NTU 2015 Calculus I - Solutions to Problem Set 11

Problem 15: (Various from Section 4.5 from [Stewart]).

In this problem we were asked to do substitutions to evaluate various integrals.
Solution to 1.
The appropriate substitution is to set u = x2 . Then du = 2x dx.
!
!
1
x sin x2 dx =
sin x2 2xdx
2
!
1
=
sin u du
2
1
= cos u + C
2
1
= cos x2 + C.
2

Solution to 2.
Set u = 1 2x. Then du = (2)dx.
!
!
1
9
(1 2x) dx =
(1 2x)9 (2)dx
2
!
1
=
u9 du
2
1 1
= u1 0 + C
2 10
1
= (1 2x)10 + C.
20

22

Solution to 3.
Note that

d
dx

[tan ] = sec2 . So well set u = tan .

!
!
2
3
sec tan d =
u3 du
=
=

1 4
u +C
4
1
(tan )4 + C.
4

Solution to 4.

Set u = 1 + x3/2 . Then du = 32 xdx.

!
!
"
#

3/2
x sin 1 + x
dx =
sin u du

= cos u + C

= cos (1 + x3/2 ) + C.
Solution to 5.
Set u = 1 + z 3 . Then du = 3z 2 dz.
!
z2

dx =
3
1 + z3
=
=
=

!
1
(1 + z 3 )1/3 3z 2 dz
3
!
1
u1/3 du
3
1 3
u2/3 + C
3 2
1
(1 + z 3 )2/3 + C.
2

Solution to 6.
We can see the derivative of 1 + tan t sitting out the front of this expression.
So well set u = 1 + tan t.
!
!
dt
1
d

dt
=
[1 + tan t] dt
cos2 t 1 + tan t
1 + tan t dt
!
=
u1/2 du
= 2u1/2 + C

= 2 1 + tan t + C.

23

Solution to 7.
It looks like we should make the substitution u = 2x + 5. Then du = 2dx.
The issue here is rewriting what is left as a function of u.
%
!
! $
1
1
5
8
x(2x + 5) dx =
(2x + 5)
(2x + 5)8 2dx
2
2
2
%
! $
1
1 9 5 8
=
u u
du
2
2
2
$
%
1 1 1
5 1
10
9
=

u u +C
2 2 10
2 9
1
5
=
(2x + 5)10 (2x + 5)9 + C.
40
36
Solution to 8.
Set u = ln x. Then du = x1 dx.
!

(ln x)2
dx =
x
=
=

u2 du

1 3
u +C
3
1
(ln u)3 + C.
3

Solution to 9.
Set u = 1 + ex . Then du = ex dx.
!
!

x
x
e 1 + e dx =
u1/2 du
=
=

24

2 3/2
u +C
3
2
(1 + ex )3/2 + C.
3

Solution to 10.
Set u = tan x. Then du = sec2 xdx.
!
!
tan x
2
e
sec x dx =
eu du
= eu + C

= etan x + C.
Solution to 11.
Recall that:

d & 1 '
1
tan x =
.
dx
1 + x2

So well set u = tan1 x.

!
!
tan1 x
dx
=
u du
1 + x2
1 2
=
u +C
2
1 ( 1 )2
=
tan x + C.
2
Solution to 12.

Set u = x2 . Then du = 2x dx.

!
x
dx =
1 + x4
=
=
=

!
1
1
2xdx
2
1 + (x2 )2
!
1
1
du
2
1 + u2
1
tan1 u + C
2
( )
1
tan1 x2 + C.
2

25

Problem 16: (Various from Section 7.1 from [Stewart]).

In this problem we were asked to do an appropriate integration-by-parts to
evaluate various indefinite integrals. Well put in full detail for a few of the
following solutions, but will be more brief in the later solutions.
Solution to 1.
This integral looks like it will be simplified if the factor t was replaced by
d
dt [t] = 1. This observation guides an integration-by-parts calculation:
!
!
1
d & 3t '
3t
te dt =
t
e
dt
3
dt
%
! $
1
d & 3t '
3t
=
te
e dt
3
dt
$
%
!
1
=
te3t e3t dt
3
$
%
!
1
1
3t
3t
=
te
+
e (3)dt
3
3
$
%
!
1
1
3t
u
=
te
+
e du
(Setting u = 3t.)
3
3
$
%
1
1
=
te3t + eu + C
3
3
1 3t 1 3t
= te
e
+ C .
3
9

26

Solution to 2.
To simplify this integral we would like to dierentiate the first term, x2 +2x.
To replace it by a constant we would need to diernetiate twice, so we expect
to have to do two integration-by-parts steps.
!
(x2 + 2x) cos x dx
!
d
=
(x2 + 2x) [sin x] dx
dx
!
!
'
'
d & 2
d & 2
=
(x + 2x) sin x dx
x + 2x sin x dx
dx
dx
!
= (x2 + 2x) sin x (2x + 2) sin x dx
!
!
= (x2 + 2x) sin x 2 x sin x dx 2 sin x dx.
To solve the second term in the sum, well need to do another integrationby-parts. Continuing:
!
d
= (x2 + 2x) sin x 2 x [ cos x] dx + 2 cos x + C
dx
$
%
!
d
2
= (x + 2x) sin x 2 x cos x
[x]( cos x) dx + 2 cos x + C
dx
$
%
!
2
= (x + 2x) sin x 2 x cos x + cos x dx + 2 cos x + C
= (x2 + 2x) sin x + 2x cos x 2 sin x + 2 cos x + C.

27

Solution to 3.
This integral is a bit perplexing at first glance, because we would expect the
integrand of an integration-by-parts calculation to consist of two factors.

At any rate the integral will be simplified if we can replace the term ln 3 x
by its derivative. We can do that by interpreting the second factor as 1.
Observe:
!
!

ln 3 x dx =
1 ln 3 x dx
!

d
=
[x] ln 3 x dx
dx
!
'

d &
= x ln 3 x x
ln 3 x dx
dx
!

1
1
= x ln 3 x x
x2/3 dx
3
x 3
!

1
3
= x ln x
x11/32/3 dx
3
!

1
3
= x ln x
1 dx
3

1
= x ln 3 x x + C.
3
Solution to 4.
This integral will be similar to the previous one.
!
!
d
sin1 (x) dx =
[x] sin1 x dx
dx
!
d & 1 '
1
= x sin x x
sin x dx
dx
!
x
= x sin1 x
dx
2
! 1x
1
1

= x sin1 x +
(2x)dx
2
1 x2
!
1
= x sin1 x +
u1/2 du
(Setting u = 1 x2 .)
2
= x sin1 x + u1/2 + C
*
= x sin1 x + 1 x2 + C.
28

Solution to 5.
To simplify this we aim to dierentiate ln p.
+
,
!
!
d 1 6
5
p ln p dp =
p ln p dp
dp 6
!
1 6
1
d
=
p ln p
p6 [ln p] dp
6
6
dp
!
1 6
1
=
p ln p
p5 dp
6
6
1 6
1
=
p ln p p6 + C.
6
36
Solution to 6.
This integral can be simplified by diernetiating the s factor. To do that
we need to find an antiderivative for 2s .
!
!
1
s2s ds =
s ln 2 2s ds
ln 2
!
1
d
=
s [2s ] ds
ln 2
ds
$
%
!
1
s
s
=
s2 2 ds
ln 2
1
1
=
s2s
2s + C.
ln 2
(ln 2)2
Solution to 7.
!

(ln x) dx =
=
=
=
=

d
[x] (ln x)2 dx
dx
!
1
2
x(ln x) x 2 ln x dx
x
!
x(ln x)2 2 ln x dx
!
d
2
x(ln x) 2
[x] ln x dx
dx
$
%
!
x(ln x)2 2 x ln x 1 dx

= x(ln x)2 2 (x ln x x) + C
= x(ln x)2 2x ln x + 2x + C.
29

Solution to 8.
This problem took me a fair bit of trial and error before I found an organization of this integral which solved the problem.
!
xe2x
dx
(1 + 2x)2
!
1
=
(xe2x ) dx
(1 + 2x)2
+
,
!
1
d
1
=
(1 + 2x)
xe2x dx
dx
2
$
% $ %!
1
1
d
=
(1 + 2x)1 xe2x
(1 + 2x)1 [xe2x ] dx
2
2
dx
$
%
!
1
1
1
1 2x
=
(1 + 2x) xe
+
(1 + 2x)e2x dx
2
2
1 + 2x
!
1
1
=
xe2x +
2e2x dx
2(1 + 2x)
4
1
1
=
xe2x + e2x + C.
2(1 + 2x)
4
!

30

Problem 17: (#7.1.37 from [Stewart]).

Find some combination of techniques to evaluate the indefinite integral:
!

cos x dx.
Solution
Looking at the integral we judge that the only way forward will be to replace

x by a variable u = x. To do the substitution well use du = 21 x dx. So

our first step will be to introduce this missing term
variables.
!

cos x dx
!

1
= 2
x cos x dx
2 x
!
= 2 u cos u du
!
d
= 2 u [sin u] du
du
$
%
!
= 2 u sin u sin u du

2 x

so we can change

= 2u sin u + 2 cos u + C

= 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + C.
!

31

Problem 18: (#7.1.41 from [Stewart]).

Find some combination of techniques to evaluate the indefinite integral:
!
x ln (1 + x) dx.
Solution
There seem multiple approaches to this. One way is to set u = ln (1 + x).
1
Then du = 1+x
dx. And
x = (1 + x) 1 = eln (1+x) 1 = eu 1.
So:
!

x ln (1 + x) dx
!
1
=
x(1 + x) ln (1 + x)
dx
1+x
!
=
(eu 1)eu u du
!
=
(e2u eu )u du
+
,
!
d 1 2u
=
e eu u du
dx 2
$
%
%
! $
1 2u
1 2u
u
u
=
e e u
e e
du
2
2
$
%
1 2u
1
u
=
e e u e2u + eu + C
2
4
$
%
1 2 ln (1+x)
1
ln (1+x)
=
e
e
ln (1 + x) e2 ln (1+x) + eln (1+x) + C
2
4
$
%
1 ln (1+x)2
1
2
=
e
eln (1+x) ln (1 + x) eln (1+x) + eln (1+x) + C
2
4
$
%
1
1
=
(1 + x)2 (1 + x) ln (1 + x) (1 + x)2 + (1 + x) + C
2
4
2
)
1( 2
x
x
=
x 1 ln (1 + x)
+ + C .
2
4
2

32

Problem 19: (#7.1.42 from [Stewart]).

Find some combination of techniques to evaluate the indefinite integral:
!
sin (ln x) dx.
Solution
It seems we will need to make the substitution u = ln x. For that we need:
du = x1 dx. So:
!
!
1
sin (ln x) dx =
x sin (ln x) dx
x
!
1
=
eln x sin (ln x) dx
x
!
=
eu sin u du.
To determine this integral we need to use the trick we met in lectures:
!
!
u
u
e sin u du = e sin u eu cos u du
$
%
!
u
u
u
= e sin u e cos u + e sin u du
!
= eu (sin u cos u) eu sin u du.

Solving this for eu sin u du, and substituting back into the above calculation, we get that
!
1
1
sin (ln x) dx = eu (sin u cos u) + C = x (sin ln x cos ln x) + C.
2
2
!

33

Problem 20: (#7.1.48 from [Stewart]).

(a) Prove the following reduction formula. For every n N, with n at
least 2,
!
!
1
n1
cosn x dx = cosn1 x sin x +
cosn2 x dx.
n
n
(b) Use Part (a) to evaluate cos2 x dx.
(c) Use Part (a) and (b) to evaluate cos4 x dx.

Solutions
Part (a).

Let n be a positive integer at least 2. Then:

!
cosn x dx
!
=
cosn1 x cos x dx
!
d
=
cosn1 x [sin x] dx
dx
!
d & n1 '
= sin x cosn1 x sin x
cos
x dx
dx
!
= sin x cosn1 x (n 1) sin x ( sin x) cosn2 x dx
!
n1
= sin x cos
x + (n 1) (1 cos2 x) cosn2 x dx
!
!
n1
n2
= sin x cos
x + (n 1) cos
x dx (n 1) cosn x dx.
Solving for cosn x dx we deduce:
!
!
1
n1
cosn x dx = sin x cosn1 x +
cosn2 x dx .
n
n
Part (b).
Specializing this formula to n = 2 we obtain:
!
!
1
1
1
cos2 x dx = sin x cos x +
cos0 x dx = sin x cos x + C.
2
2
2
34

Part (c).
!

cos x dx =
=
=

1
sin x cos3 x +
4
1
sin x cos3 x +
4
1
sin x cos3 x +
4

!
3
cos2 x dx
4
3 1
sin x cos x + C
4 2
3
sin x cos x + C.
8

Problem 21: (#7.1.52 from [Stewart]).

Prove the following reduction formula:
!
!
xn ex dx = xn ex n xn1 ex dx.
Solution
Let n be an integer.
!

n x

d x
[e ] dx
dx
!
d n x
= xn e x
[x ] e dx
dx
!
= xn ex n xn1 ex dx.

x e dx =

xn

35