Introduction CNC

Programming
Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Universitas Islam 45 Bekasi Teknik Produksi & NC 1

Basic Machine Axes: 3 axis

Milling Machines: 3 axis
X axis (table left and
right)
Y axis (table in and out)
Z axis (usually the
spindle axis)

Additional Axes
A axis (angular axis about X - axis)
B axis (angular axis about Y axis)
C axis (angular axis about Z axis)
U axis (secondary axis parallel to X)
V axis (secondary axis parallel to Y)
W axis (secondary axis parallel to Z)

Milling Machines: 4 axis

Terminology
NC Numerical Control
CNC Computer Numerical Control
DNC Direct Numerical Control
APT Automatic Programmed Tool
CAD Computer Aided Design
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Download Code Sheet

Click here to open Code Sheet

G - Code Programming
G Code Programming
Originally called the Word Address
programming format.
Processed one line at a time sequentially.

Common Format of a Block

Sequence
#

N50

Preparatory
Function

G90 G01

Dimension
Words

X1.40Y2.25

Feed
Rate

Spindle
Function

F10

S1500

Individual Words

Tool
Function

T01

Misc.
Function

M03

Word Address 1
N Sequence or line number
A tag that identifies the beginning of a block of
code. It is used by operators to locate specific
lines of a program when entering data or verifying
the program operation.

G Preparatory function
G words specify the mode in which the milling
machine is to move along its programmed axes.

Word Address 2
Dimension Words
X Distance or position in X direction
Y Distance or position in Y direction
Z Distance or position in Z direction

M Miscellaneous functions
M words specify CNC machine functions not
related to dimensions or axial movements.

Word Address 3
F Feed rate (inches per minute or millimeters per
minute)
Rate at which cutting tool moves along an axis.

S Spindle speed (rpm revolutions per minute)

Controls spindle rotation speed.

T Tool number
Specifies tool to be selected.

Word Address 4
I Circular cutting reference for x axis
J Circular cutting reference for y axis
K Circular cutting reference for z axis

G Word
G words or codes tell the machine to
perform certain functions. Most G
words are modal which means they
remain in effect until replaced by
another modal G code.

Common G Codes
G00 Rapid positioning mode
Tool is moved along the shortest route to
programmed X,Y,Z position. Usually NOT
used for cutting.

G01 Linear Interpolation mode

Tool is moved along a straight-line path at
programmed rate of speed.

G02 Circular motion clockwise (cw)

G03 Circular motion counter clockwise
(ccw)

Common G Codes, con.,

G17 XY plane
G18 XZ plane
G19 YZ plane
G20 Inch Mode
G21 Metric Mode
G28 Return to axis machine Zero
(Home)

G Codes: G90, G91

G90 Absolute Coordinate Reference
References the next position from an absolute
zero point which is set once for the entire
program.

G91 Incremental Coordinate Reference

References the next position from the previous
position.

G Codes: Canned Cycles

G80 Cancel canned cycle
G81 Drilling cycle
G83 Peck drilling cycle
G84 Tapping cycle
G85 Boring cycle
G86 Boring cycle
NOTE: A canned cycle stays in effect until
cancelled by a G80.

Canned Cycles: G81

G81 Drilling Cycle
Feed to depth, rapid return

Example of program code:

N35 G81 X.500Y.500Z-1.000 R.100 F1.50
N36 X1.000Y1.500
N37 X1.500Y2.000
N38 G80

Canned Cycles: G83, G84

G83 Peck Drilling Cycle
Feed to an intermediate depth, rapid out, rapid
back to just above previous depth, feed to next
depth, rapid out, repeat until reaching full depth.

G84 Tapping Cycle

This cycle creates internal threads in an existing
hole.
NOTE: One cannot over-ride the feed rate.

Canned Cycles: G85, G86

G85 - Boring Cycle
Feed to depth, feed back out.

G86 Boring Cycle

Feed to depth, rapid out.

G Codes: Cutter Compensation

G40 Cancel cutter diameter
compensation.
G41 Cutter compensation left.
G42 Cutter compensation right.

M Word
M words tell the machine to perform
certain machine related functions,
such as: turn spindle on/off, coolant
on/off, or stop/end program.

Professional Development ID Code: 6006

Common M words
M00 Programmed pause
Automatically stops machine until operator pushes a button
to resume program.

M01 Optional stop

A stop acted upon by the machine when operator has
signaled this command by pushing a button.

M02 End of program

Stops program when all lines of code are completed. Must
be last command in program.

Common M words
M03 Turn spindle on
In clockwise direction

M04 Turn spindle on

In counter clockwise direction

M05 Stop spindle

Usually used prior to tool change or at end of program.

M06 Tool change

Stops program and calls for a tool change, either
automatically or manually.

Common M words
M08 Turns Accessory 1 on.
M09 Turns Accessory 1 off.
M10 Turns Accessory 2 on.
M11 Turns Accessory 2 off.
M30 End of program
Similar to M02 but M30 will also rewind the program.
Must be last statement in program. If used, DO NOT
use M02.

Zero Points
Part Zero
Used for absolute programming mode.
Usually a position on the part that all absolute
coordinates are referenced to.
Changes with different parts and programs.

Machine Zero or Machine Home Position

Fixed for each machine from the manufacturer.
Not changeable.

Dasar Kontrol Numerik

Drilling :

lathe:
z
y

Milling:
y

x
z

x
z

Dasar Kontrol Numerik

DPU paling tdk terdiri dr fungsi :
Alat input, spt pembaca punched-tape
Sirkuti pembaca dan logika pemeriksaan paritas
Pengkodean sirkuit utk mendistribusikan data diantara
kontrol aksis
Interpolator, yg mensuplai perintah kecepatan antara
titik berurutan yg diambil dr gambar
CLU terdiri dari sirkuit:
Loop kontrol posisi utk semua aksis
Loop kontrol kecepatan
Sirkuit perlambatan dan pengambilan umpan balik
Kontrol fungsi tambahan

Keunggulan sistem NC

Fleksibilitas penuh
ketelitian tinggi
Waktu proses lebih singkat
Dimensi bentuk (kontor) pemotongan bisa lebih banyak
Penyesuaian mesin mudah, membutuhkan wkt lbh singkat
dibanding metode permesinan lainnya
Tdk membutuhkan operator keahlian tinggi dan
berpengalaman
Operator memp waktu luang

Kelemahan sistem NC :

Investasi awal tinggi

Pemeliharaan yg lebih kompleks; teknisi pemeliharaan

spesial dibutuhkan

Paart programmer dgn keahlian tinggi dan terlatih dgn

tepat dibutuhkan

Klasifikasi Sistem NC berdasarkan :

1. Tpe mesin : point-to-point vs Contouring

2. Struktur kontroller : hardware-base NC vs CNC
3. Metode pemrograman : pertambahan vs absolut
4. Tipe loop kontrol : loop terbuka vs loop tertutup

Point-to-Point (PTP)

Contoh sederhana : mesin drilling

Operasi:
Bahan kerja dipindahkan menuju cutting tool sampai
mencapai posisi numerik yg ditetapkan.
Cutting tool melaksanakan operasi yg diperintahkan dgn
aksis diam.
Sampai tugas diselesaikan, bahan kerja berpindah ke
titik berikutnya dan siklus diulangi.
Sistem hanya membutuhkan penghitung posisi utk
mengontrol posisi akhir tool sampai mencapai titik yg akan
dilubangi.
Jalur dr titik awal sampai posisi akhir tdk dikontrol

 Data utk setiap posisi yg diinginkan diberikan dalam nilai

koordinat dan resolusi tgt pd sistem BLU
Contoh : meja XY mesin drilling akan dipindahkan dari titik
(1,1) ke titik (6,3) dengan dimensi dlm in. Setiap aksis dpt
dipindahkan dgn ekcepatan tetap 30 in/min. Tentukan
waktu perjalanan dari titik awal ke titik akhir!
Solusi :
Waktu perjalanan aksis X : 6 1 60 10 detik
30
Waktu perjalanan aksis Y : 3 1 60 4
30

detik

Krn aksis dpt digerakkan scr simultan, mk wkt

perjalanan meja adalah wkt terlama, yaitu 10 detik

METODE ABSOLUT

METODE INKREMENTAL

CONTOH METODE
ABSOLUT

TUGAS BUATKAN
PROGRAM
INKREMENTALNYA .