofthecitystateaswellastheentiresociety.[6]Citizenshiphasgenerallybeenidentifiedasawestern
phenomenon.[7]Thereisageneralviewthatcitizenshipinancienttimeswasasimplerrelationthan
modernformsofcitizenship,althoughthisviewhascomeunderscrutiny.[8]Therelationofcitizenshiphas
notbeenafixedorstaticrelation,butconstantlychangedwithineachsociety,andthataccordingtoone
view,citizenshipmight"reallyhaveworked"onlyatselectperiodsduringcertaintimes,suchaswhenthe
AthenianpoliticianSolonmadereformsintheearlyAthenianstate.[9]
HistorianGeoffreyHoskinginhis2005ModernScholarlecturecoursesuggestedthatcitizenshipin
ancientGreecearosefromanappreciationfortheimportanceoffreedom.[10]Hoskingexplained:
ItcanbearguedthatthisgrowthofslaverywaswhatmadeGreeksparticularlyconsciousof
thevalueoffreedom.Afterall,anyGreekfarmermightfallintodebtandthereforemight
becomeaslave,atalmostanytime...WhentheGreeksfoughttogether,theyfoughtinorder
toavoidbeingenslavedbywarfare,toavoidbeingdefeatedbythosewhomighttakethem
intoslavery.Andtheyalsoarrangedtheirpoliticalinstitutionssoastoremainfreemen.
GeoffreyHosking,2005[10]
Slaverypermittedslaveownerstohavesubstantialfreetime,and
enabledparticipationinpubliclife.[10]Poliscitizenshipwas
markedbyexclusivity.Inequalityofstatuswaswidespread
citizenshadahigherstatusthannoncitizens,suchaswomen,
slavesorbarbarians.[11][12]Thefirstformofcitizenshipwasbased
onthewaypeoplelivedintheancientGreektimes,insmallscale
organiccommunitiesofthepolis.Citizenshipwasnotseenasa
separateactivityfromtheprivatelifeoftheindividualperson,in
thesensethattherewasnotadistinctionbetweenpublicand
privatelife.Theobligationsofcitizenshipweredeeplyconnected
GeoffreyHoskingsuggeststhatfear
intoone'severydaylifeinthepolis.Thesesmallscaleorganic
ofbeingenslavedwasacentral
communitiesweregenerallyseenasanewdevelopmentinworld
motivatingforceforthedevelopment
history,incontrasttotheestablishedancientcivilizationsofEgypt
oftheGreeksenseofcitizenship.
orPersia,orthehuntergathererbandselsewhere.Fromthe
Sculpture:aGreekwomanbeing
viewpointoftheancientGreeks,aperson'spubliclifewasnot
servedbyaslavechild.
separatedfromtheirprivatelife,andGreeksdidnotdistinguish
betweenthetwoworldsaccordingtothemodernwestern
conception.Theobligationsofcitizenshipweredeeplyconnectedwitheverydaylife.Tobetrulyhuman,
onehadtobeanactivecitizentothecommunity,whichAristotlefamouslyexpressed:"Totakenopartin
therunningofthecommunity'saffairsistobeeitherabeastoragod!"Thisformofcitizenshipwasbased
onobligationsofcitizenstowardsthecommunity,ratherthanrightsgiventothecitizensofthe
community.Thiswasnotaproblembecausetheyallhadastrongaffinitywiththepolistheirowndestiny
andthedestinyofthecommunitywerestronglylinked.Also,citizensofthepolissawobligationstothe
communityasanopportunitytobevirtuous,itwasasourceofhonourandrespect.InAthens,citizens
werebothrulerandruled,importantpoliticalandjudicialofficeswererotatedandallcitizenshadtheright
tospeakandvoteinthepoliticalassembly.

Romanideas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

3/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

IntheRomanEmpire,citizenshipexpandedfromsmallscalecommunitiestotheentireempire.Romans
realizedthatgrantingcitizenshiptopeoplefromallovertheempirelegitimizedRomanruleover
conqueredareas.Romancitizenshipwasnolongerastatusofpoliticalagencyithadbeenreducedtoa
judicialsafeguardandtheexpressionofruleandlaw.[13]RomecarriedforthGreekideasofcitizenship
suchastheprinciplesofequalityunderthelaw,civicparticipationingovernment,andnotionsthat"no
onecitizenshouldhavetoomuchpowerfortoolong",[14]butRomeofferedrelativelygeneroustermsto
itscaptives,includingchancesforlesserformsofcitizenship.[14]IfGreekcitizenshipwasan
"emancipationfromtheworldofthings",[15]theRomansenseincreasinglyreflectedthefactthatcitizens
couldactuponmaterialthingsaswellasothercitizens,inthesenseofbuyingorsellingproperty,
possessions,titles,goods.Onehistorianexplained:
Thepersonwasdefinedandrepresentedthroughhisactionsuponthingsinthecourseof
time,thetermpropertycametomean,first,thedefiningcharacteristicofahumanorother
beingsecond,therelationwhichapersonhadwithathingandthird,thethingdefinedasthe
possessionofsomeperson.
J.G.A.Pocock,1988[16]
Romancitizenshipreflectedastrugglebetweentheupperclasspatricianinterestsagainstthelowerorder
workinggroupsknownastheplebeianclass.[14]Acitizencametobeunderstoodasaperson"freetoact
bylaw,freetoaskandexpectthelaw'sprotection,acitizenofsuchandsuchalegalcommunity,ofsuch
andsuchalegalstandinginthatcommunity".[17]Citizenshipmeanthavingrightstohavepossessions,
immunities,expectations,whichwere"availableinmanykindsanddegrees,availableorunavailableto
manykindsofpersonformanykindsofreason".[17]Andthelaw,itself,wasakindofbonduniting
people.[18]Romancitizenshipwasmoreimpersonal,universal,multiform,havingdifferentdegreesand
applications.[18]

MiddleAges
DuringtheEuropeanMiddleAges,citizenshipwasusuallyassociatedwithcitiesandtowns,andapplied
mainlytomiddleclassfolk.Titlessuchasburgher,grandburgher(GermanGrobrger)andbourgeoisie
denotedpoliticalaffiliationandidentityinrelationtoaparticularlocality,aswellasmembershipina
mercantileortradingclassthus,individualsofrespectablemeansandsocioeconomicstatuswere
interchangeablewithcitizens.
Duringthisera,membersofthenobilityhadarangeofprivilegesabovecommoners(seearistocracy),
thoughpoliticalupheavalsandreforms,beginningmostprominentlywiththeFrenchRevolution,
abolishedprivilegesandcreatedanegalitarianconceptofcitizenship.

Renaissance
DuringtheRenaissance,peopletransitionedfrombeingsubjectsofakingorqueentobeingcitizensofa
cityandlatertoanation.[19]:p.161Eachcityhaditsownlaw,courts,andindependentadministration.[20]
Andbeingacitizenoftenmeantbeingsubjecttothecity'slawinadditiontohavingpowerinsome
instancestohelpchooseofficials.[20]Citydwellerswhohadfoughtalongsidenoblesinbattlestodefend
theircitieswerenolongercontentwithhavingasubordinatesocialstatus,butdemandedagreaterrolein
theformofcitizenship.[21]Membershipinguildswasanindirectformofcitizenshipinthatithelpedtheir
memberssucceedfinancially.[22]Theriseofcitizenshipwaslinkedtotheriseofrepublicanism,according
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

4/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

tooneaccount,sinceindependentcitizensmeantthatkingshadlesspower.[23]Citizenshipbecamean
idealized,almostabstract,concept,[9]anddidnotsignifyasubmissiverelationwithalordorcount,but
ratherindicatedthebondbetweenapersonandthestateintheratherabstractsenseofhavingrightsand
duties.[9]

Moderntimes
Themodernideaofcitizenshipstillrespectstheideaofpoliticalparticipation,butitisusuallydone
through"elaboratesystemsofpoliticalrepresentationatadistance"suchasrepresentativedemocracy.[8]
Moderncitizenshipismuchmorepassiveactionisdelegatedtootherscitizenshipisoftenaconstrainton
acting,notanimpetustoact.[8]Nevertheless,citizensareusuallyawareoftheirobligationstoauthorities,
andareawarethatthesebondsoftenlimitwhattheycando.[8]

Differentsenses
Citizenshipstatus,undersocial
contracttheory,carrieswithitboth
rightsandduties.Inthissense,
citizenshipwasdescribedas"abundle
ofrightsprimarily,political
participationinthelifeofthe
community,therighttovote,andthe
righttoreceivecertainprotectionfrom
thecommunity,aswellas
obligations."[24]Citizenshipisseenby
mostscholarsasculturespecific,in
thesensethatthemeaningoftheterm
variesconsiderablyfromcultureto
culture,andovertime.[8]InChina,for
example,thereisaculturalpoliticsof
citizenshipwhichcouldbecalled
"peopleship".[25]Howcitizenshipis
Manytheoristssuggestthattherearetwoopposingconceptionsof
understooddependsontheperson
citizenship:aneconomicone,andapoliticalone.Forfurther
makingthedetermination.Therelation
information,seeHistoryofcitizenship.
ofcitizenshiphasneverbeenfixedor
static,butconstantlychangeswithin
eachsociety.Whilecitizenshiphasvariedconsiderablythroughouthistory,andwithinsocietiesovertime,
therearesomecommonelementsbuttheyvaryconsiderablyaswell.Asabond,citizenshipextends
beyondbasickinshiptiestounitepeopleofdifferentgeneticbackgrounds.Itusuallysignifiesmembership
inapoliticalbody.Itisoftenbasedon,orwasaresultof,someformofmilitaryserviceorexpectationof
futureservice.Itusuallyinvolvessomeformofpoliticalparticipation,butthiscanvaryfromtokenactsto
activeserviceingovernment.Citizenshipisastatusinsociety.Itisanidealstateaswell.Itgenerally
describesapersonwithlegalrightswithinagivenpoliticalorder.Italmostalwayshasanelementof
exclusion,meaningthatsomepeoplearenotcitizens,andthatthisdistinctioncansometimesbevery
important,ornotimportant,dependingonaparticularsociety.Citizenshipasaconceptisgenerallyhard
toisolateintellectuallyandcomparewithrelatedpoliticalnotions,sinceitrelatestomanyotheraspectsof
societysuchasthefamily,militaryservice,theindividual,freedom,religion,ideasofrightandwrong,
ethnicity,andpatternsforhowapersonshouldbehaveinsociety.[19]Whentherearemanydifferent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

5/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

groupswithinanation,citizenshipmaybetheonlyrealbondwhichuniteseverybodyasequalswithout
discriminationitisa"broadbond"linking"apersonwiththestate"andgivespeopleauniversalidentity
asalegalmemberofaspecificnation.[26]
Moderncitizenshiphasoftenbeenlookedatastwocompetingunderlyingideas:[27]
Theliberalindividualistorsometimesliberalconceptionofcitizenshipsuggeststhatcitizens
shouldhaveentitlementsnecessaryforhumandignity.[28]Itassumespeopleactforthepurposeof
enlightenedselfinterest.Accordingtothisviewpoint,citizensaresovereign,morallyautonomous
beingswithdutiestopaytaxes,obeythelaw,engageinbusinesstransactions,anddefendthenation
ifitcomesunderattack,[28]butareessentiallypassivepolitically,[27]andtheirprimaryfocusison
economicbetterment.Thisideabegantoappeararoundtheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies,
andbecamestrongerovertime,accordingtooneview.[9]Accordingtothisformulation,thestate
existsforthebenefitofcitizensandhasanobligationtorespectandprotecttherightsofcitizens,
includingcivilrightsandpoliticalrights.[9]Itwaslaterthatsocalledsocialrightsbecamepartof
theobligationforthestate.[9]
Thecivicrepublicanorsometimesclassicalorcivichumanistconceptionofcitizenship
emphasizesman'spoliticalnature,andseescitizenshipasanactiveprocess,notapassivestateor
legalmarker.[27]Itisrelativelymoreconcernedthatgovernmentwillinterferewithpopularplaces
topracticecitizenshipinthepublicsphere.Citizenshipmeansbeingactiveingovernmentaffairs.[28]
Accordingtooneview,mostpeopletodayliveascitizensaccordingtotheliberalindividualist
conceptionbutwishedtheylivedmoreaccordingtothecivicrepublicanideal.[27]Anidealcitizenis
onewhoexhibits"goodcivicbehavior".[9]Freecitizensandarepublicgovernmentare"mutually
interrelated."[9]Citizenshipsuggestedacommitmentto"dutyandcivicvirtue".[9]
Scholarssuggestthattheconceptofcitizenshipcontainsmanyunresolvedissues,sometimescalled
tensions,existingwithintherelation,thatcontinuetoreflectuncertaintyaboutwhatcitizenshipis
supposedtomean.[9]Someunresolvedissuesregardingcitizenshipincludequestionsaboutwhatisthe
properbalancebetweendutiesandrights.[9]Anotherisaquestionaboutwhatistheproperbalance
betweenpoliticalcitizenshipversussocialcitizenship.[9]Somethinkersseebenefitswithpeoplebeing
absentfrompublicaffairs,sincetoomuchparticipationsuchasrevolutioncanbedestructive,yettoolittle
participationsuchastotalapathycanbeproblematicaswell.[9]Citizenshipcanbeseenasaspecialelite
status,anditcanalsobeseenasademocratizingforceandsomethingthateverybodyhastheconceptcan
includebothsenses.[9]AccordingtosociologistArthurStinchcombe,citizenshipisbasedontheextent
thatapersoncancontrolone'sowndestinywithinthegroupinthesenseofbeingabletoinfluencethe
governmentofthegroup.[19]:p.150Onelastdistinctionwithincitizenshipisthesocalledconsentdescent
distinction,andthisissueaddresseswhethercitizenshipisafundamentalmatterdeterminedbyaperson
choosingtobelongtoaparticularnationbyhisorherconsentoriscitizenshipamatterofwherea
personwasbornthatis,byhisorherdescent.[11]

International
Someintergovernmentalorganizationshaveextendedtheconceptandterminologyassociatedwith
citizenshiptotheinternationallevel,[29]whereitisappliedtothetotalityofthecitizensoftheirconstituent
countriescombined.Citizenshipatthislevelisasecondaryconcept,withrightsderivingfromnational
citizenship.

EuropeanUnion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

6/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheMaastrichtTreatyintroducedtheconceptofcitizenshipoftheEuropeanUnion.Article17(1)ofthe
TreatyonEuropeanUnion[30]statedthat:
CitizenshipoftheUnionisherebyestablished.Everypersonholdingthenationalityofa
MemberStateshallbeacitizenoftheUnion.CitizenshipoftheUnionshallbeadditionalto
andnotreplacenationalcitizenship.[31]
AnagreementknownastheamendedECTreaty[31]establishedcertainminimalrightsforEuropeanUnion
citizens.Article12oftheamendedECTreatyguaranteedageneralrightofnondiscriminationwithinthe
scopeoftheTreaty.Article18providedalimitedrighttofreemovementandresidenceinMemberStates
otherthanthatofwhichtheEuropeanUnioncitizenisanational.Articles1821and225providecertain
politicalrights.
Unioncitizenshavealsoextensiverightstomoveinordertoexerciseeconomicactivityinanyofthe
MemberStates[32]whichpredatetheintroductionofUnioncitizenship.[33]

Commonwealth
Theconceptof"CommonwealthCitizenship"hasbeeninplaceeversincetheestablishmentofthe
CommonwealthofNations.AswiththeEU,oneholdsCommonwealthcitizenshiponlybybeingacitizen
ofaCommonwealthmemberstate.Thisformofcitizenshipofferscertainprivilegeswithinsome
Commonwealthcountries:
SomesuchcountriesdonotrequiretouristvisasofcitizensofotherCommonwealthcountries.
InsomeCommonwealthcountriesresidentcitizensofotherCommonwealthcountriesareentitledto
politicalrights,e.g.,therighttovoteinlocalandnationalelectionsandinsomecaseseventheright
tostandforelection.
Insomeinstancestherighttoworkinanyposition(includingthecivilservice)isgranted,exceptfor
certainspecificpositions,suchasinthedefensedepartments,GovernorGeneralorPresidentor
PrimeMinister.
AlthoughIrelandwasexcludedfromtheCommonwealthin1949becauseitdeclareditselfarepublic,
Irelandisgenerallytreatedasifitwerestillamember.Legislationoftenspecificallyprovidesforequal
treatmentbetweenCommonwealthcountriesandIrelandandrefersto"Commonwealthcountriesand
Ireland".[34]Ireland'scitizensarenotclassifiedasforeignnationalsintheUnitedKingdom.
Canadadepartedfromtheprincipleofnationalitybeingdefinedintermsofallegiancein1921.In1935the
IrishFreeStatewasthefirsttointroduceitsowncitizenship.However,Irishcitizenswerestilltreatedas
subjectsoftheCrown,andtheyarestillnotregardedasforeign,eventhoughIrelandisnotamemberof
theCommonwealth.[35]TheCanadianCitizenshipActof1947providedforadistinctCanadian
Citizenship,automaticallyconferreduponmostindividualsborninCanada,withsomeexceptions,and
definedtheconditionsunderwhichonecouldbecomeanaturalizedcitizen.Theconceptof
Commonwealthcitizenshipwasintroducedin1948intheBritishNationalityAct1948.Otherdominions
adoptedthisprinciplesuchasNewZealand,bywayoftheBritishNationalityandNewZealand
CitizenshipActof1948.

Subnational

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

7/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Citizenshipmostusuallyrelatestomembershipofthenationstate,butthetermcanalsoapplyatthe
subnationallevel.Subnationalentitiesmayimposerequirements,ofresidencyorotherwise,whichpermit
citizenstoparticipateinthepoliticallifeofthatentity,ortoenjoybenefitsprovidedbythegovernmentof
thatentity.Butinsuchcases,thoseeligiblearealsosometimesseenas"citizens"oftherelevantstate,
province,orregion.AnexampleofthisishowthefundamentalbasisofSwisscitizenshipiscitizenshipof
anindividualcommune,fromwhichfollowscitizenshipofacantonandoftheConfederation.Another
exampleislandwheretheresidentsenjoyaspecialprovincialcitizenshipwithinFinland,hembygdsrtt.
TheUnitedStateshasafederalsysteminwhichapersonisacitizenoftheirspecificstateofresidence,
suchasNewJerseyorCalifornia,aswellasacitizenoftheUnitedStates.Stateconstitutionsmaygrant
certainrightsaboveandbeyondwhataregrantedundertheUnitedStatesConstitutionandmayimpose
theirownobligationsincludingthesovereignrightoftaxationandmilitaryserviceeachstatemaintainsat
leastonemilitaryforcesubjecttonationalmilitiatransferservice,thestate'snationalguard,andsome
statesmaintainasecondmilitaryforcenotsubjecttonationalization.

Education
"Activecitizenship"isthephilosophythatcitizensshouldwork
towardsthebettermentoftheircommunitythrougheconomic
participation,public,volunteerwork,andothersucheffortsto
improvelifeforallcitizens.Inthisvein,schoolsinsomecountries
providecitizenshipeducation(subject).Bysecondaryeducation
thereisanempathiseonsuchunconventionalsubjectstobe
Diagramofrelationshipbetween
includedinacademiccurriculum.Whilethediagramoncitizenship
Citizens,Politicians+Laws
totherightisratherfacileanddepthless,itissimplifiedtoexplain
thegeneralmodelofcitizenshipthatistaughttosecondaryschool
pupils.Theideabehindthismodelistoinstillintotheyoungpupilthattheiractions(i.e.theirvote)hasan
impactoncollectivecitizenshipandthusthem.

UnitedKingdom
CitizenshipisofferedasaGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(GCSE)courseinmanyschoolsin
theUnitedKingdom.Aswellasteachingknowledgeaboutdemocracy,parliament,government,the
justicesystem,humanrightsandtheUK'srelationswiththewiderworld,studentsparticipateinactive
citizenship,ofteninvolvingasocialactionorsocialenterpriseintheirlocalcommunity.
CitizenshipisacompulsorysubjectoftheNationalCurriculuminstateschoolsinEnglandforall
pupilsaged1116.SomeschoolsofferaqualificationinthissubjectatGCSEandAlevel.Allstate
schoolshaveastatutoryrequirementtoteachthesubject,assesspupilattainmentandreport
student'sprogressincitizenshiptoparents.[36]
InWalesthemodelusedisPersonalandSocialEducation.[37][38]
CitizenshipisnottaughtasadiscretesubjectinScottishschools,butisacrosscurricularstrandof
theCurriculumforExcellence.Howevertheydoteachasubjectcalled"ModernStudies"which
coversthesocial,politicalandeconomicstudyoflocal,nationalandinternationalissues.[39]

Ireland
ItistaughtinIrelandasanexamsubjectfortheJuniorCertificate.ItisknownasCivic,Socialand
PoliticalEducation(CSPE).AnewLeavingCertificateexamsubjectwiththeworkingtitle'Politics&
Society'isbeingdevelopedbytheNationalCouncilforCurriculumandAssessment(NCCA)andis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

8/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

expectedtobeintroducedtothecurriculumsometimeafter2012.[40]

Seealso
Nationalism
Noncitizens(Latvia)
CitizenshipintheUnitedStates
CitizenshipinCanada
Globalcitizenship
Historyofcitizenship
Transnationalcitizenship
SpatialCitizenship
Honorarycitizenship
HonorarycitizenoftheUnitedStates
HonoraryCanadiancitizenship

Notes
a.Examples:Philippines,[3]UnitedStates[4]

References
1.Votruba,Martin."Nationality,ethnicityinSlovakia.".SlovakStudiesProgram.UniversityofPittsburgh.
2.Weis,Paul(1979).NationalityandStatelessnessinInternationalLaw.Sijthoff&Noordhoff.p.3.
ISBN9789028603295.
3.ArticleIVofthePhilippineConstitution(http://www.chanrobles.com/article4.htm).
4.8USCPartINationalityatBirthandCollectiveNaturalization8USCPartINationalityatBirthand
CollectiveNaturalization(http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter12/subchapterIII/partI)
5.UKgovernmentWebsite:BishopsacttotackleshammarriagesNewUKBorderAgencyapprovedguidance
forclergyshouldhelppreventweddingsforvisas,11April2011(http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/media
centre/news/shammarriagebishops)
6.Pocock1998,p.32.
7.Zarrow1997,p.4.
8.Isin,EnginF.BryanS.Turner,eds.(2002).HandbookofCitizenshipStudies.Chapter5DavidBurchell
AncientCitizenshipanditsInheritorsChapter6RogersM.SmithModernCitizenship.London:Sage.
pp.89104,105.ISBN076196858X.
9.Heater,Derek(2004).ABriefHistoryofCitizenship.NewYorkCity:NewYorkUniversityPress.p.157.
ISBN0814736718.
10.Hosking,Geoffrey(2005).EpochsofEuropeanCivilization:AntiquitytoRenaissance.Lecture3:Ancient
Greece.UnitedKingdom:TheModernScholarviaRecordedBooks.pp.1,2(tracks).ISBN1402583605.
11.Hebert(editor),YvonneM.(2002).CitizenshipintransformationinCanada.chaptersbyVeronicaStrong
Boag,YvonneHebert,LoriWilkinson.Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress.pp.3,4,5.ISBN080200850
X.
12.Pocock1998,p.33.
13.SeeCivisromanussum.
14.Hosking,Geoffrey(2005).EpochsofEuropeanCivilization:AntiquitytoRenaissance.Lecture5:Romeasa
citystate.UnitedKingdom:TheModernScholarviaRecordedBooks.pp.tracks1through9.ISBN14025
83605.
15.Pocock1998,p.35.
16.Pocock1998,p.36.
17.Pocock1998,p.37.
18.Pocock1998,p.38.
19.Taylor,David(1994).BryanTurnerPeterHamilton,eds.Citizenship:CriticalConcepts.UnitedStatesand
Canada:Routledge.pp.476pagestotal.ISBN0415070368.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

9/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

20.Weber1998,p.44.
21.Weber1998,p.46.
22.Weber1998,pp.4647.
23.Zarrow1997,p.3.
24.VirginiaLeary(2000)."Citizenship.Humanrights,andDiversity".InAlanC.Cairns,JohnC.Courtney,Peter
MacKinnon,HansJ.Michelmann,DavidE.Smith.Citizenship,Diversity,andPluralism:Canadianand
ComparativePerspectives.McGillQueen'sPressMQUP.pp.247264.ISBN9780773518933."...The
conceptof'citizenship'haslongacquiredtheconnotationofabundleofrights...."
25.Xiao,Y(2013)."China'speopleshipeducation:Conceptualissuesandpolicyanalysis".CitizenshipTeaching
andLearning,8(1),2139.
26.Gross,Feliks(1999).Citizenshipandethnicity:thegrowthanddevelopmentofademocraticmultiethnic
institution.Westport,Connecticut:GreenwoodPress.pp.xi,xii,xiii,4.ISBN0313309329.
27.Beiner(editor),Ronald(1995).TheorizingCitizenship.J.G.A.Pocock,MichaelIgnatieff.USA:State
UniversityofNewYork,Albany.pp.29,54.ISBN0791423352.
28.Oldfield,Adrian(1994).BryanTurnerPeterHamilton,eds.Citizenship:CriticalConcepts.UnitedStatesand
Canada:Routledge.pp.476pagestotalsource:ThePoliticalQuarterly,1990vol.61,pp.177187inthebook,
pages188+.
29.DanieleArchibugi,"TheGlobalCommonwealthofCitizens.TowardCosmopolitanDemocracy"
(http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8737.html),PrincetonUniversityPress,Princeton,2008
30.Note:theconsolidatedversion.
31.ConsolidatedversionsoftheTreatyonEuropeanUnion(http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML)
32.Note:Articles39,43,49EC.
33.ViolaineHacker,Citoyennetculturelleetpolitiqueeuropennedesmdias:entrecomptitivitetpromotion
desvaleurs,NATIONS,CULTURESETENTREPRISESENEUROPE,sousladirectiondeGillesRouet,
CollectionLocaletGlobal,L'Harmattan,Paris,pp.163184
34.TheCommonwealthCountriesandIreland(ImmunitiesandPrivileges)(Amendment)Order2005
(http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/246/pdfs/uksi_20050246_en.pdf)
35.MurrayvParkes[1942]AllER123.
36."Nationalcurriculum".BritishGovernment,DepartmentforChildren,SchoolsandFamilies.Retrieved
20090202.
37."NAFWC13/2003PersonalandSocialEducation(PSE)andWorkRelatedEducation(WRE)intheBasic
Curriculum.Education(WRE)intheBasicCurriculum.".WelshAssemblyGovernment.15June2003.
Retrieved20070609.
38."PersonalandSocialEducationFramework:KeyStages1to4inWales".WelshAssemblyGovernment.
Retrieved20070609.
39."ModernStudiesAssociation".Retrieved20070809.
40.http://www.ncca.ie/en/Publications/Reports/Senior_Cycle_Politics_and_Society_Report_on_the_consultation.pdf

Weber,Max(1998).CitizenshipinAncientandMedievalCities.Chapter3.Minneapolis,MN:The
UniversityofMinnesota.pp.4349.ISBN0816628807.
Zarrow,Peter(1997),Fogel,JoshuaA.Zarrow,PeterG.,eds.,ImaginingthePeople:Chinese
IntellectualsandtheConceptofCitizenship,18901920,Armonk,NY:M.E.Sharpe,p.3,ISBN0
765600986
Pocock,J.G.A.(1998).Shafir,Gershon,ed.TheCitizenshipDebates.Chapter2TheIdealof
CitizenshipsinceClassicalTimes(originallypublishedinQueen'sQuarterly99,no.1).
Minneapolis,MN:TheUniversityofMinnesota.p.31.ISBN0816628807.

Furtherreading
Archibugi,Daniele(2008).TheGlobalCommonwealthofCitizens.TowardCosmopolitan
Democracy.PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN9781400829767.
Beaven,Brad,andJohnGriffiths."CreatingtheExemplaryCitizen:TheChangingNotionof
CitizenshipinBritain18701939,"ContemporaryBritishHistory(2008)22#2pp203225
doi:10.1080/13619460701189559(https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13619460701189559)
Carens,Joseph(2000).Culture,Citizenship,andCommunity:AContextualExplorationofJustice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

10/11

3/20/2016

CitizenshipWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

asEvenhandedness.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN9780198297680.
Heater,Derek(2004).ABriefHistoryofCitizenship.NYUPress.ISBN9780814736722.
Kymlicka,Will(1995).MulticulturalCitizenship:ALiberalTheoryofMinorityRights.Oxford
UniversityPress.ISBN9780198290919.
Maas,Willem(2007).CreatingEuropeanCitizens.Rowman&Littlefield.ISBN978074255486
3.
Marshall,T.H.(1950).CitizenshipandSocialClassandOtherEssays.CambridgeUniversityPress.
Shue,Henry(1950).BasicRights.
Smith,Rogers(2003).StoriesofPeoplehood:ThePoliticsandMoralsofPoliticalMembership.
CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN9780521520034.
Somers,Margaret(2008).GenealogiesofCitizenship:Markets,Statelessness,andtheRighttoHave
Rights.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN9780521793940.
Soysal,Yasemin(1994).LimitsofCitizenship.MigrantsandPostnationalMembershipinEurope.
UniversityofChicagoPress.
Turner,BryanS.(1994).CitizenshipandSocialTheory.Sage.ISBN9780803986114.
Young,IrisMarion(January1989)."Polityandgroupdifference:Acritiqueoftheidealofuniversal
citizenship".Ethics(journal)(UniversityofChicagoPress)99(2):250274.JSTOR2381434.

Externallinks
BBCPSHE&Citizenship
Wikiquotehasquotations
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/pshe_and_citizenship/)
relatedto:Citizenship
TheLifeintheUKCitizenshipTestReportbyThomBrooks
(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
Lookupcitizenshipin
abstract_id=2280329)
Wiktionary,thefree
Citizenship(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/citizenship)
dictionary.
entrybyDominiqueLeydetintheStanfordEncyclopediaof
Philosophy
"CitizenshipLawsoftheWorld"(PDF).UnitedStatesOfficeofPersonnelManagement
InvestigationsService.March2001.Archivedfromtheoriginal(pdf)on20060404.Retrieved
20070307.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&oldid=709488043"
Categories: Citizenship Humanmigration Nationality Government Politicalconcepts
Immigrationlaw
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon11March2016,at06:28.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionalterms
mayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship

11/11