Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 3
8e
CONTENT
SUBSECTION
Concept problems
Kinetic and potential energy
Force displacement work
Boundary work
Heat transfer
Properties (u, h) from general tables
Problem analysis
Simple processes
Specific heats: solids and liquids
Properties (u, h, Cv, Cp), Ideal gas
Specific heats ideal gas
Polytropic process
Multistep process: all subtances
Energy equation rate form
General work
More complex devices
Review problems
PROB NO.
1-27
28-36
37-44
45-57
58-69
70-81
82-88
89-115
116-126
127-138
139-151
152-168
169-184
185-199
200-209
210-217
218-241
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min
s
1 kW- hour = 1000 W 60 hour hour 60 min = 3 600 000 Ws
= 3 600 000 J = 3.6 MJ
3.f
Torque and energy and work have the same units (N m). Explain the difference.
Solution:
Work = force displacement, so units are N m. Energy in transfer
Energy is stored, could be from work input 1 J = 1 N m
Torque = force arm, static, no displacement needed
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PVn = C
P = CV
as n = 1.667 the curve drops as V goes up we see
V2 > V1 giving dV > 0
and the work is then positive.
P
1
2
W
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n=1
2
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P
Cr.P.
L
S
1000
100
20
200
a
1000
100 1
1553 kPa
1000
200
200 C
20 C
C.P.
180 C
20
2
a
b
100
1
v
In one case the process proceeds from 1 to state a along constant T then
from a to state 2 along constant P.
The other case proceeds from 1 to state b along constant P and then
from b to state 2 along constant T.
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m2 m1A m1B = 0
Energy eq.:
Process:
Insulated: 1Q2 = 0,
m2 = m1A + m1B
Rigid: V2 = C = VA + VB
1W2 = 0
m1A
m1B
From continuity eq. and process: v2 = V2/m2 = m v1A + m v1B
2
2
From energy eq.:
m1A
m1B
u2 = m u1A + m u1B
2
2
Final state 2: (v2, u2) both are the mass weighted average of the initial values.
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3.m
To determine v or u for an ideal gas, is it more important that I know P or T?
For v they are equally important ( v = RT/P), but for u only T is important. For an
ideal gas u is a function of T only (independent of P).
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C = 4.18 kJ/kg-K,
1Q2
= 4.18 kJ
C = 0.46 kJ/kg-K
1Q2
= 0.46 kJ
so A.5:
Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg-K
1Q2
= 1.004 kJ
so A.3:
C = 2.04 kJ/kg-K
1Q2
= 2.04 kJ
Comment: For liquid water we could have interpolated h2 h1 from Table B.1.1
and for ice we could have used Table B.1.5. For air we could have used Table
A.7.
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Concept Problems
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or
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Po
mp
mA
CV A:
CV B:
= P dV = P(V2 V1)
= Po dV = Po(V2 V1)
Notice how the P inside CV A is P = Po + mpistg /Acyl i.e. the first work term is
larger than the second. The difference between the work terms is exactly equal to the
potential energy of the piston sitting on the left hand side in the CV B energy Eq. The
two equations are mathematically identical.
1WA2 = P(V2 V1) = [Po + mpistg /Acyl ] (V2 V1)
= 1WB2 + mpistg(V2 V1)/Acyl
= 1WB2 + mpistg(Z2 Z1)
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Wire
Room air
Tot room
Storage
0W
500 W
500 W
Work
-500 W
0W
-500 W
Heat transfer
-500 W
500 W
0W
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F = PAcyl = P D2/4
F1 = PAcyl 1 = P D1/4
2
F
2
2
1
cb
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Po
mp
Solution:
Process: P = Po + mpg/Acyl = C
Heat in so T increases, v increases and Q is positive.
As the volume increases the work is positive. 1W2 =
P dV
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b)
c)
Po
mp
R-
P
1
1
P
1
1
V
V
Vstop
V1
P
1
V
V1
Vstop
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a)
1W2
= P1(V2 V1)
[ P1 = Pfloat ]
b)
P = A + BV;
c)
P = P1 and V Vstop
1W2
a)
1W2
= P1(V2 V1)
V = Vstop and P P1
or
or
[ P1 = Pfloat ]
b)
c)
Po
mp
R-
P
1
1
P
1
1
V
V
Vstop
V1
P
1
V
V1
Vstop
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Solution:
P
1
2 (P1
+ P 2)
2
1
v
v1
v2
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b)
c)
Po
mp
R-
Solution:
P
v
v stop
P
1
v
v1
v
vstop
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multiple glazings
low-E coating
Gas filled space
Spacer and sealer
Window structural frame
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This is like a potential energy associated with the surface. For water in small
pores it tends to keep the water in the pores rather than in a drop on the surface.
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= P dV = (A + BV) dV
2
P2
P
1
V
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u2 u1 = 1q2 1w2 = 0
since u2 = u1 (isothermal)
Then
1W2
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V2 = 0,
2
0.5 V1
0.5252 m2/s2
L = 0.0006g =
= 5311 m
0.0069.807 m/s2
Remark: Over 5 km! The air resistance is much higher than the rolling
resistance so this is not a realistic number by itself.
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F dx
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KE = m (V2 - V1)
V2 = 100 km/h =
100 1000
m/s
3600
= 27.78 m/s
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E2 E1
30891 J
3
=
P
800 1000 Pa = 0.0386 m
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E2 E1 = m (1/2) (V22 - 0)
= 17 500 kg (1/2) 302 (m/s)2
= 7875 000 J = 7875 kJ
W = 0.30(E2 E1) = 0.30 7875 = 2362.5 kJ
1000
100
2
V
W = P dV = (1/2)(Pbeg + Pend) V
W
2362.5 kJ
V = P = 1/2(1000 + 100) kPa = 4.29 m3
avg
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3.37
A hydraulic cylinder of area 0.01 m2 must push a 1000 kg arm and shovel 0.5 m
straight up. What pressure is needed and how much work is done?
F = mg = 1000 kg 9.81 m/s2
= 9810 N = PA
P = F/A = 9810 N/ 0.01 m2
= 981 000 Pa = 981 kPa
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Units:
F dx
PA dx = PA x
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25
J
= 0.05 m
-4
1000 5 10 kPa m2
Master
Slave
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2
kg
2m
25
m3
s2
kg m2
= 676 N
m 3 s2
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F
2
2
1
cb
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N
= 500m (0.12/2) m2 = 2.5 J
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Boundary work
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V
P
Po
g
Pavg
2
V
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v1 = 0.03320 m3/kg
= PdV
= area
P
P
1
400
v
v stop
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250 0.4
- 0.4 = 0.2667 m3
150
3
1W2 =
PextdV = Pext(VB2 - VB1) = 150 kPa (0.2667 - 0) m = 40 kJ
1
Po
Argon
A
P
1
B
2
B
VB
Notice there is a pressure loss in the valve so the pressure in B is always 150 kPa
while the piston floats.
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T2 = 233.9oC
300
T
2
C.P.
2
300 kPa
T
20
v
1
v
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V1 = 1 L = 0.001 m3
Process: P = A + BV
2
1
= 2 (150 + 800) kPa (1.5 - 1) L 0.001 m3/L
= 0.2375 kJ
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v1 = 0.0010891 m3/kg
v2 = 0.001000 m3/kg
W2 =
PdV = Po (V2 V1) = Po m (v2 v1)
= 101.325 kPa 1.5 kg (0.001 0.0010891) m3/kg
= 0.0135 kJ
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= P dV = P (V2-V1) = mP (v2-v1)
= 5 kg1000 kPa (0.00576 - 0.03150) m3/kg = -128.7 kJ
P C.P.
C.P.
P = 1000 kPa
1000
140
39
2
cb
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= P dV = 0
State 2: (v2, x2 = 1)
0.05 - 0.05013
T2 = Tsat = 250 + 5 0.04598 - 0.05013 = 250.2C
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Polytropic process
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P
The actual
process is on a
steeper curve
than n = 1.
T=C -
2
T2
2
1
T
1
v
1
v
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V2 = V1 (P1/P2)
1250.6
= 0.25 100
= 0.2852 m3
1
2
W
n=1
V
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Process:
Ideal gas
Pv = RT
so
RT 0.287 325
v1 = P =
= 0.7462 m3/kg
125
RT 0.287 500
v2 = P =
= 0.47833 m3/kg
300
From the process equation
n
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P2V2 - P1V1
1-n
158.74 4 - 100 1
kPa-m3 = 401.2 kJ
1 - (-1/3)
P2V2
158.74 4 kPa-m3
m2 = RT =
= 7.424 kg
0.287 298 kJ/kg
2
=
2
1
W
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Pv
1.5
= constant
m2 = m1 = m
(1/1.5)
= 0.09921 (201.7/500)
2/3
= 0.05416 m3/kg
1W2
-1.5
m
= P dV = 1 - 1.5 (P2v2 - P1v1)
2
= - 0.5 kg (500 0.05416 - 201.7 0.09921) kPa-m3/kg
= -7.07 kJ
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75 W
= 75C
2
10 Wm K-1 0.1 m2
TBRAKE = 20 + 75 = 95C
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2oC
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.
Q tot = 25 + 50 = 75 W to go out
.
Q = hA T = 151T = 75 W
.
Q
75 W
T = hA =
= 5C
15 W/(m2K) 1 m2
OR T must be at least 25 C
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Condensing
water
Sea
water
cb
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3.65
A pot of steel, conductivity 50 W/m K, with a 5 mm thick bottom is filled with
15C liquid water. The pot has a diameter of 20 cm and is now placed on an
electric stove that delivers 500 W as heat transfer. Find the temperature on the
outer pot bottom surface assuming the inner surface is at 15C.
Solution :
Steady conduction through the bottom of the steel pot. Assume the inside
surface is at the liquid water temperature.
.
.
T
Q = k A
= Qxk
x
cb
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= 5.67 10 8 W/m2K4
.
a) Q/A = 0.7 5.67 10-8 W/m2K4 ( 273.15 + 30)4 K4 = 335 W/m2
.
b) Q/A = 0.9 5.67 10-8 W/m2K4 288.154 K4 = 352 W/m2
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= 9.9803 1011 K4
T 1000 K OR 725 C
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a) b. Table B.6.1:
c. Ideal gas,
C.P.
a
T b,d
c
v
b,d
c
P = const.
a
v
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c.
5000 kPa, v = 0.06 m3/kg
Solution:
a) Look in Table B.1.2 at 500 kPa
T < Tsat = 151oC
b)
=>
b.
d.
-6oC, v = 1 m3/kg
compressed liquid
=>
compressed liquid
Table B.1.4:
800 - 759.62
T = 180 + (200 - 180) 848.08 - 759.62 = 180 + 200.4567 = 189.1oC
c)
=>
superheated vapor
0.06 - 0.05781
T = 400 + 50 0.0633 - 0.05781 = 400 + 500.3989 = 419.95oC
u = 2906.58 + 0.3989 (2999.64 - 2906.58) = 2943.7 kJ/kg
d)
B.1.5:
C.P.
P = const.
c
b
a
c
b
a
v
d
v
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u=? v=?
Solution:
a) Table B.2.1 P < Psat
u = 1374.5 kJ/kg
T
c
C.P.
c
1200 kPa
600 kPa
a
T
b
v
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b
v
b)
c)
Table B.6.1: T > Tsat (200 kPa) so superheated vapor in Table B.6.2
x = undefined
v = 0.5(0.35546 + 0.38535) = 0.3704 m3/kg,
u = 0.5(177.23 + 192.14) = 184.7 kJ/kg
P C.P.
a
b
C.P.
P = const.
b
c
T
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P=? u=?
T = ?, u = ?
P=? u=?
T=? v=?
a) Enter Table B.1.1 with T and we see at 20C, v < vf so compressed liquid and
Table B.1.4:
P = 5000 kPa and u = 83.64 kJ/kg.
b) Table B.4.2:
c)
d) Table B.6.1 shows that at 101.3 kPa, hf < h < hg = 76.69 kJ/kg,
so saturated two-phase T = 77.3 K
x = (h hf ) / hfg = (60 + 122.15)/198.84 = 0.916
v = vf + x vfg = 0.001240 + 0.916 0.21515 = 0.1983 m3/kg
P C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
a
c,d
b
a
T
v
c,d
v
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H2O
b.
H2O
T 100C, P 10 MPa
c.
N2
T 100 K, x 0.75
d.
N2
e.
NH3
Solution:
a) Table B.1.1: vf < v < vg => L+V mixture, P = 198.5 kPa,
x = (0.5 - 0.00106)/0.8908 = 0.56,
u = 503.48 + 0.56 2025.76 = 1637.9 kJ/kg
b) Table B.1.4: compressed liquid, v = 0.001039 m3/kg, u = 416.1 kJ/kg
c) Table B.6.1:
100 K,
x = 0.75
v = 0.001452 + 0.75 0.02975 = 0.023765 m3/kg
u = -74.33 + 0.75137.5 = 28.8 kJ/kg
d) Table B.6.2: 200 K, 200 kPa
v = 0.29551 m3/kg ; u = 147.37 kJ/kg
e) Table B.2.1: v > vg => superheated vapor, x = undefined
0.1 - 0.10539
B.2.2: P = 1600 + 400 0.08248-0.10539 = 1694 kPa
P C.P.
e
a
d
c
b
T
C.P.
e
P = const.
d
c
v
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so,
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v = ? and h = ?
b) 10oC, x = 0.5
P = ?, u = ?
c) Table B.3.1
Table B.3.2:
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R-410a
c.
R-134a
T = 40oC, h = 400 kJ/kg
Solution:
a) Table B.4.1: h > hg = > superheated vapor, look in section 500 kPa and
interpolate
300 287.84
T = 0 + 20
= 20 0.66303 = 13.26C,
306.18 287.84
v = 0.05651 + 0.66303 (0.06231-0.05651) = 0.06036 m3/kg,
u = 259.59 + 0.66303 (275.02 259.59) = 269.82 kJ/kg
b) Table B.4.1: u < ug = 255.9 kJ/kg => L+V mixture, P = 1085.7 kPa
u - uf 200 - 72.24
x = u = 183.66 = 0.6956,
fg
v = 0.000886 + 0.6956 0.02295 = 0.01685 m3/kg,
h = 73.21 + 0.6956 208.57 = 218.3 kJ/kg
c) Table B.5.1: h < hg => two-phase L + V, look in B.5.1 at 40C:
h - hf 400 256.5
x= h =
= 0.87875,
163.3
fg
C.P.
P=C
a
b, c
a
b, c
T
v
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u [kJ/kg]
h [kJ/kg]
u = u - u1
h = h - h1
Pv)
1
a
b
83.94
83.91
83.82
83.94
84.41
85.82
-0.03
-0.12
0.47
1.88
0.5
2
For these states u stays nearly constant, dropping slightly as P goes up.
h varies with Pv changes.
b
a
1
b,a,1
T = 20oC
P
L
T
b
a
S
C.P.
V
cb
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so,
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Process:
1W2 = 0
1Q2 = 0
so
V = m1 v2
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State 1:
Table B.3.1,
v1 = vf + x vfg = .
State 2:
6000 kPa, v1 = v2 = ..
T2 = , u2 =
1q2
= (u2 - u1) =
P
State 2 could also be in the
two-phase region if
v1 = v2 < vg at 6 MPa
6000
T
1970
1
v
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1w2
State 1:
gives T1, u1
State 2:
v2 = 2v1 = & P2 = P1
Compare v2 to vg to determine if sup. vapor or not.
Either find x2 or interpolate to get T2 and u2 in B.1.3
P C.P.
C.P.
200 kPa
2
200
1
120
1
v
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v2 = 2 v1 = v3 and P2= P1 T2 =
State 3: Table B.4.2 (P, T) Compare P3 > P2 and T3 > T2
v3 = 0.02015 m3/kg, u3 = 248.4 kJ/kg
W = P dV = P(V2 V1) = Pm (v2 v1)
P
3
Po
cb
R-410a
2
v
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Continuity Eq.:
m2 mA1 mB1 = 0 ;
Energy Eq.:
dV = (1/v) dV =
u dV = (u/v) dV =
(uA1/vA1)VA + (uB1/vB1)VB
= mA1uA1 + mB1uB1
Formulation continues as:
Process constant total volume:
etc.
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Process Eq.:
V = constant 1W2 = 0;
VA = mARTA1/PA1 = ..
Insulated 1Q2 = 0
VB = mBRTB1/ PB1 = .
uB1= . from Table A.7
State 2:
Energy Eq.:
m2 = mA + mB ; => v2 = V/ m2 = ..
mAuA1 + mBuB1
u2 =
= ..
=> Table A.7.1: T2
m2
P2 = m2 RT2 /V = ..
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3.88
Look at problem 3.183 and plot the P-v diagram for the process. Only T2 is given,
how do you determine the 2nd property of the final state? What do you need to
check and does it have an influence on the work term?
Process:
P = constant = F/A = P1
if
V > Vmin
if
P < P1
The only possible P-V combinations for this system are shown in the diagram so
both state 1 and 2 must be on the two lines. For state 2 we need to know if it is on
the horizontal P line segment or the vertical V segment. Let us check state 1a:
V1a
State 1a:
P1a = P1, V1a = Vmin , Ideal gas so T1a = T1 V
1
We see if T2 < T1a then state 2 must have V2 = V1a = Vmin = 0.03 m3. So state 2
T2 V1
is known by (T2, v2) and P2 = P1 T V
1
2
If it was that T2 > T1a then we know state 2 as:
T2
V2 = V 1 T
The work is the area under the process curve in the P-V diagram and so it does
make a difference where state 2 is relative to state 1a. For the part of the process
that proceeds along the constant volume Vmin the work is zero there is only work
when the volume changes.
1W2
2
=
1 P dV = P1 (V1a V1)
T
1a
P
P
T1
T1a
1
2
T
V
1a
2
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=>
W2 = 0/
1 2
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Table B.1.2
State 1:
State 2:
= 18.5 kJ
From the energy equation
Q = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = 0.2 (1576.58 2553.55) 18.5
1 2
= 213.9 kJ
P C.P.
C.P.
P = 400 kPa
400
1
144
2
cb
1
v
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m2 = m1 ;
=>
w = 0/
1 2
1
2
V
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P
2
1
V
Continuity Eq.:
Energy Eq.3.5:
m 2 = m1 = m ;
m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
v2 = v1 &
W2 = 0
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v1 = 0.04656 m3/kg,
u1 = 407.44 kJ/kg
State 2: T, v => two-phase
(straight down in P-v diagram
from state 1)
12.5 C
450
134
2
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Energy Eq.:
Process:
P=C
State 1 : P1 , T1,V1
so
1W2
= P dV = P(V2 V1)
State 2 : P1 = P2 , ?
= P(V2 V1) = 54 kJ
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V = constant
1W2 =
State 1:
P dV = 0
State 2:
so two-phase
361.3
198.5
C.P.
140 C
120 C
140
120
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m2 = m1 = m;
m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
1
1
2
V
kPa)
Q = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = m(u2 - u1) + Pm(v2 - v1) = m(h2 - h1)
1 2
1 2
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P = A + BV (linearly in V)
2
1
200
State 1: (P, T)
State 2: (P, T)
600
=>
T
v
P dV = area =
m
2 (P1 + P2)(v2 v1)
1.5
= 2 kg (200 + 600) kPa (0.47424 0.95964) m3/kg = 291.24 kJ
Notice volume is reduced so work is negative.
m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Energy Eq.:
1Q2
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Energy Eq.3.5:
1 2
[ Notice that
0.1
0.5
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P2
P
1
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V = constant 1W2 = 0
State 1:
State 2:
v2 = v1 = 0.1 & x2 =1
found in Table B.1.1 between 210C and 215 C
0.1-0.10441
T2 = 210 + 5 0.09479-0.10441 = 210 + 5 0.4584 = 212.3C
u2 = 2599.44 + 0.4584 (2601.06 2599.44) = 2600.2 kJ/kg
T
2
1
V
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State 2:
1
1
2
2
200
200 kPa
u = const
C.P.
1
L
200 kPa
2
v
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Energy Eq.:
State 1:
v1 = 0.03787 m3/kg,
u1 = 1338.9 kJ/kg
State 2: T, v => two-phase (straight down in
P-v diagram from state 1)
70 C
1
3312
858
2
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m2 = m1 ;
Energy Eq.3.5:
State 2: T2, v2 = v1
=> x2 = 0.003224
u2 = -354.09 + 0.003224 2715.5 = -345.34 kJ/kg
m = V/v1 = 0.15/1.5057 = 0.09962 kg
Q = m(u2 - u1) = 0.09962 kg (-345.34 - 2297.8) kJ/kg = -263.3 kJ
1 2
P C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
1
1
T
C.P.
1
V
T
L+V
2
S+ V
v
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3.104
A 25 kg mass moves with 25 m/s. Now a brake system brings the mass to a
complete stop with a constant deceleration over a period of 5 seconds. The brake
energy is absorbed by 0.5 kg water initially at 20oC, 100 kPa. Assume the mass is
at constant P and T. Find the energy the brake removes from the mass and the
temperature increase of the water, assuming P = C.
Solution:
C.V. The mass in motion.
2
kJ/kg
u2 = u1 + 15.63 = 83.94 + 15.63 = 99.565 kJ/kg
Assume u2 = uf
T2 23.7oC, T = 3.7oC
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P2 = P1 +
ksm
2(v2
- v1) = 198.5 +
u1 = 2529.2 kJ/kg
15 0.5
(v - 0.89186)
(0.05)2 2
Ap
P2 = 500 kPa and on the process curve (see above equation).
=>
=>
T2 = 803C;
u2 = 3668 kJ/kg
m(v2 - v1)
W
=
PdV
=
1 2
2
198.5 + 500
=
kPa0.5 kg(0.9924 - 0.89186) m3/kg = 17.56 kJ
2
Substitute the work into the energy equation and solve for the heat transfer
1Q2
P
2
1
ksm
A2p
1
v
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1
cb
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mpg
PA2 = P0 + A = 120.8 kPa ; vA2 = Vtot/ mA= 0.5 m3/kg
mA2 = mA1
1W2 = PdV
= 169.32 kJ
1Q2
cb
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1060 kPa
1060 kPa
u=2585
sat vap
0.184
0.1823-0.001101
1897.52 = 1762.9
0.31457
0.1823-0.001097
P2 = 550 kPa: RHS = 655.30 +
1909.17 = 1668.1
0.34159
P2 = 600 kPa: RHS = 669.88 +
too large
too small
P2 568.5 kPa
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P = A + BV
=>
1W2
P = 1969.6 kPa
v2 = 0.01512 m3/kg,
u2 = 310.21 kJ/kg,
= (P1 + P2 )( v2 - v1)
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Process:
V=C
so
1W2
=0
T
1653.6 kPa
C
2
25
0
1
v
= 113.42 kJ/kg
State 2: ( T, v ) => sup-vapor (straight up in T-v diagram from state 1)
B.4.1 at 25C, vf = 0.000944 m3/kg, vg = 0.01514 m3/kg, vf < v < vg : saturated.
v vf 0.01 0.000944
P = 1653.6 kPa,
x= v
=
= 0.63775,
0.01420
fg
u2 = uf + x2 ufg = 96.03 + x2 162.95 = 199.95 kJ/kg
From the energy Eq.:
1Q2 = mR410a(u2 u1) + mst Cst(T2 T1)
= 0.5 kg (199.95 113.42) kJ/kg + 2.5 kg 0.46 kJ/kgK (250) K
= 72.0 kJ
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mp
Water
Energy Eq.:
Process Eq:
State 1:
V=C
if P < Pfloat
P
500 C
1
1000
3.17
a
2
V
= m P dv = m P1 (v2 v1)
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3.112
A spring loaded piston/cylinder assembly contains 1 kg water at 500oC, 3 MPa.
The setup is such that the pressure is proportional to volume, P = CV. It is now
cooled until the water becomes saturated vapor. Sketch the P-v diagram and find
the final state, the work and heat transfer in the process.
Solution :
State 1: Table B.1.3:
P = C0V = C0m v = C v
P = Cv
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P C.P.
Energy Eq.3.5:
600
Process Eq.:
State 1: (P, T)
P = A + BV (linearly in V)
=> v1 = 0.47424 m3/kg,
200
u1 = 2881.12 kJ/kg
1
2
T
v
= -165.14 kJ
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process: P = constant
W2 = PdV
= Pm(v2 - v1)
V1 = 0.0327 m3
T
1
2
1
V
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For the solid masses we will use the specific heats, Table A.3, and they all have
the same temperature so
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kJ
kJ
Cv met = 0.42 kg K, Cv oil = 1.8 kg K
T2 = 25 C
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State 2:
u2 = 418.91 kJ/kg
1Q2
kJ
= 1 kg 0.46 kg K (100 15) K + 1 kg (418.91 62.98) kJ/kg
= 39.1 + 355.93 = 395 kJ
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T2 = 22.5oC
0.5 m V2 = 1W2
V2 =
20 000 J
= 1019 m
2 kg 9.807 m/s2
Comment: Notice how fast (500 km/h) and how high it should be to have the
same energy as raising the temperature just 2 degrees. I.e. in most
applications we can disregard the kinetic and potential energies
unless we have very high V or Z.
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157.5
= 1.076 kg
4.18 35
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The brake system mass is two different kinds so split it, also use Cv from
Table A.3 since we do not have a u table for steel or brake pad material.
2
1000
msteel Cv T + mpad Cv T = mcar 0.5 (602 202) 3600 m2/s2
kJ
(4 0.46 + 0.5 1.1) K T = 1275 kg 0.5 (3200 0.077 16) m2/s2
= 157 406 J = 157.4 kJ
=> T = 65.9 C
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Process: P = C for the R134a and constant volume for the steel =>
3
1W2 = P dV = P1(V2 V1) = 150 kPa (0.03318 0.02628) m
= 1.035 kJ
1Q2
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Use Eq.3.33 and values from A.3 and A.4 to evaluate changes in u
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Energy Eq.:
Process: The steel does not change volume and the change for the liquid is
minimal, so 1W2 0.
So sum over the various parts of the left hand side in the energy equation
mFe (u2 u1) + mAl (u2 u1)Al + mst (u u1)st
+ moil (u2 u1)oil + mgly (u2 u1)gly = 1Q2
Table A.3 : CFe = 0.42 , CAl = 0.9, Cst = 0.46 all units of kJ/kg K
Table A.4 : Coil = 1.9 , Cgly = 2.42 all units of kJ/kg K
So now we factor out T2 T1 as u2 u1 = C(T2 T1) for each term
[ mFeCFe + mAlCAl + mstCst+ moilCoil + mglyCgly ] (T2 T1) = 1Q2
T2 T1 = 1Q2 / mi Ci
7000
100 0.42 + 20 0.9 + 20 0.46 + 5 1.9 + 6 2.42
7000
= 93.22 = 75 K
=
T2 = T1 + 75oC = 5 + 75 = 80oC
Air intake filter
Shaft
power
Exhaust flow
Fan Radiator
Atm.
air
Coolant flow
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h = CP0(T2-T1)
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Cp =
1500 K
Cp =
Cp 300
T
300
1000 1500
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h
521.98 - 511.95
=
= 1.003 kJ/kg K
130 - 120
T
u 489.36 - 480.16
=
= 0.920 kJ/kg K
130 - 120
T
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b)
1
Tavg = 2 (1200 + 600) = 900,
T
900
= 1000 = 1000 = 0.9
Cpo = 0.45 + 1.67 0.9 - 1.27 0.92 + 0.39 0.93 = 1.2086 kJ/kg K
Cvo = Cpo R = 1.2086 0.1889 = 1.0197 kJ/kg K
u = 1.0197 (1200 600) = 611.8 kJ/kg
c)
u
u
1200
u
600
T
300
600
1200
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B.6.2
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b)
1
Tavg = 2 (1200 + 600) = 900 K,
T
900
= 1000 = 1000 = 0.9
Cpo = 0.88 0.0001 0.9 + 0.54 0.92 0.33 0.93 = 1.0767 kJ/kgK
Cvo = Cpo R = 1.0767 0.2598 = 0.8169 kJ/kg K
u = 0.8169 (1200 600) = 490.1 kJ/kg
c)
u
u1200
u600
T
300
600
1200
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u2 = 4467.23 kJ/kg
u1 = 591.41 kJ/kg
u2 = 2474.25 kJ/kg
Table A.5 :
u
1200
Slope at
25 C
150
25
150
1200
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= T/1000 = 1.0382
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u1 uf = 83.95 kJ/kg
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1W2 =
u2 u1 = 1q2 0 1q2 = u2 u1
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V = 0 1W2 = 0
a) For constant heat capacity we have: u2- u1 = Cvo (T2- T1) so
Process:
1Q2
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V = 0 1W2 = 0
a) For constant heat capacity we have: u2- u1 = Cvo (T2 - T1) so
Process:
1Q2
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
State 1:
T1 , P 1
ideal gas so
P1V1 = mRT1
P2V2 = mRT2
3
=
PdV = P (V2 - V1) = 300 kPa(1.435 0.86143) m = 172.1 kJ
W2
300
T
2
1
T
500
300 kPa
T
2
300
1
v
1
v
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For the liquid and the metal masses we will use the specific heats (Tbl A.3, A.4)
so
miCv i = 1.5 4.18 + 1 0.46 + 0.5 0.96 + 0.1 0.717 = 7.282 kJ/K
The T for air must be converted to oC like the others.
Energy Eq.: T2 miCv i = miCv iT1 i
7.282 T2 = 1.5 4.18 55 + (1 0.46 + 0.5 0.96) 20
+ 0.1 0.717 (400-273.15) = 372.745 kJ
T2 = 51.2oC
The volume of the air is constant so from PV = mRT it follows that P varies with T
P2 = P1 T2/T1 air = 100 kPa 324.34 K/ 400 K = 81 kPa
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
V = 0 1W2 = 0
1500 0.25
kPa m3
= 1.447 kg
0.5183 500 (kJ/kg-K) K
For constant heat capacity A.5, we have: u2- u1 = Cvo (T2 - T1) so
u2 - u1 = Cv (T2 T1) = 1.736 kJ/kg-K (300 500) K = 347.2 kJ/kg
1Q2
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P1
1
2
P0
cb
air
V1
Vmax
The water on top is compressed liquid and has volume and mass
VH2O = Vtot - Vair = 100.1 - 0.3 = 0.7 m3
mH2O = VH2O/vf = 0.7 / 0.001002 = 698.6 kg
The initial air pressure is then
698.6 9.807
P1 = P0 + mH2Og/A = 101.325 + 0.1 1000 = 169.84 kPa
and then
169.84 0.3
kPa m3
mair=PV/RT= 0.287 300 (kJ/kg-K) K = 0.592 kg
T1P2V2 300101.3251
T2 = P V = 169.840.3 = 596.59 K
1 1
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Process Eq.:
P = A + BV
1W2
Equation of state:
(linear spring)
1
= PdV
= 2(P1 + P2)(V2 - V1)
State 1:
State 2:
1W2
P
2
CO 2
Remark: We could also have used the ideal gas table in A.8 to get u2 - u1.
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P = constant
=>
1w2
= P ( v2- v1 )
= h2- h1
Table B.1:
126.85 - 99.62
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Process:
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2
1
2
1
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Process: P = C =>
1Q2
Use A.3:
Use A.5: (h2 h1)air = Cp(T2 T1) = 1.004 kJ/kgK (1600 300) K = 1305.2 kJ/kg
1Q2
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
State 1:
State 2:
1.50
Pv
= constant,
v2/v1 = 8
P1 = 7 MPa, T1 = 1800 K
(v2 = 8v1, ?) Must be on process curve so
P2 = P1 (v1/v2)n = 7000 (1/8)1.50 = 309.36 kPa
P2v2
T2 = T1 P v = T1(v1/v2)n - 1 = 1800 (1/8)0.5 = 636.4 K
1 1
T
)
=
Pdv =
1w2 =
2
1
1n
1 - 1.5
1n
= 667.9 kJ/kg
Heat transfer from the energy equation
1q2 = (u2 - u1) + 1w2 = 0.717 (636.4 1800) + 667.9 = 166.4 kJ/kg
P
Notice:
n = 1.5, k = 1.4
2
v
n>k
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Pv1.50 = constant,
v2/v1 = 8
P1 = 7 MPa, T1 = 1800 K
(v2 = 8v1, ?) Must be on process curve so
P2 = P1 (v1/v2)n = 7000 (1/8)1.50 = 309.36 kPa
P2v2
T2 = T1 P v = T1(v1/v2)n - 1 = 1800 (1/8)0.5 = 636.4 K
1 1
Table A.7:
w
=
Pdv
=
= 1 n (T2 T1) =
1 2
1n
1 - 1.5
= 667.9 kJ/kg
Heat transfer from the energy equation
1q2 = (u2 - u1) + 1w2 = (463.06 1486.33) + 667.9 = 355.4 kJ/kg
P
Notice:
n = 1.5, k = 1.4
2
v
n>k
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Process equation:
m = PV/RT =
125 0.25
= 0.043 kg
2.0771 350
V2 = V1 (P1/P2)
1W2
Use specific heat from Table A.5 to evaluate u2 u1, Cv = 3.116 kJ/kg K
1Q2
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PV = mRT = constant
PdV
=
V
1 2
V1
P2
u2 = u1
T
T=C
2
2
1
v
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m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5
Process Eq.:
Pvn = Constant
(polytropic)
From the ideal gas law and the process equation we can get:
-n
-1.5
State 2:
P2 = P1 (v2 / v1) = 4000 10
= 126.5 kPa
126.5 10
4000 = 569.3 K
m
mR
1W2 = P dV = 1n (P2v2 P1v1) = 1n (T2 T1)
=
From energy eq.:
1Q2
0.1 0.287
1 - 1.5 (569.3 1800) = 70.64 kJ
P = C v -1.5
P = C T3
1
T = C v-0.5
1
T1
1
2
T2
v
2
v
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m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5
Process Eq.:
Pvn = Constant
(polytropic)
From the ideal gas law and the process equation we can get:
-n
-1.5
State 2:
P2 = P1 (v2 / v1) = 4000 10
= 126.5 kPa
126.5 10
4000 = 569.3 K
m
mR
1W2 = P dV = 1n (P2v2 P1v1) = 1n (T2 T1)
=
From energy eq.:
1Q2
0.1 0.287
1 - 1.5 (569.3 1800) = 70.64 kJ
The only place where Table A.7 comes in is for values of u1 and u2
P = C v -1.5
P = C T3
1
T = C v-0.5
1
T1
1
2
T2
v
2
v
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u2 u1 = 1q2 1w2
n
Process:
Ideal gas
Pv = RT
so
RT 0.287 325
v1 = P =
= 0.7462 m3/kg
125
RT 0.287 500
v2 = P =
= 0.47833 m3/kg
300
From the process equation
n
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Process:
Substance ideal gas:
Pvn = constant
Pv = RT
n-1
)n
0.2
750 1.2
T2 = T1 (P2/P1
= 750 1500 = 750 0.8909 = 668 K
1w2 = Pdv
0.2968
= 1 - 1.2 (668 - 750) = 121.7 kJ/kg
The energy equation with values of u from Table A.8 is
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = 502.8 - 568.45 + 121.7 = 56.0 kJ/kg
If constant specific heat is used from Table A.5
1q2 = Cv(T2 - T1) + 1w2 = 0.745(668 750) + 121.7 = 60.6 kJ/kg
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Process:
PV-2 = constant,
polytropic n = -2
The energy equation with specific heat from Table A.5 becomes
1Q2 = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = mCv(T2 - T1) + 1W2
= 11.490(700 - 40) + 41.48 = 1024.9 kJ
P=CV
T=CV
2
1
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State 2:
P2, v2
1 2
P = C v -1
T=C
2
v
2
v
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u2 u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
n
Pv = C;
1.25
= 1138.6 kPa
n-1
1
R
Polytropic work Eq. 3.21: 1w2 = 1-n (P2v2 P1v1) = 1-n (T2 T1)
1w2
1q2
0.2598 kJ
= 1 - 1.25 kg K (476.8 293.2) K = 190.88 kJ/kg
P
P2
100
2
1
w
n=1
v
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
Pvn = const.
1.25
P1v1n = P2v2n P2 = P1(v1/v2)n = 90 = 845.15 kPa
Substance ideal gas: Pv = RT
T2 = T1(P2v2/P1v1) = 293.15(845.15/90 = 458.8 K
P
2
-1.25
T
-0.25
P=Cv
T=Cv
1
v
PV 90 0.210-3
m = RT = 0.287 293.15 = 2.1410-4 kg
The work is integrated as in Eq.3.21
1
R
= 1 - n (P2v2 - P1v1) = 1 - n (T2 - T1)
1w2 = Pdv
0.287
= 1 - 1.25(458.8 - 293.15) = -190.17 kJ/kg
The energy equation with values of u from Table A.7 is
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = 329.4 - 208.03 190.17 = -68.8 kJ/kg
1Q2
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W
=
=
dV = P1V1ln(V2/V1) = 2.303 J
1 2
V
W
= P (V - V ) = 101 (10 1) 10-6 kJ = 0.909 J
1
2,ATM
1
Wbullet = 1W2 - 1W2,ATM = 1.394 J = 2mbullet(Vexit)2
Vexit = (2Wbullet/mB)1/2 = (2 1.394/0.015)1/2 = 13.63 m/s
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m2 = m1 = m;
Energy Eq.3.5
Process Eq.:
Pvn = Constant
(polytropic)
From the ideal gas law and the process equation we can get:
-1/n
1-n
State 2: (v2/v1) = (P2/P1)
and Pv = RT => T2/T1 = (v2 / v1)
-1/n
-1/1.3
(v2/v1) = (P2/P1)
= (2200 / 200)
= 0.1581
(n-1)/n
2200 0.3/1.3
T2 = T1 (P2/P1)
= 300 ( 200 )
= 521.7 K
From process eq.:
1w2 =
0.287
(521.7 - 300) = 212.09 kJ/kg
11.3
From the energy equation and constant specific heat from Table A.5
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = Cv (T2 T1) + 1w2
=
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m2 = m1 = m;
Energy Eq.3.5
Process Eq.:
Pvn = Constant
(polytropic)
From the ideal gas law and the process equation we can get:
-n
1-n
State 2: P2 = P1 (v2 / v1)
and Pv = RT => T2/T1 = (v2 / v1)
P2 = P1 ( T2 / T1)
n/(n-1)
800 1.3/0.3
= 600 (600)
= 2087 kPa
0.2968
(800 - 600) = 197.9 kJ/kg
11.3
From the energy equation and Table A.8
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = (609.41 449.16 197.9) kJ/kg = -37.65 kJ/kg
=
From the energy equation and constant specific heat from Table A.5
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = Cv (T2 T1) + 1w2
= 0.745 kJ/kg-K (800 600) K 197.9 kJ/kg = -48.9 kJ/kg
P = C T4.33
2
P
1
P = C v -1.3
T = C v-0.3
2
T2
2
T1
v
1
v
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u2 u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
n
n/(n-1)
P2 = P1(v1/v2) = P1(T2/T1)
= 600(7/5) = 3227 kPa
1
R
Reversible work Eq. 3.21: 1w2 =
(P2v2 P1v1) =
(T T1)
1-n
1-n 2
1w2
1q2
0.2598 kJ
= 1 - 1.25 kg K (700 500) K = 207.84 kJ/kg
P
P2
100
2
1
w
n=1
v
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u1 = 372.27 kJ/kg
2: (P, process)
v2 = v1 (P1/P2) (1/1.5) = 0.09921 (201.7/500)0.667 = 0.05416 m3/kg
=> Table B.5.2 superheated vapor, T2 = 79C, V2 = mv2 = 0.027 m3
u2 = 440.9 kJ/kg
Process gives P = C v (-1.5) , which is integrated for the work term, Eq.3.21
1W2
= P dV = m(P2v2 - P1v1)/(1-1.5)
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Po
F = F = P A = PairA + Fstop
R-410a
u2 = uf = 27.92 kJ/kg
= PdV
= Plift(V2 - V1) = 450 kPa (0.01787 - 0.5) m3 = -217.0 kJ ;
Energy eq.
1Q2 = 22.252 kg (27.92 373.49) kJ/kg 217.9 kJ = -7906.6 kJ
2 MPa
T
150
32.3
P = 2 MPa
1
T = -20
P = 450 kPa
v
450 kPa
-16.8
-20
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cb
1555
180 o C
40 oC
857
State 1: (T, P)
20o C
v
Table B.2.2
v1 = 0.10571 m3/kg
u1 = 1630.6 kJ/kg
State 2: (T, x) Table B.2.1 sat. vap.
P2 = 1555 kPa,
v2 = 0.08313 m3/kg
u2 = 1341.0 kJ/kg
PdV (
1W3 =
1
P2 + P3
P1 + P2
)
m(v
v
)
+
(
) m(v3 - v2)
2
1
2
2
2000 + 1555
kPa 1 kg (0.08313 0.10571) m3/kg
2
1555 + 857
+
kPa 1 kg (0.07543 - 0.08313) m3/kg
2
= -49.4 kJ
From the energy equation
1Q3 = m(u3 u1) + 1W3 = 1 kg (802.55 1630.6) kJ/kg 49.4 kJ
=
= 877.5 kJ
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Process:
Po
2
P2
cb
H2O
P1
V
cb
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P
The two processes are:
1 -> 2: Constant volume V2 = V1
2 -> 3:
Constant pressure P3 = P2
P
2
P
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Po
cb
R-410a
2
v
x1 = 0.4514
this is still 2-phase.
We get the work from the process equation (see P-V diagram)
2
= 61.1 kJ
The heat transfer from the energy equation becomes
Q = m(u3-u1) + 1W3 = 5(287.91 155.14) + 61.1 = 725.0 kJ
1 3
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Process:
Po
2
P2
cb
H2O
P1
V
cb
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P = Pfloat
State 1: (P, T)
=>
1000
2
or v = C = v1,
400
v1 = 0.0332 m3/kg,
u1 = 292.695 kJ/kg
State 2: (P, v)
1W2 =
P dV = area =
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m2 = m1 = m ;
= 0.30 kJ
The heat transfer is from the energy equation
Q = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = 1 kg (675.3 83.94) kJ/kg + 0.30 kJ
1 2
= 591.7 kJ
P
Po
cb
H2O
V
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75 9.807
= 400 kPa
0.00245 1000
Po
2
143 C
cb
H2O
cb
100 C
v
= 254.1 kJ
Heat transfer is from the energy equation
1Q3 = 5 (2553.6 - 836.4) + 254.1 = 8840 kJ
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P
Plift
P1
1a
1
cb
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Energy Eq.3.5
Process Eq.:
P = Pfloat
State 1: (P, T)
=>
P C.P.
m2 = m1 = m ;
or v = C = v1,
v1 = 0.06023 m3/kg,
400
2
201
u1 = 304.91 kJ/kg
State 2: (P, v)
T
v
1W2 =
P dV = area =
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P = Pfloat
or v = C = v1,
800
2
2 1
1W2
= 1aW2 =
P dV = P2(V2-V1)
Po
mp
P
1
2
Air
1a
V
V stop
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P = 857.5 kPa
Po
cb
NH 3
2
V
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u2 - u1 = 1q2 - 1w2 ;
P = constant =>
1w2
h2 = 1277.8 kJ/kg,
h3 = h1 = 607.3 kJ/kg
Process 23:
v3 = v2 = 2v1
2w3
= 0,
Po
200
P
1
T
2
1200
cb
100
600
Air
v
3
v
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
V > Vmin
if
P < P1
The only possible P-V combinations for this system is shown in the diagram so
both state 1 and 2 must be on the two lines. For state 2 we need to know if it is on
the horizontal P line segment or the vertical V segment. Let us check state 1a:
State 1a:
P1a = P1, V1a = Vmin
V1a
0.03
Ideal gas so T1a = T1 V = 1000 0.07175 = 418 K
1
We see that T2 < T1a and state 2 must have V2 = V1a = Vmin = 0.03 m3.
T2 V1
400 0.07175
P 2 = P1
= 2000
= 1913.3 kPa
T1 V2
1000
0.03
The work is the area under the process curve in the P-V diagram
1W2
3
2
=
1 P dV = P1 (V1a V1) = 2000 kPa (0.03 0.07175) m = 83.5 kJ
Now the heat transfer is found from the energy equation, us from Table A.7.1,
1Q2
T
1a
P
P
T1
T1a
1
2
T
V
1a
2
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m = P1V1 / RT1 =
=> u3 = u2 and
P3 = P2 V2 / V3 = 133.3 0.75 / 1.5 = 66.67 kPa
2W3
dT = 0
V3
3
=
2 P dV = P2V2 ln ( V2 ) = 133.3 0.75 ln(2) = 69.3 kJ
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3.186
A crane use 2 kW to raise a 100 kg box 20 m. How much time does it take?
.
L
Power = W = FV = mgV = mg t
mgL 100 kg 9.807 m/s2 20 m
t=
=
= 9.81 s
2000 W
.
W
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F dx
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.
.
mliq = -mvapor
.
.
.
.
.
Vtot = Vvapor + Vliq = mvaporvg + mliqvf
.
.
= mvapor (vg- vf ) = mvapor vfg
.
.
.
W = PV = P mvapor vfg
= 475.9 kPa 0.001 kg/s 0.39169 m3/kg = 0.1864 kW
= 186 W
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dQ
dm
=
h
fg
dt
dt
.
dm Q
325 W
=
=
dt hfg 2257 kJ/kg = 0.144 g/s
The volume rate of increase is
dV dm
3
dt = dt vfg = 0.144 g/s 1.67185 m /kg
= 0.24 10-3 m3/s = 0.24 L/s
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Q el
C.V.
Qrad
dM
Continuity Eq: dt = 0
.
dE .
Energy Eq: dt = Qel - Qrad
.
W=0
.
KE = 0
.
PE = 0
. .
.
.
.
.
E = U = Qel-Qrad = Qnet U2-U1 = m(u2-u1) = Qnet(t2-t1)
P1V1
100 10
Ideal gas: m = RT = 0.287 298.15 = 11.688 kg
1
m(u2 - u1) = m Cv0(T2 T1) = 11.6880.717 (-20 - 25) = 377.1 kJ
.
t2 - t1 = m (u2-u1)/Qnet = 377.1 kJ) /-25 kJ/h) = 15.08 h
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.
.
. .
.
U = (mu) = mCvT = Q = mq
. .
T = q/Cv = 210-3 / 0.9
= 2.222 10-3 C/sec
.
T = Tt = 2.222 10-3 3600 = 8 C
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dEwater dUwater . .
.
.
=
=
Q
W
=
Q
PV
dt
dt
dTwater
. dUwater
. dHwater
Q = dt + PV = dt = mwaterCp dt
Integrate over time
.
Q = Q t = H = mwater (h2 h1) mwaterCp (T2 T1)
.
.
t = mwater (h2 h1)/Q mwaterCp (T2 T1)/Q
= 1.2 (419.02 83.94)/1.25 1.2 4.18 (100 20)/1.25
= 321.7 s 5.5 min
Comment: Notice how close the two results are, i.e. use of constant Cp is OK.
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.
U2 - U1 = 1Q2 = Qt
The total volume is nearly all air, but we can find volume of the solids.
Vwood = m/ = 50/510 = 0.098 m3 ;
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m2 = m1 = m ;
m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Energy Eq.3.5
The elapsed time is found from the heat transfer and the rate of heat
transfer
.
t = 1Q2/Q = (750 kJ /500 W) 1000 J/kJ = 1500 s = 25 min
C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
V
T
P C.P.
L+V
1
S+V
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V=C
1W2= 0
.
dE dU
dU
dT .
=
=
m
=
mC
=
Q
W
=
Q
= -500 W
v
dt dt
dt
dt
du u u2100 - u1900 1819.08 - 1621.66
Cv 2000 = dT =
=
=
= 0.987 kJ/kg K
200
T 2100-1900
.
dT
Q
-500 W
K
dt = mCv = 3 0.987 kJ/K = -0.17 s
Remark: Specific heat from Table A.5 has Cv 300 = 0.745 kJ/kg K which is nearly
25% lower and thus would over-estimate the rate with 25%.
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State 2:
u2 = 418.91 kJ/kg
1Q2
kJ
= 1 kg 0.46 kg K (100 15) K + 1 kg (418.91 62.98) kJ/kg
= 39.1 + 355.93 = 395 kJ
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General work
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.
.
W = W dt = W t = V i t
= 12 V 6 Amp 3 3600 s
= 777 600 J = 777.6 kJ
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1W2
110 N 10 m
= 0.318 m
3.14210-6 m21.1 106 103 Pa
x
= F dx = A s dx = AE L dx
o
AE
= L x2
o
=
where x = L - Lo
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P
2
Constant V v2 = v1
=> no boundary work, but electrical work
Process:
1
v
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[Units V A = W]
W = power dt = power t
= 73.8 W 4 h 600 (s/h) = 1 062 720 J = 1062.7 kJ
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dWatm to establish the connection between the helium pressure, the surface
tension S and Po as a function of radius.
WHe = P dV = S dA + Po dV
dWHe = P dV = S dA + Po dV
dV = d ( 6 D3 ) = 6 3D2 dD
dA = d ( 2 D2) = 2 (2D) dD
P 2 D2 dD = S (4)D dD + Po 2 D2 dD
Divide by 2 D2 to recognize
PHe = Po + 8
S
D
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= S(A2) = S( 2 D2 )
= 2 N/m 2 1 m2 = -12.57 J
Win = W = 12.57 J
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= F dx = S dA = S A
= 2 S ( 2 D2 - 4 D 2)
A1 = 4 D 2 ,
A2 = D2
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2
2
-6 2
2 (e) , A = 4 (0.01) = 78.54 10 m
1
1W2 = 2 78.54 10-6 m2 2108 kPa m (10-3)2
= 3.93 J
1W2 =
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Continuity Eq.:
m2 = mA1 + mB1 ;
Energy Eq.:
v vf
0.5 - 0.001061
xA1 = v
=
= 0.564
0.88467
fg
uA1 = uf + x ufg = 504.47 + 0.564 2025.02 = 1646.6 kJ/kg
State 1B: Table B.1.3, vB1 = 0.6173, uB1 = 2963.2, VB = mB1vB1 = 2.16 m3
Process constant total volume:
two-phase as v2 < vg
v2 vf
0.5746 0.001044
= 0.343,
vfg =
1.67185
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Process:
P2 = Peq = constant = P1A as piston floats and mp, Po do not
change
State 1A: Two phase. Table B.1.2
v1A = 0.001127 + 0.75 0.19332 = 0.146117 m3/kg,
u1A = 761.67 + 0.75 1821.97 = 2128.15 kJ/kg
State 1B: Table B.1.3 v1B = 0.14184 m3/kg, u1B = 2692.26 kJ/kg
=> m1A = V1A/v1A = 1.3688 kg, m1B = V1B/v1B = 2.115 kg
State 2: 1000 kPa, 200oC sup. vapor => v2 = 0.20596 m3/kg, u2 = 2621.9 kJ/kg
m2 = m1A + m1B = 3.4838 kg => V2 = m2v2 = 3.4838 0.20596 = 0.7175 m3
Piston moves at constant pressure
1W2
1Q2
Po
cb mp
A:H2O
g
B:H2O
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Process:
1Q2
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U2 U1 = 1Q2 1W2
State B1:
State 2: If V2 > VA1 then P2 = 200 kPa that is the piston floats.
For (T2, P2) = (150C, 200 kPa) => superheated vapor u2 = 2576.87 kJ/kg
v2 = 0.95964 m3/kg
Process:
1W2
P
150 C
467
200
2
a
V
= 29.72 kJ
From the energy Eq.:
1Q2 = m2u2 mA1uA1 mB1uB1 + 1W2
= 1 2576.87 0.5 735.222 0.5 2966.69 + 29.72 = 755.6 kJ
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Continuity Eq.:
Energy Eq.:
Process Eq.:
V2 = VA + VB = constant,
State 1A:
P1AVA
300 kPa 1 m3
m1A = RT
= 0.2598 kJ/kg-K 288.15 K = 4.007 kg
1A
State 1B:
VB =
State 2:
(T2, v2 = V2/m2)
W2 = 0
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m2 = mA + m B ;
V = VA + VB = 1.5 m3
Energy Eq.:
U2 U1 = m2 u2 mAuA1 mBuB1 = Q W = 0
Process Eq.:
V = constant W = 0;
Ideal gas at 1:
Insulated Q = 0
cb
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U2 - U1 = 1Q2 - 1W2 ;
m2 = 3 + 1.1363 = 4.1363 kg
and
V1 = VA+ VB = 1 m3
P
V2 = VA+ VB + VC = 1 m3 + VC
Locate state 2: Must be on P-V lines shown
State 1a: 800 kPa,
VA+VB
v1a = m = 0.24176 m3/kg
800 kPa, v1a => T = 173C
Assume 800 kPa: 250C
=>
1a
P2
too low.
v = 0.29314 m3/kg > v1a OK
1W2
1Q2
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Review Problems
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P=C
W2 = mP(v2 -v1)
Table B.1.3
P
2
h2 = 88.65 kJ/kg
5 M Pa
v
1 2
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P
Po
H2O
1a
1
V
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V1
Vs
t o p
T3 770C
1
W13 = W12 + W23 = 2(P1 + P2)(V2 - V1) + 0
1
= 2(100 + 1000) kPa (0.8 - 0.2) m3
= 330 kJ
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P0
2W3
1W2
cb
V3
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E2 - E1 = 1Q2 ;
(1W2 = 0/)
0.14538 0.17389
= 1187 kPa
0.14347 0.17389
P
2
= 1485.83 kJ/kg
u1 = 179.69 + 0.5 1138.3 = 748.84 kJ/kg
1
V
Process equation gives no displacement: 1w2 = 0 ;
The energy equation then gives the heat transfer as
1q2 = u2 - u1 = 1485.83 748.84 = 737 kJ/kg
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Entropy Eq.: S2 S1 = mair(s2 s1) + mst(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1S2 gen
Process: 1Q2 = 0 and must be on P-V diagram shown
mair = P1V1 / RT1 = 100 573.15) = 0.0304 kg
Since V1a = V1 then T1a = T1(Pfloat/P1) = 573.15 200/100 = 1146.3 K
Use constant Cv for air at 900 K: Cv = u/T = 0.833 kJ/kgK (from A.7)
To reach state 1a: Uair = mCvT = 0.0304 0.833 (1146 573) = 14.5 kJ
Ust = mCvT = 2 0.46 (1146 1573) = -392.8 kJ
Conclusion from this is: T2 is higher than T1a = 1146 K, piston lifts, P2 = Pfloat
Write the work as 1W2 = P2 (V2 V1) and use constant Cv in the energy Eq. as
mair Cv (T2 T1) + mst Cst (T2 T1) = P2mairv2 + P2 V1
now P2 v2 = RT2 for the air, so isolate T2 terms as
[mair (Cv +R) + mCst ] T2 = mair CvT1 air + mCst T1 st + P2V1
[0.0304 1.12 + 2 0.46] T2 = 0.0304 0.833 573.15
+ 2 0.46 1573.15 + 200 0.05
Solution gives: T2 = 1542.7 K, V2 = 0.03040.2871542.7/200 = 0.0673 m3
1W2 = P2 (V2 V1) = 200 (0.0673 0.05) = 3.46 kJ
P
1a
200
100
1
V
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u2 - u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
2
=>
w = P dv = P1(v2 - v1)
1 2
1
State 1: T1,P1 => Table B.1.5 compressed solid, take as saturated solid.
v1 = 1.0910-3 m3/kg,
u1 = -337.62 kJ/kg
T2 = 111.4C ;
u2 = 2519.7 kJ/kg
P
L
C.P.
S
T
V
L+V
S+V
P C.P.
1
P=C
2
v
v
C.P.
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1a
1a
1400
1200
857
2
v
W2 = 0;
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Process in cylinder:
Po
mp
cb
Water
102 9.807
= 200 kPa
10010-4 103
We thus need one more property for state 2 and we have one equation namely
the energy equation. From the equilibrium pressure the work becomes
1
With this work the energy equation gives per unit mass
u2 u1 = 1q2 - 1w2 = 0 - P2(v2 - v1)
or with rearrangement to have the unknowns on the left hand side
u2 + P2v2 = h2 = u1 + P2v1
h2 = u1 + P2v1 = 2464.8 + 2001.6395 = 2792.7 kJ/kg
State 2: (P2 , h2)
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Po
mp
cb
R-410a
3
=
Pequil dV = P2(V2V1) = 200 kPa (0.0728 - 0.010) m = 12.56 kJ
1Q2
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State 1:
( > vG )
C.P.
Psat
7.38
P1
1
T
40
3
Process T = C:
1
v
2
V2
1.952
3
=
PdV = Pg (V3V2) = 7.384 kPa (0.976 - 1.952) m = 7.21 kJ
2
Total work:
1W3
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P3
P1 = 572.8 kPa,
P2
P1
State 2: x2 = 1, T2
P2 = 1.017 MPa, v2 = 0.02002 m3/kg
Now we have fixed two points on the process line so for final state 3:
P2 - P1
P3 = P1 + v - v (v3 - v1) = RHS
Relation between P3 and v3
2
1
State 3: T3 and on process line iterate on P3 given T3
at P3 = 1.2 MPa => v3 = 0.02504
at P3 = 1.4 MPa => v3 = 0.02112
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Energy:
Po
1b
cb
cb
100 C
v
H2O
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m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5:
3 M Pa
2
1 M Pa
V, v
200 kPa
0
v2 =
v2
v1
T2 = 179.91C,
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Process Eq.:
V = constant
1W2
=0
State 1:
PA1VA1
(500 kPa)(1m3)
mA1 = RT
= (0.287 kJ/kgK)(298.2 K) = 5.84 kg
A1
VB1 =
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Continuity:
m2 mA1 mB1= 0 ;
Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
V = VA + VB = constant
=>
W2 = 0
u B1= 2945.2,
vB1= 0.1512
mB1= 1/vB1= 6.614 kg
u2 2628.8 kJ/kg
B1
Q
PA 1
A1
v
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v4 = v3 = 0.5095 m3/kg = vG at P4
1Q4
T
4
P2= P3 = 300
2
3
1
P4
P1
Wate
r
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(n = 1.3)
u1 = 1307.8 kJ/kg
T2 = 24oC
2
P2
1
P
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Process:
P = A + BV
(linear in V)
State 1: Compressed liquid P > Psat, take saturated liquid at same temperature.
v1 = vf -10 = 0.001534 m3/kg,
State 2: Table B.2.1 at 30oC :
P < Psat
u1 = uf = 133.96 kJ/kg
so superheated vapor
T
2
NH3
1000
30
300
-10
v
C.P.
1
v
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State 1a:
State 2:
=
PdV = P1 (V2 V1) = 399.6 (0.0051 0.0017) = 1.36 kJ
1Q2
P
See the work term
from the process in
the P-v diagram
Po
cb
R-410a
1a
v
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P = A + BV,
A = 0 (at V = 0, P = 0)
System: on line
V Vstop;
2P 1
P1 = 399.6 kPa
P1
0
0
stop 0
0.2
0.4
TWO-PHASE STATE
u2 = 366.5 kJ/kg
From the process curve, see also area in P-V diagram, the work is
1W2
= PdV
= 2(P1+ Pstop)(Vstop - V1) = 2(399.6+ 799.2)0.2 = 119.8 kJ
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n = -1/3.
P
R410
sat.
vapor
line
1
W
V
Notice: The R-410a is not an ideal gas at any state in this problem.
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W2 =
PBdVB = PB1(V2 - V1)B = PB1(V2 - V1)tot
PB1
At (T2,PB1)
1 2
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V2
Energy Eq.3.5:
Process in B:
If VB > 0 then
1
Po
Tank
A
P
1
B
2
B
VB
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