Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of Fracturing Engineering
Material Balance
Material Balance
Data Collection
Uncontrollable parameters
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
K, h &
and their orientation
Formation temperature
Reservoir pressure
Type of Reservoir fluid
Rock Properties
Controllable parameters
1.
2.
3.
4.
Material Balance
Virgin
oil
Slight
depletion
Depleted
Pore Pressure
Tectonic
Strain
Elastic
Modulus
Closure Pressure
calibration through:
Microfrac, DataFRAC
3
Material Balance
Reservoir
Properties
Fracture Properties
wmax
OB
wf
h
pc
cf
min
E
L
xf
kh/
pr
ct
cR
ho
CL
CL
w
Hydraulic geometry (Dynamic)
Propped geometry
4
Material Balance
Material Balance
Volume balance
Qi ti = Af ( wh + 2 vL )
vL~ go CL ti + Sp , go ~1.5
2L
Af = (2 L) hf
Af = Qi ti / ( wh+ 2 vL )
hf
L = Af / 2 hf
Material Balance
wh
cf ~ h f / E
(wellbore)
pf
pc
need L the ratio of average width over the frac length to wmax at the well:
wh =( L hf / 2 E) pnet=(cf) pnet
Material Balance
pnet
pnet,w
pf - pc
pw - pc
Material Balance
Af = Qi ti / (wh + 3 CL ti ), L= Af / 2 hf
fluid cost
Psp*Q
HHP
Material Balance
ho
pnet
hf
5.0
2.0
4.0
1.5
2x
3.0
1.0
h~
ho/10
2.0
0.5
1.0
hf ~ ho . f ( pnet / )
0.0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
pnet /
Material Balance
pnet / L ~ E wh / hf L
= p/L = a [ Qi / (hf wh )] / wh 2
wh ~ ( a Qi L / E )1/4, pnet = (E / 2 hf ) wh
(21/4 = 1.2)
11
Material Balance
E
w max , w max
2h
h Q
3 (K L )
E h
1 /e
e = 2 n + 2 ~ 3 ; n ~ 0 .5
, pnet
2
Q
Q , pnet
2
0 .8
0 . 9, t p
2
12
Material Balance
Mass balance
Elasticity (width)
Elasticity (Height)
: hf ~ ho . f ( pnet / )
Frictional drop
: wh ~ ( a Qi L / E )1/4
Af = (2 hf L) = Qi ti
[ wh+ 2 (1.5 CL ti + Sp ) ]
Material Balance
cD =cin/cf,EOJ
segment or total
segment or total
Vf
cf
Vi
ci
VL
cD
fp
1-
1+
pad
V / VEOJ
uL
frac
x/ L
pad
V / VEOJ
x/ L
SPE 13278 Determination of Proppant and Fluid Schedules From Fracturing-Pressure Decline (Nolte 1986)
14
Material Balance
cin/cf,EOJ
fp
1-
1+
pad
V / VEOJ
f p, EOJ = f p,tso
Vin,tso
Vin,EOJ
fp,so 1- so
EOJ
1+ so
cin/cf,EOJ
pad
so
V in,so/ VEOJ
15
Material Balance