EEE392

Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab

Project on Wrapper Detection Mechanism

Presented by
Nalla Valli Bala Pranaya CB.EN.U4EEE13033
Neha L. Jain CB.EN.U4EEE13034
Lekha Preetha CB.EN.U4EEE13030

WRAPPER DETECTION MECHANISM

INTRODUCTION:
To comfort the human race is what Engineering is all about.
In a highly sophisticated world where everything is almost achievable, there would
have been probably no change between todays world and the world three centuries
ago if necessity and serendipitous discoveries had not driven men to achieve great
things. The world of electronics has had huge positive effects on our society. The
world along with the human thought has gone digital. The benefits of electronics
far outweigh every perceived shortcoming.
Electronics truly molded our lives we have today, for without it, we might as well
grimacing in the shackles of underdevelopment and stagnant society where
progress is hardly felt as if we are in an isolated islands. Electronics is the
barometer of how far humans have gone through if we use the advancement in
technology as a yardstick of progress. The dawn of the new wave of the future is
bound to fascinate the world once again.
The following report consists of a simple design for a chocolate manufacturing unit
which requires a wrapper detection mechanism to detect the wrapped chocolate
bars and a digital display to count the same.
OBJECTIVE:
As stated above, the objective of the project is to design and analyze a wrapper
detection system using basic electronic components. The objective remaining the
same, care has to be taken to ensure the reliability of the components used and the
efficiency of the mechanism implemented. The problem being analysed for
industrial purposes and hardware implementation being non feasible in the
laboratory, the report will consist of the results of analysis done using simulation
software. Because the problem is analyzed not in hardware, certain assumptions
are made keeping in mind that had the same been used at large scale the same
assumptions would only create negligible threats which can be otherwise rectified
without affecting the system as a whole.

PROBLEM DEFINITION:
Design and analysis for a chocolate manufacturing unit which requires a wrapper
detection mechanism to detect the wrapped chocolate bars and a counter unit to
count the chocolate bars which pass through the conveyor belt using basic
electronic components making use of their properties to behave when exposed to
different situations. With advancement in technology where basic components have
cumulated to reach great heights, the following design is only an approximation as
to learn the functionality of basic electronic components.
FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Description of Operations performed by each system:
The following block diagram gives a schematic view on how the project is
designed and description of each of the blocks is explained below as well.
Conveyor
beltwrapped
chocolate

LDR
based
Driver
circuit
using BJT

Counter
Circuit
using Flip
Flops

Digital
Seven
Segment
Display
unit

Conveyor belts will contain the wrapped or unwrapped chocolate bars

LDR makes use of its property to vary resistance inversely with light
intensity, to drive the BJT ( Bipolar Junction Transistor) into saturation
mode or cut-off mode thus making it act like a switch
Due to the reflection of light of the wrapper the resistance of the LDR
reduces thereby allowing sufficient current through the BJT
The voltage controlled switch then activates depending on the voltage drop
across the LED connected for testing purpose
As the switch closes the Voltage Controlled Voltage Source activates and
hence acts as a source for the counter circuit to function.
The counter circuit is in turn connected to the seven segment digital display.

Description of data to be entered:

 The input to the wrapper detection mechanism is a chocolate bar whose

wrapper is assumed to contain a white mark because of the fact that white
light has more reflecting property.
When the wrapped chocolate is under the conveyor belt, the white mark is
considered as a source of light for the LDR and hence the resistance
decreases driving the BJT by which the LED used for testing purpose glows
and hence its voltage drop activates the switch which in turn drives the
voltage controlled voltage source
The output of the source will drive the counter circuit and hence the
corresponding number is displayed on the display unit.
On contrary in the absence of a wrapped chocolate the resistance of the
LDR remains extremely high, leaving the BJT to act as a open switch.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Security: The design discussed above, consisting of only electronic devices which
do not require large amount of supply, ensures human safety to a large extent. The
devices used have been designed to work under certain conditions which otherwise
humiliated will not cause any considerable danger.
Usability: The above mechanism is designed suitably according to the
requirement of the problem and is very user-friendly by means of simplicity and
logic used behind
Testability: After each block in the entire system, testing devices such as LEDs
have been implemented for regular check of output at different stages. In case of
any malfunction that particular block can be checked further and repaired.
Maintainability: As already stated above, the design is implemented only using
basic electronic components and devices which makes it easy for maintenance and
are economically also feasible.
Quality and Performance: The quality of the components and devices used is
satisfactory for this particular application. According to the simulation results, the
performance can also be guaranteed to be satisfactory.
DESIGN ASPECTS:

 Light Dependent Resistor: T= 25 C, Dark Resistance= 1Mohm, Cell

Resistance = 400ohms. Voltage = 320V DC, Current=75mA.
Features: Wide Spectral Response, Wide Ambient Temperature, Low Cost.
Bipolar Junction Transistor: T=25 C, Nominal Voltage VCE=0.5V, IC=
20mA.
Features: MIL-PRF-19500/255 Qualified, Low Cost.
Light Emitting Diode: Continuous Forward Current = 30mA, Reverse
Voltage= 5V, Operating Temperature= -40 to 85 C.
Features: High Luminous Power, Bulk, Available taped on reel.
74LS107 Dual JK Flip Flops: Supply Voltage, VCC=15V, Operating
Temperature = -55 to 125 C, Maximum Input Current=20mA.
74LS08 Quad 2-Input AND Gate: Supply Voltage=15V, Operating
Temperature= 0 to 70 C, Maximum Input Current=20mA.
Low Voltage Controlled SPST: Voltage= -0.3 to 6V, Continuous Switch
Current= 400mA, Operating Temperature= -65 to 150 C.
Features: NC Switch Ron 0.5ohm max.
Voltage Controlled Voltage Source: Voltage Gain= 15V.
7 Segment BCD HEX Display: Average Power per Segment= 80mW,
Operating Temperature=-40 to 100 C.
Features: Industry Standard Size, Choice of Colors, High Light Output, High
Peak Current.
ANALYSIS:
Below are attached the simulation results from which the following analysis have
been done.
Simulation 1:
When the white mark of the chocolate wrapper reflects light to the LDR (here the
white mark is assumed to be a torch) the testing LED glows indicating that the
chocolate is wrapped.
The voltage drop across the LED found to be 1.375V is used to drive the Voltage
controlled SPST and hence the second LED is found to be glowing indicating the
switch is closed. The voltage drop across LED 2 (1.375V) activates the voltage
controlled voltage source whose gain is designed to be 15V.

The 15V source is given as VCC to the 3 digit display counter circuit and the
digital clock is designed for 1Hz to slow down the speed of the counter for
visibility check.
In the simulation as the LED glows the counter circuit is counting. As it is a
screenshot the display is shown to have a value and is still counting.

Simulation 2:
When an unwrapped chocolate bar is available or the conveyor belt is empty (here
the torch is away from the LDR since no reflection is possible) and hence the entire
after circuit is deactivated.
The counter though does not reset. The value shown displayed is the value at
which the counter stops.

REFERENCES:
[1] Sedra.S.Adel, Smith.C.Kenneth, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford Int. Students
Ed., 6th Ed. New Delhi, Oxford, 2013.
[2] T L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 4th ed., Macmillan, 1990, p-395.
[3] Prakash N. Krishna, Lab Manual of EEE392, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
2015.
[4] Proteus Tutorials, http://www.nature_energies.com/tutorials.pdf.
[5] Components Specification, www.futurlec.com