UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO LEON

PREPARATORIA NO.7
UNIDAD SAN NICOLS 1

Physics 2

Teacher: Julio Cesar Hernndez Jasso

Sara Fernanda Aguilar Escobedo #2
Paola Carolina Aguilera Flores #3
Ayra Aime Buenda Trevio #7
Aneth Alejandra Castillo Navarro #9
Ana Sofa Hernndez Cisneros #21
Alejandro Lavoignet Ferral #23
Mario Angel Osuna Lpez #32
Ana Cristina Salgado Verde #39

Group: 329

SAN NICOLAS DE LOS GARZA NUEVO LEN

HYDRAULIC ARM
OBJECTIVE
The purpose in our experiment is to prove that the application of the forces with water, hydraulic
pressure, work and energy.

HYPOTHESIS
We are going to prove that our hydraulic arm is going to carry an object that has a smaller
mass than it.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The project is based on the principle of Pascal, who says: "An external pressure is applied
to a confined fluid it is evenly transmitted through the volume liquid".
The project consists of a simple representation of a mechanical arm that serves to lifting
distance when compared to a machine as a crane, we can appreciate its usefulness.
With this experiment we are proving the Pascals principle and the hydraulic pressure can
be exerted with the hydraulic arm.
Pascals Law is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that pressure exerted anywhere in
a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid
such that the pressure variations remain the same. The law was established
by French mathematician Blaise Pascal. It also can be interpreted as a consequence of the
fundamental equation of hydrostatic and highly incompressible liquid character. In this kind
of fluid density it is practically constant, so that according to the equation:
p= po + pgh.
Where: p, is the total pressure of at the depth. P0, pressure on the free surface of the fluid;

p, the fluid density; g, is the gravity and h, the height in meters

A multiplication of force can be achieved by the application of fluid pressure according
to Pascal's principle, which for the two pistons implies P1 = P2. This allows the lifting of a
heavy load with a small force, as in an auto hydraulic lift, but of course there can be no
multiplication of work, so in an ideal case with no frictional loss: Winput = Woutput

MATERIALS

8 syringes of 10 ml
1 chopsticks
15 Popsicle sticks
10 skewers sticks
Thick cardboard
Thin cardboard
1.5m of flexible hosepipe
1 piece of paper
Cable ties
40 cm of wire of 2 millimeters
1 Drill and 2 drill bits
1 tape
1 UHU
1 ruler
1 knife
1 pen
1 pliers
1 hot silicon

PROCEDURE
1.

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11.

First we draw on the thin cardboard the indicated figures with the indicated measures, and
then we cut them off. We made 4 pieces of each figure. The figures were: 4 rectangle of
20 cm x 3cm, 4 rectangles of 25cm x 3cm, 4 squares of 7 cm x 7 cm and a trapezoid of 13
cm x 7cm x 3cm.
We pasted two pieces of the same figure together, so they can be strong enough, so now we
have 2 figures of each.
We made a mark in the extremes of each figure and then with the drill we made a hole on
the cardboard.
On the small rectangle figures we introduced a skewer stick in every hole and pasted it. By
every skewer stick we introduce two same figures.
Then we introduce a syringe between the two cardboards to calculate la separation and then
we paste the skewer stick on the figure.
After we pasted the skewer stick on the small rectangle, we introduced the larges rectangle
figures (one on each side) perpendicular to the small rectangles on the same skewer sticks.
At the extremes of the large rectangles we introduced another skewer stick taking care of
the separation distance.
Then we introduced one trapezoid on each extreme of the small rectangles and we pasted
them. After we pasted the trapezoids, we pasted a square on the trapezoids so the square can
be the base.
We measured the space between the two trapezoids and cut a piece of cardboard of that
length and then we introduced it between them and pasted to the base.
We made a hole on every extreme of the syringes with the drill.
With the drill, we made a small hole in the end coming out of the first joint and passed it
until the next joint. After, we placed the syringe between the two cardboards with a stick.

12. To attach the other end of the piston we used two flanges, the first with the size of the
syringe and the second with the size of the stick, we made eight pieces. We closed the
largest around the syringe, as close to the nozzle and we pasted it with silicon.
13. For the little hole, we stacked on the cardboard making with the drill the holes to place it
and we joined with the stick. To pin up, we paste it and cut the leftovers.
14. For the second piston, we do the same but now where the arm bends. The second anchor
goes 5 cm. from the base and 1 cm. from the side, we put the syringe and do the same as the
others.
15. For the tweezers, we cut 3 ice cream sticks in half and, then we joined two halves forming a
90 angle. We took another piece and marked it in the middle and paste the other one
inclined above the mark, we did two pieces equal. We cut the corner and on the other
extreme we put a mark in the middle. Then with the ruler we joined the two corners and
marked a line, putting the ruler parallel to the one with the mark we make a line that crosses
with the other line and we drilled them.
16. For the body of the tweezers, we use the excess cardboard. Then we made a hole on two
opposite corners and put a stick, we pasted them to the flush and we put the pieces from the
hole of the middle that we made before straight. We marked a line and cut the leftover.
17. We cut two pieces of wire of 10 cm, we measure 1 cm. from one corner and bend it and in
the other corner we bend 2 cm. to the other side. We do the same with the other wire and
passed the two to the tweezers. On the left wire we put the syringe
18. We paste the tweezers to extreme of the arm. Then with two pieces of cardboard we cover
the extremes so it can pick up better the objects.
19. To do the support of the arm, we used 6 pieces of thick cardboard of 23 cm. x 34 cm. and
we paste them all together one above the other.
20. After we drilled a hole on the base and put chopstick in it. We pasted the arm to that stick so
it can be the axis
21. On two of the ice cream sticks, we drilled the corners and with a syringe in the middle, we
pass through them a stick and put cardboard between the sticks. This part was pasted in the
lower corner of the arm.
22. For the controls we used two ice cream sticks and cut it in half, we drilled the corners and
put them on the corner of the opposite where the arm goes.
23. We marked 10 cm. in the middle of the base and cut it through all the cardboard. Then we
put the other sticks.
24. We used 8 ice cream sticks and drilled a hole on the corner and another one in the middle,
and paste them two by two. On the middle hole we placed one syringe.
25. To pin up the other side of the syringe, we cut 4 wires of 10 cm. and we bend it in shape of
U.
26. We hold the controls with toothpicks, on the sticks we pasted to the cardboard and we
pasted so it cant move. On the other side of the syringe we anchor them with the wire, and
we press in the wire on the base.
27. We unite the controls to the arm with the tubes: the first control with the rotating piston, the
second control with the second joint, the third one with the first joint and the last one with
the piston that actuates the clamp.

CONCLUSION

Our team concludes, that the Pascal's law is the basic fundament of our project. We
demonstrated here that the pressure of the water in the syringes makes the arm move. By
what has been done in this study, we observed that through water we can generate enough
force to create a movement to achieve through this exerted pressure towards the water.
The most important is that we create a movement of a human arm with recycled materials
and showing that the uses o physics are important in the way we move.

Aneth Castillo: With this project I could learn how physics is use with the
movements of the human body, I also learn how the Pascal's Law is used in
this project.
Ana Salgado: In the process of making this project I have learned that the
pressure of the water makes possible the movement of the arm. I had a lot of
fun making this but it was pretty hard, anyway it was good and I enjoyed it.
Alejandro Lavoignet: Every project has so many interesting things, and
this was not the exception, I could learn how we can make an hydraulic arm
with recycle materials, how the syringes move the machine through the
water action, furthermore we can check Pascals law that says An external
static pressure exerted on a confined fluid is distributed evenly throughout
the fluid so we probe that it is correct.
Ayra Buendia: I learned with this project that a machine can move with the
pressure of water, because when the fluid goes in all directions it is strong
enough to move or lift something up.
Sara Aguilar: When we made this project, I thought it was incredible how
the syringes, the water, and the pressure could move all the machine. I
realize how hard it its to put everything precise so the arm could move.
Ana Sofa: With this project I learned about Pascals Law, it says that
external static pressure exerted on a confined fluid is distributed evenly
throughout the fluid. After I understood this law, I realized how we use that
law in our daily life, like for example with the cranes. I liked making this
project even though it was very hard.
Paola Aguilera: In this project, personally I cant say that I learned about

the Pascals Law because I already knew about it, but what I can say, is that
while we were making the hydraulic arm I remembered many things about
that Law and also I think that was fun to made it but also difficult.