Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1. INTRODUCTION
We live in a world where everything can be controlled and operated automatically,
but there are still a few important sectors in our country where automation has not
been adopted or not been put to a full-fledged use, perhaps because of several
reasons one such reason is cost. One such field is that of agriculture. Agriculture has
been one of the primary occupations of man since early civilizations and even today
manual interventions in farming are inevitable. Greenhouses form an important part
of the agriculture and horticulture sectors in our country as they can be used to grow
plants under controlled climatic conditions for optimum produce. Automating a
greenhouse envisages monitoring and controlling of the climatic parameters which
directly or indirectly govern the plant growth and hence their produce. Automation is
process control of industrial machinery and processes, thereby replacing human
operators.
Motivation:
A number of factors which motivated this project are complexity involved in
monitoring climatic parameters like humidity, soil moisture, illumination, soil pH,
temperature, etc which directly or indirectly govern the plan Growth, investment in
the automation process are high, as todays greenhouse control systems are designed
for only one parameter monitoring (as per GKVK research center); to control more
than one parameter simultaneously there will be a need to buy more than one system,
high maintenance and need for skilled technical labor. The modern proposed systems
use the mobile technology as the communication schemes and wireless data
acquisition systems, providing global access to the information about ones farms.
But it suffers from various limitations like design complexity, inconvenient repairing
and high price. Also the reliability of the system is relatively low, and when there are
Basic Theory:
The two major life-processes occurring in plants are photosynthesis and transpiration.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
A greenhouse is a building in which plants are grown. These structures range in size
from small sheds to very large buildings. A miniature greenhouse is known as
a frame. A greenhouse is a structure with different types of covering materials, such
as a glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or plastic walls; it heats up because
incoming visible solar radiation (for which the glass is transparent) from the sun is
absorbed by plants, soil, and other things inside the building. Air warmed by the heat
from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall. In addition,
the warmed structures and plants inside the greenhouse re-radiate some of their
thermal energy in the infrared spectrum, to which glass is partly opaque, so some of
this energy is also trapped inside the glasshouse. However, this latter process is a
minor player compared with the former convective process. Thus, the primary
heating mechanism of a greenhouse is convection.
This can be demonstrated by opening a small window near the roof of a greenhouse:
the
temperature
drops
considerably.
This
principle
is
the
basis
of
the autovent automatic cooling system. Thus, the glass used for a greenhouse works
as a barrier to air flow, and its effect is to trap energy within the greenhouse. The air
that is warmed near the ground is prevented from rising indefinitely and flowing
away. Although heat loss due to thermal conduction through the glass and other
building materials occurs, net energy increases (and therefore temperature) inside the
greenhouse. Greenhouses can be divided into glass greenhouses and plastic
greenhouses. Plastics mostly used are PE film and multiwall sheet in PC or PMMA.
Commercial glass greenhouses are often high-tech production facilities for
vegetables or flowers. Greenhouses protect crops from too much heat or cold and
help to keep out pests. Light and temperature control allows greenhouses to turn
inarable land into arable land, thereby improving food production in marginal
environments. Because greenhouses allow certain crops to be grown throughout the
year, greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high latitude
countries. One of the largest greenhouse complexes in the world is in Almeria, Spain,
where greenhouses cover almost 50,000 acres (200 km2). It is sometimes called
the sea of plastics. Greenhouses are often used for growing flowers, vegetables,
fruits, and tobacco plants. Bumblebees are the pollinators of choice for most
greenhouse pollination, although other types of bees have been used, as well as
artificial pollination.
Hydroponics can be used in greenhouses, as well, to make the most use of the
interior space. Besides tobacco, many vegetables and flowers are grown in
greenhouses in late winter and early spring, and then transplanted outside as the
weather warms. Started plants are usually available for gardeners in farmers'
markets at transplanting time. Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops, such as
tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production. he closed environment of a
greenhouse
has
its
own
unique
requirements,
compared
with
outdoor
production. Pests and diseases, and extremes of heat and humidity, have to be
controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Significant inputs of heat and
light may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-weather
vegetables.
History
The idea of growing plants in environmentally controlled areas has existed
since Roman times. The Roman emperor Tiberius ate a cucumber-like vegetable
daily. The Roman gardeners used artificial methods similar to the greenhouse system
of growing to have it available for his table every day of the year. Cucumbers were
planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then taken inside to keep
them warm at night. The cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses
glazed with either oiled cloth known as specularia or with sheets of selenite
(a.k.a. lapis specularis), according to the description by Pliny the Elder.
Giant Greenhouses in the Netherlands
The first modern greenhouses were built in Italy in the 13th century to house the
exotic plants that explorers brought back from the tropics. They were originally
called giardini botanici (botanical gardens). The concept of greenhouses soon spread
to the Netherlandsand then England, along with the plants. Some of these early
attempts required enormous amounts of work to close up at night or to winterize.
There were serious problems with providing adequate and balanced heat in these
early greenhouses. Today, the Netherlands has many of the largest greenhouses in the
world, some of them so vast that they are able to produce millions of vegetables
every year. The French botanist Charles Lucien Bonaparte is often credited with
building the first practical modern greenhouse in Leiden, Holland to grow medicinal
tropical plants. Originally only on the estates of the rich, the growth of the science
of botany caused greenhouses to spread to the universities. The French called their
first greenhouse sorangeries, since they were used to protect orange trees from
freezing. As pineapples became popular, pineries, or pineapple pits, were built.
Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to roof area was increased
substantially. Gutter-connected greenhouses are now commonly used both in
production and in situations where plants are grown and sold to the public, as well.
Gutter-connected greenhouses are commonly covered with a double layer of
polyethylene film with air blown between to provide increased heating efficiencies,
or structured polycarbonate materials. These are the
to
be
maintained
to
protect
the
crops,
the
sensors sense the change and the microcontroller reads this from the data at
its input ports. Since a microcontroller is used as the heart of the system, it makes
the set-up low-cost and effective nevertheless. As the system also employs an LCD
display for continuously alerting the user about the condition inside the greenhouse,
the entire set-up becomes user friendly.
As a part of an analysis it is found that in the older systems we had used an more
complex system for the monitoring and controlling of green house parameters
because in the older systems there used an ADC and an micro controller which in
turn increases the complexity and decreases the compatibility ,so here in the project
an IC AT MEGA 8/168/328 is used which comprises of ADC converter and
microcontroller. In this project we are using different types of sensors which is most
advanced compatible and efficient form of sensors from the previous models that we
had observed. A humidity and temperature integrated form of sensor called
temperature and humidity sensor: HMTC A, where in the previous models they are
separate sensors which increases the complexity. The light sensor used here is
L.D.R. and a separate circuit for analysis is of the moisture content in the soil.
A G.S.M. module has been used which will provide the information of the present
condition of the greenhouse parameters to the owners through mobile text messages,
it will also message if an equipment starts to work with the variation of any required
green house parameters.
3. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Figure.1.Block Diagram
The sensor modules system consists of various sensors, namely soil moisture,
humidity, temperature and light. These sensors sense various parameterstemperature, humidity, soil moisture and light intensity and are then sent to the
microcontroller w h i c h is the heart of the proposed embedded system. It
constantly monitors the
verifies
them
with
corrective action is to be taken for the condition at that instant of time. In case
such a situation arises, it activates the AC devices to perform a controlled
Figure.2.Circuit Diagram
Working
The supply used for the circuit is 12V AC supply which is then passed through a full
wave rectifier and a 7805 regulator which provide a constant 5V. The various sensor
modules assembled in the circuit will sense the climate parameter variations and
passes it to microcontroller where many major operations will took place. The micro
controller will process the signals send by the sensors according to the program
4. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
Temperature and Humidity sensor
Figure.3.HMTC1A
The HMTC1A or humidity monitor temperature control from single analyzing sensor
is a combination of HIH400 and LM 35 humidity and temperature sensors
respectively. By using this sensor we continuously monitor the variations in
temperature and humidity in surroundings. The pin number two is for humidity
where as pin 4 is for temperatures while the pin number one and three is VCC and
ground respectively.
Functional description:
o
High accuracy
Chemically resistant
Functional description
The sensor develops a linear voltage vs. RH output that is ratio metric to the
supply voltage. That is, when the supply voltage varies, the sensor output voltage
follows in the same proportion. It can operate over a 4-5.8 supply voltage range. At
5V supply voltage, and room temperature, the output voltage ranges from 0.8 to
3.9V as the humidity varies from 0% to 100% (non condensing).
The humidity sensor functions with a resolution of up to 0.5% of relative
humidity (RH).
With a typical current draw of only 200 A, the HIH-4000 Series is ideally suited for
low drain, battery operated systems.
The change in the RH of the surroundings causes an equivalent change in the voltage
output. The output is an analog voltage proportional to the supply voltage.
Case.1: Dry condition- The probes are placed in the soil under dry conditions
and are inserted up to a fair depth of the soil. As there is no conduction path between
the two copper leads the sensor circuit remains open. The voltage output in this case
ranges from 0 to 0.5V.
Case.2: Optimum condition- When water is added to the soil, it percolates
through the successive layers of it and spreads across the layers of soil due to
capillary force. This water increases the moisture content of the soil. This leads to an
increase in its conductivity which forms a conductive path between the two sensor
probes leading to a close path for the current flowing from the supply to the transistor
through the sensor probes. The voltage output of the circuit in the optimum case
ranges from 1.9 to 3.4V approximately.
Case.3: Excess water condition- With the increase in water content beyond the
optimum level, the conductivity of the soil increases drastically and a steady
conduction path is established between the two sensor leads and the voltage output
from the sensor increases no further beyond a certain limit. The maximum possible
value for it is not more than 4.2V.
Liquid crystal display
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel
consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent
80
81
Second line
C0
C1
82
C2
83
84
C3
C4
85
C5
86
C6
through
8F
through CF
Pin description
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two
pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).
IC Voltage Regulators:
7805 is a three terminal positive voltage regulator designed with built in internal
current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe area compensation for maximum
It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient
response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter
capacitor.
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain
the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload
protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive
voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulator can be
selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of
amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts. The fixed
voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input
terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third
terminal connected to ground.
Figuer.6.Diagrm of 7805 IC
For a selected regulator, IC device the third voltage range over which the input
voltage can vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load current.
The specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a
change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation).
Figure.7.Circuit of 7805
Performance:
The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V. An
unregulated input voltage Vi is filtered by capacitor and connected to the ICs IN
terminal. The ICs OUT terminal provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by
capacitor (mostly for any high-frequency noise).The third IC terminal is connected to
ground (GND). While the input voltage may vary over some permissible voltage
range, and the output load may vary over some acceptable range, the output voltage
remains constant within specified voltage variation limits. The specifications also list
the amount of output voltage change resulting from a change in load current (load
regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation). The series 78 regulators provide
fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V. The third IC terminal is connected to ground
Figure.8. Centre-tap-full-wave-rectifier
When the top of the transformer secondary winding is positive, say during the first
half-cycle of the supply, the anode of diode D1 is positive w.r.t. cathode, and anode
of diode D2 is negative w.r.t. cathode. Thus only diode D1 conducts, being forward
biased and current flows from cathode to anode of diode D1 through load resistance
Relays
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to
open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835.
Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input
circuit, it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
1. Normally - open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activate d; the
circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a FORM A contact
or make contact.
2. Normally - closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated;
the circuit is connected when relay is inactive. It is also called form B contact or
break contact
3. Change-over or double-throw contacts control two circuits; one
normally open
contact and one normally closed contact with a common terminal. The following
types of relays are commonly encountered:
SPST - Single Pole Single Throw: These have two terminals which can be connected
or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw: A common terminal connects to either of two
others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
DPST - Double Pole Single Throw: These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to
two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a
relay has six terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the poles are normally open,
normally closed, or one of each.
DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw: These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has
eight terminals, including the coil.
QPDT - Quadruple Pole Double Throw: Often referred to as Quad Pole Double
Throw, or 4PDT. These have four rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to four
SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil, or two DPDT relays. In total,
fourteen terminals including the coil.The Relay interfacing circuitry used in the
application is:
Crystal Oscillator
Light sensor
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) also known as photoconductor or photocell, is a
device which has a resistance which varies according to the amount of light falling
on its surface. Since LDR is extremely sensitive in visible light range, it is well
suited for the proposed application.
Pin Descriptions
1. VCC: Digital supply voltage.
2. GND: Ground.
3. Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2: Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional
I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output
buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to
tools
including:
Compilers,
Macro Assemblers,
Program
Architectural Overview
Fig.17.Architecture
This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program
memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory. The fast-access Register File
contains 32 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle
access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a
typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation
is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File in one clock cycle.
Fig.18.Register Structure
Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all
registers, and most of them are single cycle instructions. As shown in Figure each
register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping them directly into the first
32 locations of the user Data Space. Although not being physically implemented as
SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in access of the
address space (see the LPM Load Program Memory instruction description.
Inbuilt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS.
completion of the switching off procedure the GSM Modem will send out result
code: NORMAL POWER DOWN After this moment, the AT commands cant be
executed. The modem enters the POWER DOWN mode. POWER DOWN can also
be indicated by STATUS pin, which is a low level voltage in this mode.
Turn Off GSM Modem Using AT Command
You can use the AT command AT+CPOWD=1 to turn off the modem. This
command lets the GSM Modem log off from the network and allows the GSM
Modem to enter into a secure state and save data before completely disconnecting the
power supply. Before the completion of the switching off procedure the GSM
Modem will send out result code: NORMAL POWER DOWN After this moment,
the AT commands cant be executed. The GSM Modem enters the POWER DOWN
mode, only the RTC is still active. POWER DOWN can also be indicated by
STATUS pin, which is a low level voltage in this mode.
Restart GSM Modem Using the PWRKEY Pin
The GSM MODEM can be started by driving the PWRKEY to a low level voltage
for a short time (2-3 sec) and then release, the same as turning on GSM MODEM
using the PWRKEY pin. Before restarting the GSM MODEM, you need delay at
least 500ms from detecting the STATUS low level on. The restarting scenario
illustrates as the following figure.
Power Saving
There are two methods for the GSM Modem to enter into low current consumption
status. AT+CFUN is used to set GSM Modem into minimum functionality mode
0: minimum functionality;
Enable DTR pin to wake up GSM MODEM. If DTR pin is pulled down to a
low level this signal will wake up GSM MODEM from power saving mode.
The serial port will be active after DTR changed to low level for about 50ms.
RXD: Receive data from the TXD signal line of the DTE
Serial port of the GSM engine supports autobauding for the following baud rates:
1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200,38400 and 57600bps. Factory setting is autobauding
enabled. This gives you the flexibility to put the GSMengine into operation no matter
what baud rate your host application is configured to. To take advantage of
autobauding mode, specific attention should be paid to the following requirements:
Synchronization between DTE and DCE: When DCE powers on with the
autobauding enabled, user must first send A to synchronize the baud rate. It is
recommended to wait 2 to 3 seconds before sending AT character. After receiving
the OK response, DTE and DCE are correctly synchronized. The more information
please refer to the AT command AT+IPR.
Restrictions on autobauding operation
The serial port has to be operated at 8 data bits, no parity and 1 stop bit
(factory setting).
The Unsolicited Result Codes like "RDY", "+CFUN: 1" and "+CPIN:
READY are not indicated when you startup the ME while autobauding is
enabled. This is due to the fact that the new baud rate is not detected unless
DTE and DCE are correctly synchronized as described above.
AT Command Syntax
When DCE powers on with the autobauding enabled, user must first send A to
synchronize the baud rate. It is recommended to wait 2 to 3 seconds before sending
AT character. After receiving the OK response, DTE and DCE are correctly
synchronized The AT or at prefix must be set at the beginning of each
Command. To terminate a Command line enter <CR> , otherwise known as carriage
return or \r.
Commands are followed by a response that includes
<CR><LF><response><CR><LF>. Only the responses are presented in the
document here, <CR><LF> are omitted intentionally
Example: With Local Echo enabled:
Transmit: AT\r
Receive: AT\r\r\nOK\r\n
SETTINGS FOR EASY MICROCONTROLLER COMMUNICATION
When communicating with the GSM Modem using a microcontroller, you usually
want very short responses, no local echo, and no startup messages. Sticking on the
&W to the end of the command saves the setting into memory.
ATV0&W\r Enable short response
ATE0&W\r Disable Local Echo
AT+CIURC=0;&W\r Disable CALL READY Startup Message
Now instead of commands returning OK or ERROR in plain text, as well as
repeating all written commands, the GSM Modem will not echo what you transmit
and the GSM Modem will return error codes in single bytes. For
example, instead of:
Transmit: AT\r
Debug Port used for debugging and upgrading firmware. It cannot be used for
CSD call, FAX call. And the Debug port can not use multiplexing function. It
does not support autobauding function.
The PWRKEY should be connected to the GND when GSM MODEM is upgrading
software.
Interfacing the GSM modem
Getting started
1) Insert SIM card Open the SIM cardholder by sliding it as per the arrow mark and
lift up. Insert the SIM card , so as to align the chamfered corner suits in card holder.
After inserting the SIM card, lock the holder by sliding it to the
opposite direction of arrow mark.
2) Connect The Antenna: Fix the Supplied RF antenna to the SMA Antennae
connector and tighten it by Rotating the Nut ( Never rotate the antennae for
tightening ).
3) Connect the Pins: Connect the GSM modem as per the circuit diagram provided
4) Power the Modem: Power the modem from suitable power supply, which is
having enough current capacity (>1A).
5) Check the Status of the LEDs
PWR LED - Red LED will lit immediately
STS LED - Green LED will lit after 1-2 seconds
NET LED -Blue LED will starts to blink in fast for few seconds(Searching For
Network) and becomes slow blinking once the Modem registers with the Network.
6) Network LED: The Network LED indicates the various status of GSM module eg.
Power on, Network registration & GPRS connectivity. When the modem is powered
up, the status LED will blink every second. After the Modem registers in the network
(takes between 10-60 seconds), LED will blink in step of 3 seconds. At this stage you
can start using Modem for your application.
5. PROJECT OUTCOME
A s t e p -by-step approach in designing the microcontroller based system for
measurement and control of the four essential parameters for plant growth, i.e.
temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity, has been followed. The
results obtained from the measurement have shown that the system performance is
quite reliable and accurate. The system has successfully overcome quite a few
shortcomings of
the
maintenance and complexity, at the same time providing a flexible and precise form
of maintaining the environment. The continuously decreasing costs of hardware and
software, the wider acceptance of electronic systems in agriculture, and an emerging
agricultural control system industry in several areas of agricultural production, will
result in reliable control systems that will address several aspects of quality and
quantity of production. Further improvements will be made as less expensive and
more reliable sensors are developed for use in agricultural production. Although the
enhancements mentioned in the previous chapter may seem far in the future, the
required technology and components are available, many such systems have been
independently developed, or are at least tested at a prototype level. Also, integration
of all these technologies is not a daunting task and can be successfully carried out.
Analysis
The test was conducted in electronics lab in the presence of guide. Though this
concept itself is an advanced version, further improvements to this model will make
this an ideal one and can be introduced in the market. We hope a small step in this
CONCLUSION
The innovative concept of controlling green house parameters has been designed in
this project. By conveying each and every status of green house through text
messages we could inform the user about the condition at green house. Such a
project creates an awareness of such low cost devices which could be bought into
use in daily life with small variations in the programming logic. During this project
session we came out with certain facts that are to be considered for the future
improvement with much more efficiency. Even though LEDs are used to indicate
various electrical devices, while introducing the device in market LEDs are
replaced by real electrical devices through suitable relays. So we the future
engineers need to come up with such ideas which would be useful to common man.
From this project we conclude that this product will help farmers to a large extend.
Though this concept itself is an advanced version, further improvements to this
model will make this an ideal one. This project was broadly classified into three
phases: Idea development, Component identification, Bread board verification of
designed circuit, we could successfully complete all the phases and develop the
desired product in the given time frame. This project is completed with full faith
that the device made will act as an efficient tool for monitoring and controlling of
green house parameters.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
APPENDIX-I
PROGRAM CODE
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial gsm(2, 3);
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 13, 8, 9, 10, 11);
int RHPin = 1; // analog pin
int TempPin = 3; // analog pin
int tempc = 0; // temperature variable
int samples[8]; // variables to make a better precision
int maxi = -100,mini = 100; // to start max/min temperature
int tempH =0; //humidity variable
int i;
int flag1=0,flag2=0,flag3=0;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
delay (1000);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" CONTROLLER ");
delay (3000);
lcd.clear();
}
void loop()
{
for(int i = 0; i <= 7;i++){ // gets 8 samples of temperature
samples[i] = ( 5.0 * analogRead(3) * 100.0) / 1024.0;
tempc = tempc + samples[i];
delay(100);
tempH =(5.0 * analogRead(1) * 1000.0) /1024.0;
}
tempc = tempc/8.0; // better precision
if(flag1==1)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Waiting");
delay(30000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Wait Complete");
delay(3000);
}
send_sms();
flag1=1;
}
else
{
flag1=0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
if(tempc>35)
{
if(flag2==1)
{
lcd.clear();
APPENDIX-II
APPENDIX-III