First Three Lectures - Turbine Desine

Design of Steam and Gas
Turbines
Prof. T. Sabry
Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied
Hours / week
Mark Distribution
Lecture
Tutorial
Lab
Total
Semester
work
Oral
Final
Exam
Total
30
30
90
150
Final
Exam
(Hrs)
Course Content
Analysis Turbine losses (Additional losses) (two
lectures)
a) Internal losses
b) External losses
Design of single-stage turbine (two lectures)
Design of velocity-stage turbine (two lectures)
Design of multi-stages turbine (two lectures)
a) First stage,
b) Second stage,
c) Last stage,
d) Intermediate stages
Design of Turbine stage with Long blades

(two lectures).
Cooling of gas turbine blades (two
lectures)
Start-up and shut-down of turbine (one
lecture)
Matching of gas turbine components. (one
lecture)
REFERENCES
S. M. Yaha Turbines, Compressors and Fans,
Tata McGraw Hill, NewDelhi, 1989.
Z. HusainSteam Turbine, theory and design,
Tata McGraw Hill, NewDelhi, 1984.
A. Kostyuk and V. Frolov Steam and Gas
Turbines Mir Publishers Moscow, 1985.
S. L. Dixon Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics
of Turbomachinery 3 rd ed, pergamon press,
Oxford, 1996.
Assessments
Quizzes: to assess understanding of a particular section
Mid-Term Examination to assess the progress of course delivering
Practical (Oral) Examination to assess the ability of performing
practical tasks.
Final Examination to assess the overall understanding and
achievements
Assessment schedule
Assessment 1: Quizzes
Two quizzes (4th,12th)
Assessment 2: Mid-term Examination
8th week
Assessment 3: Practical Examination
14th week
Assessment 4: Final- Examination
15th week
Weighting of assessments
Quizzes
Mid-Term Exam
Practical or Oral Exam
Final-Term Exam
Total
10 % = 15
10 % = 15
20 % = 30.0
60 % = 90.0
100 % = 150.0
Casing
Moving blades
Control stage
Shaft
bearing
Fixed blades
Assoc.Prof Abd El-Hamied
Casing
moving row
Shaft
Fixed row
10
Blade Geometry
Chord
Inlet
blade
angle
Pressure
surface
Blade height
Exit
blade
angle
11
Trailing
edge
Leading
edge
Camber
line
Suction
surface
ENERGY LOSSES IN
STEAM TURBINES
Internal losses
External losses
1.losses in regulating valves
1. mechanical losses
2.losses in nozzles
2. losses due to steam
3.losses in moving blades
leakage through end seals
4.losses due to disc friction and windage
5.losses due to wetness of steam
6.carry-over losses
7.losses due to axial and radial clearances (leakage loss)
h
o
po
p\o
o1
hi
ho
ht
he
hwet
hleak
hfr
hb
hn
h
1
1th
Losses in regulating valve

The magnitude of this loss due to
throttling when regulating valves are
fully open may be as much as 5% of
the fresh steam pressure Po
for design purposes this pressure loss
p=(0.03 - 0.05) Po is recommended.
Losses in nozzles
Losses in nozzles can be divided into three
groups:
Profile losses arise from growth of
boundary layer and turbulence in wake.
Secondary losses due to frictional
resistance at blade surfaces and root and
periphery of blades.
Shock losses occur at nearly subsonic and
supersonic velocities.
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0
50
100
150
200
250
l, mm
Fig. 2 Velocity coefficient for convergent nozzle as

a function of blade height
Losses in moving blades

Losses in moving blade are caused due to
various factors some of them are
impingement losses,
frictional losses,
turning losses
and wake losses.
These losses depend upon several

factors such as:
velocity of steam,
height of blades,
pitch of blades and
degree of reaction
0.92
0.90
0.88
kb
27/24
0.86
33/28
36/30
0.84
40/36
0.82
0
50
100
150
l, mm
Fig. 3 Velocity coefficient kb for moving blades of an impulse turbine

for various heights and blade angles
Losses Due to Disc Friction

The friction stresses (fr ) on the surfaces
of a rotating disc in turbulent motion are
proportional to the square of flow velocity
and to the steam density in the disc
chambers i.e
fr = k u2/v ,
where u is the blade velocity of the disc at
a radius r and v is the specific volume of
steam in the disc chamber.
Scheme of steam flow in the chamber of a turbine disc.

The amount of friction forces relative to the

rotor axis can be found by integrating the
moments appearing on elementary
surface dA of the disc.
r
u2
M fr 2 fr r.dA 2 k r (2rdr )
v
rsh
if rsh = 0.0
2
60
r
M fr 2ku3
5nv
The friction power of the disc at a sufficiently low

rsh, will be determined by the relationship
u 3d 2
Nfr Mfr k fr
2v
The coefficient kfr in this formula depends on
Reynolds number, Re= .r.u/,
roughness of disc friction and
axial clearance between the disc and
stationary chamber.
k fr 2.5x102 (s / r)1/10 Re 1/ 5
or
k fr (0.45 0.8)x103
The ratio of the friction power of a disc to

the available power of the stage is equal to
the relative energy loss due to friction of
the disc
3 2
Nfr k fr u d
fr
o
No 2vm h o
where mo v =A1 c1th

and A1 = d l1 sin 1 and 2ho = c2 1th
3
k fr u d
fr

sin 1 c1th l1
Leakage Losses
Steam leakages from the main
stream flow beyond the rotating
blade shrouds and their roots
as well as between the shaft
and diaphragm ID is the main
source (75-81%) of turbine
performance deterioration due
to:
Missing energy of steam
leaving or bypassing the main
flow.
Disturbances in main flow (wakes,

eddies, etc.) from collisions of
leaked steam with the main flow.
Therefore, in order to minimize and
contain these leakages, the
modern impulse turbine stage
incorporates three types of seals:
tip seals, root seals and shaft.
Tip Seals
Tip seals are used to prevent steam leakage
into the space above the rotating blades.
This leak is the largest source of efficiency
loss due to the largest leak area and the
highest reaction (i.e. pressure drop) in this
location.
Tip seal improves the stage efficiency by
approximately 2.5% compared to the axial
rigid seal.
Root Seals
Root seals perform two functions.
First, they prevent shaft leakage from
entering into the main stream flow
resulting in an increase of stage reliability
and efficiency.
Second, they prevent leakage from the
main stream flow into the space between
the diaphragm and disk faces and into the
disk equalizing holes, maintaining high
efficiency.
Shaft Seals
These seals prevent steam leakage
between the shaft and diaphragm ID. The
main engineering efforts were to create a
labyrinth seal with minimal radial
clearances between its fins and rotor.
Labyrinth seal must prevent rubbing and
wear which mostly takes place during
start-up and shut-down regimes when the
rotor goes through the 1st critical speed.
Calculation of Leakage through

turbine stage
mo
mb
Fixed
moving
mr
mh
mg
Leakages in a turbine stage are flows of

steam through clearances in glands
between:
A diaphragm and shaft ( mg)
The moving blades and casing (mb)
A diaphragm and disc at the roots of
moving blades (mr)
Through discharge holes (mh)
housing
p1
po
Turbine shaft
ho =const.
po
h\o
p\ 1
p\\ 1
h\\o
h\\\0
h-s diagram of variations of the state of

steam in stepped labyrinth glands
p\\\ 1=p1
The flow rate of steam through slits of a

straight through gland is substantially
higher than in a stepped gland, for this
case can be written as follows:
p0 1 r
m g k g g (d g g )
vo
z
0
where
kg is a correction factor (1 - 2.4)
z is the number of slits
r is the pressure ratio r = p1/po
The leakage loss at the periphery of a stage can

be determined by the following formula
o
mb
o
(d t eq )
l
1.8 b
d
A
1
where
m
dt is the tip diameter
A1 is the cross sectional area at exit from nozzle
is the degree of reaction at the average
diameter of the stage
l is the height of blades
d is the average diameter of the stage
eq is the equivalent clearance
eq
1
1
2
( a a ) ( r r ) 2
a
where
a = 0.5
r = 0.7
eq 0.75 r
Losses due to wetness of steam

The flow of wet steam in a turbine stage can
involve the following phenomena:
Expansion of steam from the superheated
state near the saturation line (x = 1.0) can
cause the phenomenon of steam supercooling.
At a certain ultimate degree of super-cooling,
the steam passes over from the metastable
super-cooled state to an equilibrium state
with partial condensation and formation of
finely dispersed
moisture.
Moisture droplets can deposit on the

surfaces of blades and end walls of blade
passages in blade cascades and form a
liquid film which can increase the energy
losses in the flow due to interaction with
the boundary layer of steam flow.
Moisture droplets may grow in size when
moving in cascade passages, owing to
condensation of surrounding steam on
them or may be broken by aerodynamic
forces in the flow, evaporate, and
coagulate.
The paths described by moisture droplets in

blade passages depend on their size. Fine
droplets of a size d < 5 m move along flow
lines of the vapor phase. Large droplets may
deviate from vapor- phase flow lines,
especially larger ones.
The energy loss in a turbine stage due to moisture
consists of the following components:
1. Loss due to impingement of moisture droplets
on the back side of moving blades as a result
of decelerating effect of moisture particles on
the revolving rotor.
2. Loss due to steam super-cooling,

3. Loss due to acceleration of moisture
droplets by steam flow;
4. Loss in the boundary layer associated
with the formation of liquid film on the
turbine surfaces; and
5. Loss due to increases size of trailing
edge trace caused by disintegration of
liquid film into droplets as it breaks off
the trailing edge of blades.
In case of condensing steam turbines, the

last stages usually operate under wetsteam region and have low efficiency
because of loss of energy due to wetness.
The heat loss caused by wet steam is
given by the formula
h wet (1 x)h dry
Where
x
hdry
which is
account all
wetness.
= dryness fraction of steam

= enthalpy drop in the stage
determined after taking into
heat losses, except that due to
In practical calculations, use the following

approximate formula:
wet
yo y 2
a
2
The coefficient a in this formula may vary within

a wide range (0.4-1.4) depending on design
parameters and operating conditions.
For rough calculations a is taken equal to 0.8
0.9
Losses associated with partial

admission of steam
The windage power for
the inactive portion of
moving blades is equal
to
o
Nw mw h w
Windage mass flow rate
u
m w (1 )dl2
v2
o
Diagram
of
windage
currents in a partial
admission turbine stage
The windage work hw of 1 kg/s of steam is

proportional to u2 ( hw = k u2)
Thus the power spent for windage in a partial
admission turbine stage is determined by the
relationship
u3
N w k(1 )dl2
v2
The formula for relative energy loss due to

windage in a single row is
Nw
kw 1 u
w
No sin 1 c1th
Where kw = 0.065
The formula for relative energy loss

due to windage in a multi row is
3
Nw
kw 1 u
w
m
No sin 1 c1th
Where m is the number of moving

rows
Appearance of segmental loss of

energy
co
fixed
c1
c1
w1
moving
2
c2
The following formula is most popular for

calculating of segment losses
Where B2 and l2 are the width and height of

moving blades
For a two row turbine stage the product
B2l2 is replaced by the sum of products of
width and the heights of the first and
second row of blades B2l2 + 0.6 B4l4
The sum of windage loss w and segment

loss seg constitutes the energy loss due to
partial admission
p=w+seg
In order to diminish steam leakage into
meridional clearance in a partial admission
turbine stage, the design degree of
reaction is chosen at a low level ( = 0.03
0.06)
Optimal Degree of Partiality
opt (0.5 0.7) l1
For a single row
opt (0.29 0.34) l1
For a two rows

Where l1 is measured in cm
seg
w
n+ m
opt
Example
An intermediate stage of an impulse turbine has the following initial data:

Steam flow rate 150 kg/s,
Steam pressure before the stage 65 bar;
Steam temperature before the stage 470 0c;
Steam velocity at the entry to the stage 50 m/s;
Steam pressure behind the stage 55 bar;
Rotational speed 3000 rpm;
Average diameter of the stage 0.9 m;
Diameter of diaphragm gland 0.4 m,
Clearance in diaphragm gland 0.6 mm;
Equivalent clearance in banding gland 0.6 mm;
Nozzle angle 150;
Discharge coefficients 0.97 and velocity coefficients 0.96 and 0.94 respectively.
Calculate the different losses coefficients .

Steam Turbine Design

Single Stage Turbine Design
Assoc. Prof. Abd El-Hamied
Input Data
A turbine stage is calculated for the following
initial data
The flow rate of steam through the stage
(mo).
The steam parameters before the stage,
co, Po,to.
The pressure behind the stage, p2
Addition data, approximate values of x,
average stage diameter, and reaction
degree.
Dimensions of Blade Cascade

for Single Stage
The calculation of a turbine stage
consists of solving two interrelated
problems:
Determining the principal dimensions
of nozzle and moving blades
blades height l1, l2
exit angles 1,2
Choosing a proper type of blade

profile
adjustment angle (ad)
chord length, b
blade pitch, t
number of blades, Z1,Z2
clearance and overlaps in the stage
Determining the blade and internal

efficiencies of the stage b,i stage
power and forces acting on the
moving blades.
The solution of these problems should
obey the requirements of high
reliability and efficiency of the stage
with due allowance for the cost of
manufacture.
Blade Dimensions
Geometrical characteristics Geometrical characteristics

of a nozzle blade cascade
of a moving blade cascade
Single row turbine stages

(Cylindrical moving blades)
Step -1
h
po
c2o/2
2
o
c
c1t 44.7 ho
2000
ho
C1t theoretical velocity at nozzle exit
v1th
p1
Step 2
Exit Area of a Nozzle
o
m v 1t
A1
1c1th
V1t specific volume in isentropic expansion in
the nozzle cascade
The discharge coefficient of blade cascades
depends on the geometrical characteristics of
cascade and flow regime parameters.
For wet steam, the discharge coefficient w are
higher than that of superheated steam sh.
Discharge Coefficient
Discharge
coefficients
for
superheated steam in nozzle and
moving blade cascades depending on
relative blade height l/b and turning
angle = 180 (1 2)
Effect of wetness fraction of steam at

cascade exit on the discharge
coefficient
Step -3
Stage Diameter
Assume x = cos 1/ 2 for impulse stage
60x c1t
d
n
n: number of revolutions per minute
C1t: theoretical velocity at nozzle exit
Step 4
Blade Height l1
A1
l1
d sin 1
1 : 11 20o
1 : 12 16o for blades of moderate height
1 : 16 20 for long blade
If 1 l1 < 12 mm l1 = 12 -14 mm
1 = 0.8 : 0.9,
b = 30 : 100 mm
Step 5
Construct the Inlet Velocity Diagram
C1 = kn c1t
M 1t
c1th
kp1v 1t
1
c1
w1
M1t: Mach number

u
K = 1.3 Superheated steam,
k = 1.135 Dry saturated steam
K = 1.035 + 0.1x Wet steam with dryness fraction
x
P1 and v1t pressure and specific volume
respectevely
Blades Profiles [Fixed and moving]
C 90 12 A
Fixed
blade
Inlet
angle
o
Outlet
angle
1
subsonic
C 90 12
Fixed
blade
Inlet
angle
o
Outlet
angle
1
sonic
C 90 12
Fixed
blade
Inlet
angle
o
Outlet Supersonic
angle
1
Step 6
Height of Moving Blades
L2 = l1 + (1 + 2)
1 and 2 are called the root and tip
overlap of a stage
1 = 1.0 mm
2 = 1.5 : 2.0 mm, l1 < 50 mm
1 = 1.5 mm
2 = 2.5 : 4.5 mm, 50 mm < l1 < 150 mm
Relative velocity
w 2t 44.7 hom
w 12
2000
Exit area of moving blade (assume 2 = 0.96)

o
m v 2t
A2
2w 2t
A2
1
2 sin
Relative exit angle
d l2
Relative exit velocity
w 2 k bw 2t
2
c2
w2
u
Chord of moving blades

The chord of moving blades is taken within the
range b2 = 20 -80 mm
M2
w 2t
kp 2v 2
Chose the blade profile

(moving blade)
P 23 14 A
Moving
blade
Inlet
angle
1
Outlet
angle
2
subsonic
P 23 14
Moving
blade
Inlet
angle
1
Outlet
angle
2
sonic
P 23 14
Moving
blade
Inlet
angle
1
Outlet Supersonic
angle
2
Number of Blades
Number of blades
Z
d
t
Where d is the mean diameter of the stage

t= b*t\ is the pitch
b is blade chord
t\ is the relative pitch
is the partial admission degree
Coefficient of Energy Losses

The coefficient of energy losses for the
selected profile is found by the formula:
=k1k2k3\
Where the coefficients k1, k2 and k3from the
curves that describe the characteristics of
fixed and moving blades
Internal Efficiency of the

Turbine Stage
Notes
Some of the losses mentioned may be
absent in a particular turbine stage .
For example, with the flow of superheated
steam there is naturally no energy loss
due to wetness of the steam.
Loss due to partial admission does not
take place in turbine stage with the degree
of partiality =1
Example
Design of an intermediate stage of an impulse

turbine for the following initial data:
Steam flow rate
147 kg/s
Steam
pressure
before
the
stage
6.25 MPa
Steam temperature before the stage
470o C
Steam velocity at the entry of the stage
58
m/s
Steam pressure behind the stage
5.5
MPa
Velocity Stage
Two-Rows Turbine Stage
Input data
Mass flow rate (kg/s)
Inlet steam conditions Po, to
Available heat drop in the stage Ho kJ/kg
Assoc. Prof. Abd El-hamied
Required
Stage Dimensions
Blade profile
Stage losses
Stage efficiency
Draw velocity diagram
Draw sketch for the stage
Notes
A slight reaction degree increases the
efficiency of a two row turbine stage and at
the same time increases the optimal
velocity ratio from 0.23 for a purely impulse
to 0.3 for a stage with t = 12 15 %
The reaction degrees of a two row turbine
stages are usually not high (0.02 0.06)
Low reaction degrees are chosen in

converging flow in the passages of moving
and guide blades and thus to diminish
energy losses.
The total degree of reaction for two rows
of a two row stage usually does not
exceed 10 12 %.
Adopted degree of reaction

m1 = 0.02
g = 0.04
m2 = 0.02
Available Heat Drop
Hon = {1-(m1 +g +m2 )}Ho

Hom1= m1 Ho
h
Hog= g Ho
Hom2= m2 Ho
Ho
Po
to
Hon
v1t
Hom1
Hog
Hom2
v4t
Pressure behind the exit

Theoretical Velocities
c1th 44.7 H on
The specific volume v1th is determined from h-s chart

Theoretical Mach number is calculated
M 1t
Assume 1(12-14o)
Calculate the speed ratio
m: number of moving rows
c1th
kp1v 1t
cos(1 )
x
2m
Calculate the blade speed (u)

u = x c1th
Calculate the mean diameter (d)
60x c1t
d
n
Assume discharge coefficient
Calculate the exit area from fixed blades A1
A1
m v 1t
A1
l1
1c1th
d sin 1
Optimum degree of partiality

= (0.29 : 0.34)l1
Where l1 cm
Discharge coefficients
Effect of wetness fraction of steam

y1 = 1-x1 at cascade exit on the
discharge coefficient
Discharge coefficients for superheated

steam in nozzle and moving blade
cascades depending on relative blade
height l/b and turning angle = 180
(1 2)
Calculate the height of fixed blades

l1=l1/
Choose the profile chord (b1)
Select the blade profile using M1th and 1
Then the number of fixed blades is
z1
d
\
b1 t
The velocity coefficient of the nozzle

(kn) is determined from chart or
assume.
C1=kn.C1th
Draw inlet velocity diagram
Drive the inlet relative velocity w1
The energy loss in the nozzle (hn) is
calculated
Velocity coefficients
The theoretical relative velocity at the exit

from the first moving blades is
w 2th 44.7 H om 1 w 12 / 2000
Mach number M2t

M 2t
w 2th
kp 2v 2t
Area of the first row of moving blade
m o v2th
Ab1
w2th
Exit height of first moving blades

l2 = l1+
: overlap (3:5 mm)
The angle of flow exit is
Ab 2
2 sin
d l2
1
For the angle 2 and M2th select the blade

profile and chord b2, and relative pitch t\
The number of blades in the first row moving

d
blade is
z
2
b2 t
Select the velocity coefficient kb1 from chart and

then calculate w2
Construct the exit velocity diagram and then
determine c2 and 2
Calculate the energy loss
w12 (1 kb21 )
hb1
kJ / kg
2000
The theoretical velocity at the exit from the

guide blades is
c 3th 44.7 H og c 22 / 2000
The theoretical relative velocity at the exit

from second moving blades is
w 4th 44.7 H om 2 w 32 / 2000
Mach numbers
M 3t
M 4t
c 3th
Po
to
kp 3v 3t
w 4th
kp 4v 4t
Ho
p1
Hon
v1t
Hom1
Hog
Hom2
v4t
p4
Exit Areas
Exit area from guide blades
o
m v3th
Ag
c3th
Ag
3 sin
l
3
Exit area from second moving row
m o v4th
Ab 2
w4th
Ab 2
4 sin
l
4
Calculation of number of blades

Number of blades (guide blades)
zg
d
\
bg t
Number of blades (second moving blades)
z4
d
\
b4 t
Exit height of blades

Exit height of guide blades
l3 = l2+
Exit height of second moving blades
l4 = l3+
overlap (2.0:5.0 mm)
Internal efficiency
Blade efficiency
2u (cwI cwII )
b
c12
or
heat loss in nozzles
H o hn hb1 hg hb 2 he
Ho
c12th (1 kn2 )
hn
kJ / kg
2000
heat loss in the first moving blades

w12 (1 kb21 )
hb1
kJ / kg
2000
heat loss in guide blades

h g
c 22 (1 k 2g )
2000
kJ/kg
heat loss in the second moving blades
h b 2
w 23 (1 k 2b 2 )
kJ/kg
2000
Energy loss due to disc friction

3
k fr u d
fr

sin 1 c1th l1
Leakage losses
k g g (d g g )
mb
o
A1 z
(d t eq )
A1
l
1.8 b
d
Components of energy losses due to

partial admission
3
Nw
kw 1 u
w
m
No sin 1 c1th
The relative internal efficiency of the stage
i b fr l p
Effective heat drop of the stage

Hi=Hoi
The internal power of the stage
Ni=moHi
Example
It is required to design a two-row governing stage for
the following initial data:
Steam flow rate
60 kg/s
Steam pressure before the stage
12.0 MPa
Steam temperature before the stag
450o C
Available heat drop of the stage
170 kJ/kg
Average diameter of the stage
0.95 m

First Three Lectures - Turbine Desine

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Design of Steam and Gas

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Design of Turbine stage with Long blades

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Assoc.Prof Abd El-Hamied

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Assoc.Prof Abd El-Hamied

Assoc.Prof Abd El-Hamied

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Losses in regulating valve

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Fig. 2 Velocity coefficient for convergent nozzle as

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Losses in moving blades

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

These losses depend upon several

Fig. 3 Velocity coefficient kb for moving blades of an impulse turbine

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Losses Due to Disc Friction

Scheme of steam flow in the chamber of a turbine disc.

The amount of friction forces relative to the

The friction power of the disc at a sufficiently low

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

The ratio of the friction power of a disc to

where mo v =A1 c1th

Disturbances in main flow (wakes,

Calculation of Leakage through

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Leakages in a turbine stage are flows of

h-s diagram of variations of the state of

The flow rate of steam through slits of a

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

The leakage loss at the periphery of a stage can

Losses due to wetness of steam

Moisture droplets can deposit on the

The paths described by moisture droplets in

2. Loss due to steam super-cooling,

In case of condensing steam turbines, the

h wet (1 x)h dry

= dryness fraction of steam

In practical calculations, use the following

The coefficient a in this formula may vary within

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Losses associated with partial

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

The windage work hw of 1 kg/s of steam is

The formula for relative energy loss due to

The formula for relative energy loss

Where m is the number of moving

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

Appearance of segmental loss of

The following formula is most popular for

Where B2 and l2 are the width and height of

The sum of windage loss w and segment

Optimal Degree of Partiality

opt (0.5 0.7) l1

For a single row

opt (0.29 0.34) l1

For a two rows

Assoc. Prof. A. Abd El-Hamied

An intermediate stage of an impulse turbine has the following initial data: