International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 1, January - 2014

Kinetics and Isotherm Studies of Heavy Metal Removals from

Electroplating Wastewater Using Cassava Peel Activated Carbon
Gin, W.A., Jimoh, A.*, Abdulkareem, A.S. and Giwa, A.
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal
University of Technology, Minna, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Abstract
Liquid waste discharged from process industries,when not correctly handled and disposed,poses a great
threatto both man and the environment. In this work, thekinetics and isotherm studies of adsorption process of zinc,
copper, lead and iron ions from electroplating wastewater usingcassava peel activated carbon (CPAC)developed as an
adsorbent were aimed. The important experimental factors of the process such as agitation time, adsorbent dosage, pH
and agitation speed on the removal of the heavy metals were studied to optimize the adsorption capacity of zinc,
copper, iron and lead using cassava peel activated carbon.The preliminary studies involving the factors were also used
as the criteria for choosing the metals considered for the kinetics and the isotherm studies. The results obtained
indicated that 2.0 g of adsorbent per 20 ml of waste water was enough to remove 70 % for Cu, 69.5 % for Zn, 81.3 %
for Fe and 100 % for Pb, respectively from the wastewater after 60 minutes of agitation time. The optimum pH value
was estimated to be 6. Considering the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models that were used to
describe the kinetics data,the adsorption data were found to be better fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
Applying the experimental equilibrium data to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkinisotherm
models, their equilibrium parameters were determined and it was observed from the results that Freundlichisotherm
model was able to fit the equilibrium data the best among the models considered because its square of correlation
coefficient was the highest for each of the heavy metals considered in this work.

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Keywords: Heavy metals, cassava peel activated carbon, adsorption isotherm, kinetic studies, isotherm studies.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Industrialization is the back bone of every nations economy and the enhancement of citizenry well-being.
However the negative impacts of industrial developments especially in the developing countrieshave become sources of
concerns. These industrial developments comes along with the generation of unwanted by-products, which in most
cases are discharged into the ecological systems leading to different types of pollutions. Subsequent negative impact of
such pollution is felt not only by human beings but also by living organisms including plants. For instance, the
introduction of untreated effluents into rivers and water bodies leads to build-up of poisonous contaminants (water
pollution) like heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, etc.) among others. Unlike organic pollutants, the majority of which are
susceptible to biological degradation, heavy metal ions do not degrade into harmless end products (Gupta and Sharma,
2001).
When heavy metals enter the food chain, they builds up and cause mental retardation, reduction in
haemoglobin, production and interference with normal cellular metabolism and consequently may damage the nervous
system. Furthermore, strong exposure to heavy metals may cause gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea,
hemorrhage and affect the digestive tract and lungs (Klaassenet al., 2001; Mohanty et al., 2005). Thus, it is desirable to
remove toxic heavy metals from wastewater, probably via adsorption process, before it is discharged into the
environment.
One of the difficulties in describing the adsorption of heavy metals from waste streams is that wastewater
contains more than one types of heavy metals. When several components are present, interference and competition
phenomena for adsorption sites occur (Janget al., 2001; Abdullah, et al., 2010). Study on palm kernel shell activated
carbon has shown that competitive adsorption for active sites on the carbon surface resulted in a reduction of the
overall uptake capacity of reactive dyes (Nourouziet al., 2009).
In this study,the adsorption process of a cassava peel activated carbondeveloped and used as low-cost
adsorbent to remove zinc, copper, iron and lead from electroplating wastewater has been investigated by evaluating the
environmentalparameters affecting the adsorption process such as pH, agitation time, metal, adsorbent dosage and
agitation speed and fitting theequilibrium adsorption data usingLangmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and
Temkin models
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Carbonization of Cassava Peel
The dried peels were crushed into powder form and 15 g of the samples were weighed into six different clean
and pre-weighed crucibles, which were then introduced into the hot zone of amuffle furnace. The furnace temperature
was increased at a rate of 10 oC/min from the room temperature. The peels were carbonized at different temperatures
(250, 300, 350, and 400 oC). The samples were held at this temperature for various times (15, 30, 45, and 60 min) in
order to establish optimum conditions. The content was then removed from the muffle furnace after the set period and

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Vol. 3 Issue 1, January - 2014

cooled in an open air for one hour. This process was repeated until a substantial amount of carbonized sample was
obtained. Carbonaceous materials produced at different temperatures and time were then characterized.
2.2 Chemical Modification of Carbonized Materials
Activation of the carbonaceous material produced using zinc chloride and hydrochloric acid was carried out in
accordance to the description reported by Yalcet al., (2000). Chemical activation using sulphuric acid was carried out
using the method adopted by Kobya, et al., 2005.
2.3 Effluent Collection
The raw effluent from an electroplating facility from a scientific development institute in Niger State, Nigeria
was collected in a sterile 4 L plastic container from the point of discharge to the environment. For preservation, 5 mL
of 2.0 M nitric acid was added perliter of the sample. The sample was refrigerated at approximately 4 C to avoid any
heavy metal precipitation and to allow the samples to be kept for further use (USEPA, 1979).
2.4 Heavy Metal Analysis
The effluent collected was analysed for presence of heavy metals (zinc, iron, copper and lead) by digesting
100ml of the effluent using 10 mL triple acid mixture (5:1:1 HNO3:HClO4:H2SO4) in a 250 mL conical flask placed in
a fume cupboard (Momodu and Anyakora, 2010). The samples were covered properly with aluminium foil to avoid
spillage and heated on a hot plate until the solution was reduced to 10 mL. The solution was then allowed to cool and it
was made up to mark with distilled water before filtering into a 50 mL standard flask, labelled and ready for further
analysis. The concentration of the heavy metals in the wastewater was determined using Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer (Perkin, 210 vgp)

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2.5 Adsorption and KineticsStudies

The effects of some selected reaction parameters on the rate of adsorption of metal ions from the waste sample
using activated cassava peel were investigated. The parameters considered included agitation time, adsorbent dosage,
pH and agitation speed. To study the effect of agitation time on metal adsorption by cassava peel activated carbon
(CPAC), 20 mL of the electroplating wastewater was transferred into sterile plastic bottles, covered and labelled
accordingly. 1.0 g of the adsorbents were weighed into the labelled bottles and agitated for different contact time (15,
30, 45, 60 and 75 min). After each agitated time, the content of each bottle was filtered, andthe equilibrium
concentration of each of the metals in each filtrate was determined.
The effect of adsorbent dosage, that is, the amount of carbon on the adsorption of metals was studied by
adding 20 mL each of the electroplating wastewater to various amounts of the adsorbent (1.0 - 2.0 g) in different plastic
bottles. The bottles were covered and agitated on a mechanical shaker while keeping the equilibrium time and the pH
constant.
To determine the effect of pH on the adsorption of metals, the pH of the wastewater was adjusted and
maintained to the required value (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) with a 1.0 M H2SO4 solutionand mixed with the
optimum weight of the adsorbents and agitated at a preset equilibrium time.
To study the effect of agitation speed, the optimal adsorbent dosage of the adsorbents was used to adsorb the
heavy metals at different agitation speeds by adding the optimal dosages of the adsorbents to 20 mL of electroplating
wastewater in different plastic bottles and agitated for 1 h. The agitation speed was adjusted from 150 rpm to 300 rpm
and the content of each bottle was then filtered and analysed.
The adsorption capacity (qe) was determined using the mass balance expression (Equation 1) (Horsfallet al.,
2004).
V C0 Ce
qe =
1
M
The adsorption capacity (qt) at time t was determined using Equation (2) (Demirbaset al., 2004) given below.
V Co Ct
qt =
2
M
In the Equations (1) and (2), Co is the initial metal ions concentration, Ce is the concentration of metal ions in solution
(mol/L) atequilibrium, Ct is the concentration of metal ions in solution (mol/L) at time t in solution, V is the volume of
initial metal ions solution used (L) and M is mass of adsorbent used (g).
Kinetics of adsorption was studied by analyzing the adsorptive uptake of heavy metals from wastewater at
different time intervals. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model equations were fitted to model the
kinetics of heavy metals adsorption onto the activated carbon produced. The linearity of each model, when plotted,was
used to investigate the suitability of the model for the adsorption.
In this work, using the data generated from the experiments carried out, and considering the linearized forms
of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order reaction models given in Equations (3) and (4), respectively, the model
parameters (k1 and qe for pseudo-first-order reaction model, and k2 and qe for pseudo-second-order reaction model)
were estimated.

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Vol. 3 Issue 1, January - 2014

log (qe qt ) = log qe

k1
t
2.303

t
1
t
=
+
2
qt k 2 qe qe

Thereafter, with the data generated from the adsorption studies of the work, the parameters contained in
Langmuir, Freundlich, Termkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherms were also estimated using Equations
(5), (6), (7) and (8), respectively.
qe =

q m K L Ce
1 + K L Ce

qe = k f Cen
qe =

RT
RT
lnK T +
ln Ce
b
b

lnqe = ln qD BD 2

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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Heavy Metal Analysis
Industrial effluent discharge is recognized as one of the major sources of toxic chemicals in the environment.
In the present study, metal ions contained in an electroplating effluent were removed using activated cassava peel
carbon. In the first part of this study, after the collection of the wastewater, the effluent was analysed and shown in
Table 1 below are the results of the analysis as well as the allowable limits of the heavy metals in wastewater. From the
table, it can be seen that heavy metal analysis of the effluent sample has revealed the presence of Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn at
various concentrations even beyond the permissible limits set by the regulatory authorities.
Table 1. Measured heavy metals concentration of the electroplating effluent
Metal
Fe
Cu
Zn
Pb

Effluent sample (mg/L)

16.6
43.5
17.4
0.005

FEPA (2001)
0.30
0.01
5.0
-

Safe limit (mg/L)

USEPA (1979)
0.30
1.00
5.0
-

FAO (1992)
0.2
2.0
-

3.2 Effect of Agitation Time on Adsorption of Heavy Metals

In this part of the work, an experiment was performed by adding 1g of CPAC to 20 mL of electroplating
wastewater at constant temperature. The agitation speed was initially maintained at 100 rpm while the pH of the
wastewater was 2.

Figure 1: Effect of agitation time (15 min - 75 min) onto 1.0 g of cassava peel (CPAC) on the removal of heavy metals
for 100 rpm agitation speed, and 298 K, pH = 2.

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Vol. 3 Issue 1, January - 2014

The result, as presented in Figure 1, indicatedthat the rate of adsorption increased significantly for some of the
metal ions present in the electroplating wastewater between 15 60 min of the contact time. This result was found to be
important because equilibrium time was one of the important parameters required for any economical wastewater
treatment system. This trend was found to be in conformity with the observation made by Innocent et al. (2009). The
rapid initial rate increase followed by a slow rate at a later period was attributed to the availability of excess adsorption
sites on the adsorbents. The initial high adsorption rate was also discovered to be due to ion exchange followed by a
slow chemical reaction of the metal ions with active functional groups on the sample, in line with what was reported in
the work ofOkuo and Oviawe(2007). As can be seen in the figure (Figure 1), the percentage adsorption remained
constant after 60 minutes with comparatively low values (58.6%, 54.6%, 65.1%, and 80% for Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb,
respectively). This was also seen to be due to the saturation of the adsorption sites after 60 min after which little or no
increase in percentage adsorption was observed as contact time increased. CPAC was found to be efficient in the
adsorption of most of the heavy metals considered. Mostly, or at times, the observable time for maximum adsorption
was found to be between 60 - 100 min.

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3.3 The Effect of Adsorbent Dosages

The effects of the adsorbent dosagesused on the uptakes of the four heavy metals onto the adsorbent were
studied at the optimized agitation time established using procedure stated earlier, and the results obtained are as
presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Effect of CPAC adsorbent dosage (1.0 - 2.0 g) on the removal of heavy metals for agitation speed = 100 rpm,
and 298 K, pH = 2, agitation time = 60 min.

Figure 3: Effect of pH (2-7) onto 1.8 g of CPAC on the removal of heavy metals for agitation time = 60 min, 100 rpm
agitation speed, and 298 K.

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From Figure 2, it was revealed that heavy metal removal increases with increase in adsorbent. For the
adsorbents, the removal remains unchanged after 2.0 g per 20 mL of adsorbent dosage for all the metal ions. The
further increase in adsorption for Zn and Fe with adsorbent dosage was attributed to the availability of greater area and
more adsorption sites. At adsorbent dosage < 1.8 g, the adsorbent surface became saturated with the ions and the
residual ions in the electroplating water was large. With increase in the adsorption dosage, the metal ions increased due
to increased metal ion uptake by increased amount of adsorbent. At adsorbent dosage greater than 1.8 g, the increased
ion removal became very low as surface metal ion and electroplating waste water ions came in equilibrium with each
other. At about 2.0 g, the removal efficiency became almost constant. Maximum removal of the heavy metals for
CPAC was found to be 70 % for Cu, 69.5 % for Zn, 81.3 % for Fe and 100 % for Pb.
3.4 Effect of pH on Adsorption of Heavy Metals
The pH of the solution affects the surface charge of the adsorbent, as well as the degree of the ionization and
speciation of different pollutants. A change in pH affects the adsorptive process through the dissociation of functional
groups on the adsorbent surface active sites. In this work, the effect of pH was studied at room temperature by adjusting
and maintaining the pH of the wastewater to the required value (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) with a 1.0 M H2SO4
solutionand mixed with the optimum weight of the adsorbents and agitated at a preset equilibrium time. The results
obtained on the effects of pH on the quantity of heavy metal removals for CPAC are as presented in Figure 3. The
figure revealed that the maximum uptake percentage of heavy metal removal was observed at pH = 6, while lead show
no dependence on pH.

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3.5 Effect of Agitation Speed on Adsorption of Heavy Metals

The effect of agitation speed was studied at room temperature (298 K), by adding the optimal dosage of the
CPAC to 20 mL of electroplating wastewater in different plastic bottles while agitating for 1 h with the agitation speed
being adjusted from 150 rpm to 300 rpm. The results obtained from the study involving the effect of agitation speed on
the adsorption of heavy metals are as presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Effect of agitation speed (100-300 rpm) onto 1.8 g CPAC on the removal of heavy metals for 60 min agitation
time, and 298 K, pH = 5.
Revealed from Figure 4was that an increase in agitation speed from 100 to 300 rpm of the wastewater did not
significantly increase the percentage removal of the metal ions, especiallyiron, copper, and zinc. Also, it was
discovered that maximum recoveries for CPAC were obtained for all the three metal ions, with 98.1% removal of
Fe(II), 99.7% of Cu(II) and 75.9% removal of Zn(II). In addition, Pb(II) was able to attain total removal of 100% even
at a lower agitation speed of 100 rpm. The increase in agitation speed resulting to the significant increase in percentage
removal of the zinc ions present in the wastewater was attributed to the fact thatthe increase in stirring rate was able to
improve the diffusion of the metal ions towards the surface of the adsorbents and also reduce the film boundary layer
surrounding the adsorbent, thereby increasing the external film mass transfer coefficient and the rate of metal
adsorption.
3.6 Adsorption Kinetics
Adsorption is a mass transfer process that involves transfer of adsorbate froma liquid phase into a solid phase.
The data obtained in this study as the dependence of adsorption capacity with time were used for kinetic analysis. The
adsorption was carried out at the optimized conditions (adsorbent dosage: 1.8 g/20 ml; agitation time: 60 min, pH: 6,
agitations speed: 250 rpm). Using the data obtained from the experiments carried out with copper, zinc and iron, noting
that lead has been eliminated from further investigations owing to its nearly constant behaviour towards most of the

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Vol. 3 Issue 1, January - 2014

parameters investigated, the rate equations for the adsorption process were developed and shown in Figures 5 and 6
respectively are the results of the tests of pseudo-first-order rate equation (Lagergren Model) and pseudo-second-order
rate equation (Ho Model) developed based on the adsorption of the further selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn and Fe) by
the activated carbon developed from the cassava peel.
1
0.5
Cu

Log (qe-qt)

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Zn

80

Fe

-0.5

Linear (Cu)
-1

Linear (Zn)
Linear (Fe)

-1.5
-2

Time, t (min)

Figure 5: Pseudo-first-order reaction model for adsorption of heavy metals on CPAC

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45
40
35
30
25
t/qt 20
15
10
5
0

Cu
Zn

Fe
Linear (Cu)
Linear (Zn)
Linear (Fe)
0

20

40

60

80

Time, t (min)
Figure 6: Pseudo-second-order reaction model for adsorption of heavy metals on CPAC
Table 2: Coefficient of Empirical Kinetic Models for CPAC
Pseudo-first-order reaction model
Adsorbent
Metal
qe,
k1 (min-1)
R12
(mg/g)
CPAC
Fe2+
-0.06448
0.964
4.965
CPAC
Cu2+
0.039151
0.988
1.972
CPAC
Zn2+
0.057575
0.999
3.199

Pseudo-second-order reaction model

k2
qe,
R22
-1 -1
gmg n
(mg/g)
0.000561
8.929
0.301
0.036048
0.036
0.996
0.002875
4.347
0.619

It was discovered from the results of the fittings, carried out using Equations (3) and (4) for the pseudo-firstorder and the pseudo-second-order reaction models, shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively, that the pseudo-first-order
reaction model (Lagergren Model)used yielded good straight lines for the copper, zinc and iron investigated compared
to the pseudo-second-order reaction model, which was significantly scattered except for copper. Also, as given in Table

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Vol. 3 Issue 1, January - 2014

2, the squares of the regression correlation coefficients of the developed pseudo-first-order reaction models for the three
metals were found to be very close to unity while for those (squares of the regression correlation coefficients) of the
pseudo-second-order rate equation, it was only that of copper that was very close unity.
Thus, the valid applicability of the developed pseudo-first-order reaction model for the adsorption of heavy
metals by the produced activated carbon from cassava peel has been well confirmed. Karthika, et al.(2010) reported
similar results of kinetic studies when sago waste (prepared from cassava roots) was utilized as an adsorbent for the
removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions.
3.7 Adsorption Isotherms
Equilibrium analysis has been carried out on the data dependence of adsorption capacity to initial copper, zinc
and iron concentration. The data were obtained from the adsorption of copper, zinc and iron from 20 mL of
electroplating water using 1.8 g activated cassava char, CPAC at 60 min agitation time and pH = 5.
16.000
y = 0.976x + 5.311
R = 0.834

14.000
12.000

Ce/Qe

10.000

y = 2.189x + 3.781
R = 0.912

Cu
Fe

8.000

Zn

6.000

Linear (Cu)

4.000

Linear (Fe)
Linear (Zn)

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2.000
y = 0.117x - 0.015
0.000
R = 0.685
2.000
-2.0000.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

Ce

Figure 7: Langmiuradsorption isotherm for adsorption of heavy metals on CPAC

0.000

-1.500

-1.000

-0.500-0.2000.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

Log qe

-0.400
-0.600

Cu

-0.800

Fe

-1.000

Zn

-1.200

Linear (Cu)

-1.400

Linear (Fe)

-1.600

Linear (Zn)

-1.800
-2.000

Log Ce

Figure 8: Freundlichadsorption isotherm for adsorption of heavy metals on CPAC

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3.000
R = 0.862
2.000
1.000

Cu

R
R == 0.930
0.458

Ln Ce

Fe
Zn

0.000
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800
-1.000

Linear (Cu)
Linear (Fe)
Linear (Zn)

-2.000
-3.000

qe

Figure 9: Temkinadsorption isotherm for adsorption of heavy metals on CPAC

0.000
-0.500 0.0

2000.0

4000.0

6000.0

8000.0

-1.000
Cu

-2.000
-2.500
-3.000
-3.500
-4.000

Fe

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Lnqe

-1.500

Zn
Linear (Cu)

y = -5.99E-04x - 5.81E-01
R = 9.37E-01

Linear (Fe)
Linear (Zn)

y = -4.56E-04x - 9.80E-01
R = 9.66E-01

-4.500

RTln(1+(1/Ce)

Figure 10: Dubinin-Radushkevichadsorption isotherm for adsorption of heavy metals on CPAC

Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10 respectively show the results of the fittings of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Dubinin-Radushkevich to copper, zinc and iron uptake data onto CPAC. The results show that the four isotherm
models described the partitioning between solid and liquid well by evaluating the maximum adsorption efficiency of
the adsorbents. The model adsorption parameters and correlation coefficients are as given in Table 3.
Table 3: Isotherm model constants and correlation coefficients for heavy metals adsorption onto CPAC
Isotherm models
Langmuir

Freundlich

Termkin

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Constants
qm
KL
R2
kf
n
R2
KT
B
R2

Value

Unit
mgg-1
Lmg-1
mgg-1
Lmg-1
-

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Cu2+
1.0245
0.1838
0.834
0.1483
1.471
0.994
1.3962
15582.214
0.862

Fe2+
8.5470
-7.8000
0.685
0.0925
1.488
0.735
11.3127
45880.963
0.458

Zn2+
0.4568
0.5789
0.912
0.1507
1.355
0.958
11.4730
33034.293
0.930

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Dubinin-Radushkevich

E
qD
B
R2

KJmol-1
mgg-1
mol2KJ-2
-

28.8916
0.5593
0.000599
0.937

56.0772
0.4804
0.000159
0.667

33.1133
0.3753
0.000456
0.966

Adsorption isotherm model parameters estimated using the expressions given in Equations (5), (6), (7) and (8)
for Langmuir, Freundlich, Termkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models respectively were reported in Table
3.It was discovered that the values of the Langmuir constant, qm, computed which were obtained to be 1.0245, 8.5470
and 0.4568 mgg-1 indicated thatits adsorption was the best at low concentration of Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ compared to
those obtained from Freundlich constant,Kf,which were 0.1483, 0.0925 and 0.1507 mgg-1, and Dubinin-Radushkevich
constant, qD, which were0.5593, 0.4804 and 0.3753 mgg-1, respectively for Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+.However, considering
the square of the correlation coefficients (R2), it was observed that the results fitted best with Freundlich model among
all the models considered. In addition, the Freundlich constant, n, which was estimated to be greater than 1 also
confirmed its adequacy for describing the adsorption of heavy metals from the electroplating wastewater usingcassava
peel activated carbon.
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained from this work have revealed that between the two kinetic (pseudo-first-order and
pseudo-second-order) models analysed for the adsorption of copper, zinc, lead and iron ion from electroplating
wastewater onto the surface of the developed cassava peel activated carbon, pseudo-first-order model was found to
represent the process better. Furthermore, considering the four isotherm models that were used to fit theequilibrium
data generated from the process, Freundlich isotherm model was discovered to best because of its very high square of
correlation coefficients for the three heavy metals considered.

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NOMENCLATURES
b
Langmuir constant (energy of adsorption) (L/mg)
Ce
Concentration of metal ions in solution (mol/L) at equilibrium,
Co
Initial metal ion concentration (mol/L)
CPAC Cassava peel activated carbon
Ct
Concentration of metal ions in solution at time t (mol/L)
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency
k1
Adsorption rate constant of pseudo-first-order kinetic model (min-1)
k2
Adsorption rate constant of pseudo-second-order kinetic model (g mg-1 min-1)
Kf
Freundlich constant related to adsorption capacity
KL
Constant related to the affinity of the binding sites and energy of adsorption (L/mg)
KT
Temkin equilibrium binding constants corresponding to the maximum binding energy (L/mg)
M
Mass of adsorbent used (g)
n
Freundlich constant related to adsorption intensity
q
Amount of heavy metal ions adsorbed at time t, mgg-1
qD
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
qe
Amount of heavy metals adsorbed at equilibrium time mgg-1
qm
Langmuir constant (adsorption capacity) (mg/g)
R
Universal gas constant (Jmol-1K)
T
Absolute temperature (K)
t
Time, min
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
V
Volume of initial metal ions solution used (L)

Polanyi potential
REFERENCES
(1) Demirbas, A. (2004). Adsorption of lead and cadmium ions in aqueous solutions onto modified lignin from
alkali glycerol delignication. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 109, 221-226.
(2) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2006. Statistical database of food and Agricultural Organization of
the United Nations. Available at http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed august 2007; verified 2 August2008). FAO,
Rome.
(3) FEPA (Federal Environmental Protection Agency). (2001). Federal Ministry of Environment. National
Guidelines and standards for water in Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria; Federal environmental protection Agency.
(4) Gupta, V.K., Gupta, M. and Sharma, S. (2001). Process development for the removal of lead and chromium
from aqueous solution using red mud an aluminum industry waste. Water Resource, 35(5), 1125 1134.

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 1, January - 2014

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solutions by activated carbon prepared from apricot stone. Bioresource Technology, 96, 1518-1521.
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Yalc, N.andSevinc, V. (2000). Studies of the surface area and porosity of activated carbons prepared from rice
husks, Carbon 38, 1943-1945.

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