C

Concepts of fixed Platforms
NPTEL course
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36

CONTENTS
Jacket Installation sequence
Load-out
Transportation
Launch or Lift
Upending
Pre-service Analyses
In-Service Analysis
NPTEL course
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Bouyancy
Tanks
NPTEL course
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

ANODES BOUYANCY TANKS
Bouyancy Tank
Skirt Sleeve
Pile Guide
Anode
Mudmat
NPTEL course
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Loadout of Launch Jacket
Bollard
Mooring Line
Pull Wires
Pivot
and
pulley
Fender
Jacket
Loadout
Direction
Skid Rails
NPTEL course
Yard
8
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
Winch

LOADOUT OF LAUNCH JACKET
Launch Barge
NPTEL course
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

No Support
Barge Ballasted
too much
Barge
Barge not enough

ballast during rising tide
Barge
6/26/2013
10
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

No Support
Ballast Pump Failures
during rising tide
C
Barge
Barge
6/26/2013
11
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

TYPICAL TRANSPORTATION ROUTE
6/26/2013
12
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

JACKET READY FOR TOW
6/26/2013
13
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

DECKS BEING TOWED
6/26/2013
14
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

MOTION PARAMETER DEFINITION
Bow
1. Heave
Stern
2. Sway
3. Surge
4. Yaw
5. Pitch
6. Roll
6/26/2013
15
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

TYPICAL BARGE MOTION PARAMETERS
Source : NDI/30
6/26/2013
16
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Auxialiary
Hook
Main Hook
Boom
Crane Engine
Sling
Jacket
Crane Vessel
Cargo Barge
NPTEL course
17
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

JACKET LIFTED OFF THE BARGE
NPTEL course
18
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
19
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Lift Radius (Side Lift)
Crane
Stern
Bow
Boom
X3
X2
Lift Point
X1
COG
NPTEL course
20
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Lift Radius (Stern Lift)
Crane
Boom
X3
X2
Lift Point
X1
COG
NPTEL course
21
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Typical Jacket Lifting Points (Case 1)
L1
L2
Lift Point
COG
NPTEL course
22
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Typical Jacket Lifting Points Case 2)
L1
L2
Lift Point
COG
NPTEL course
23
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Skew Load Case 1)
NPTEL course
75%
24
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Jacket on Cargo Barge
Hook
h2
h1
NPTEL course
25
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Jacket on Crane Hook
NPTEL course
26
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

DECK INSTALLATION BY LIFTING
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
Impact
NPTEL course
27
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

CONTENTS
Jacket Installation sequence
Load-out
Transportation
Launch or Lift
Upending
Pre-service Analyses
In-Service Analysis
NPTEL course
28
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

TYPICAL LAUNCH BARGE
NPTEL course
29
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

LAUNCH RAIL AND ROCKER ARMS
Rocker Arm
Launch Rail
NPTEL course
30
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Jacket loaded onto a launch barge
NPTEL course
31
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

BARGE TRIM
Trim Angle
Forward Draft
NPTEL course
32
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
33
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

JACKET LAUNCH TRAJECTORY
Phase 1 to 3
Push
Phase 4
Final
Floating
Position
Phase 5
Barge
Seabed Clearance
NPTEL course
34
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Design for Pre-Service Loads (A jacket After Launch)
NPTEL course
35
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Loadout
Mooring Line
YARD
Fender
Barge
NPTEL course
Jacket
36
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Launch
Anchor
Mooring
Barge
NPTEL course
37
Jacket
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

LAUNCH RAIL
Seafastening
Launch
Rail
NPTEL course
38
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

LAUNCH RAIL AND ROCKER ARM
Rocker Arm
Launch Rail
Jacket
Barge
NPTEL course
39
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

JACKET ON ROCKER ARM
JACKET COG
Supports on Rocker Arm

NPTEL course
40
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

POST LAUNCH : JACKET TIPPING
Jacket
weight
Supports on
Rocker arm
Water Spring
Supports
NPTEL course
41
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

JACKET UPENDING IN WATER
1
NPTEL course
42
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Design for Pre-Service Loads.
(Deck Installation by Float-over operation)
NPTEL course
43
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
44
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Design for Pre-Service Loads
(4 legged and 8 legged launch jacket)
NPTEL course
45
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
46
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
47
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
48
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Background of the float over concept
Oil companies are looking to exploit new
and larger reservoirs in their increasing
quest to bridge the demand supply gap
This has resulted in the increased sizes of
the decks required to process the reservoir
fluids offshore
NPTEL course
49
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Background of the float over concept
Large topside decks
+
Limited availability of offshore heavy lift capacity
Multiple modular lifts offshore
NPTEL course
50
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Modular Installation
Large Topsides The topsides weight for the process platforms

are ranging from 10000T to 30000T depending on the platform
requirements
Small crane capacity Many lifting cranes available in the region

has a lifting capacity is in the order of 2000T to 3500T
Thus the topsides will be split into smaller logical units (module)
and installed on the jacket one by one. This is to be carefully
worked out depending on the weight of the module and its
location.
The disadvantage of the modular installation is long offshore

time for installation, hookup and commissioning.
Several occasions the design of sub-assemblies and the

integration becomes a major task during engineering.
NPTEL course
51
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
Module
3
Module Module
5
4
Base
Module 1
NPTEL course
52
Module
6
Module
7
Base
Module 2
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Float-over Installation
Total topsides transported to the site in Single Piece on a

deep draft or semi-sub barge
Jacket legs (inner) spaced such that the barge enter

between the legs.
The barge with topsides position in such a way that the

jacket legs and deck legs comes on vertical alignment using
precision alignment devices.
Barge brought to the location in slightly de-ballasted

position with a clear gap between the jacket leg top and
bottom of deck leg.
Ballasting down the barge makes the deck leg to make

contact with the jacket leg
This operation is called Float-Over
NPTEL course
53
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

LQ
Module
Top
structure
Base
structure
Barge
NPTEL course
54
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

LQ
Module
Top
sides
Base
structure
Barge
NPTEL course
55
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

APPLICATION OF FLOAT-ON-FLOAT-OFF
Semi
Jackup
Boats
Ship
NPTEL course
56
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

SOME APPLICATION OF FLOATOVER
Deck Float Over
TLP Float on Float Off
NPTEL course
57
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Weather Conditions
Non-swell conditions are preferred and float over operation has
been done in the past with passive systems in asia and other
regions where the significant wav height is less than 1.5m
Swell conditions are not preferred but can use the active systems
Typical weather window for float over operations around 36 to 48
hours
MOORING LINES
36000
TUG
TUG
Maximum WL during undocking (HAT + 0.15m Inst tolerance)

Minimum freeboard during undocking = 0.75m
BARGE
JACKET
FLOATOVER ON JACKET STRUCTURE
NPTEL course
TOPSIDE
FLOATOVER ON SPAR
58
FLOATOVER ON SEMISUBMERSIBLE
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
El 1.2m Min WL for start docking

El 0.0m LAT
NPTEL course
59
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
60
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36
NPTEL course
61
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Positioning / Docking
NPTEL course
62
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

NPTEL course
63
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

NPTEL course
64
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

NPTEL course
65
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Ready for weight transfer
NPTEL course
66
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Ready for weight transfer
NPTEL course
67
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

LEG MATING UNITS
LEG MATING UNIT
RECEPTOR
CONE
ELASTOMERIC
BEARING
SAND JACK
JACKET
LEG
NPTEL course
68
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Weight transfer
NPTEL course
69
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Weight transfer complete
NPTEL course
70
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Undocking
NPTEL course
71
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

Undocking complete
NPTEL course
72
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Chennai - 36

INPLACE ANALYSIS - PURPOSE
Structural analysis to simulate the behaviour of structure as close

as possible and to obtain the response to all loads during its
service
To check the global integrity of the structure against premature
failure
To check the components (members and joints) against the loads
that they are carrying and transmitting to the foundation
To satisfy code requirements against safety of structure and
supporting foundation
Called In-service analysis or Inplace Analysis
30 May 2009
73
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

INPLACE ANALYSIS
30 May 2009
Jacket Geometry
Member Sizes
Wave Directions
Hydrodynamic Coefficients
Basic Loads and Combinations
Pile-Soil Model (P-Y, T-Z and Q-Z Curves)
Analysis Methods
Dynamic Effects
Pile capacity and Factor Of Safety
Members and Joint Design
Allowable Stress Modifiers
74
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Jacket Geometry
Jacket Geometry depends on the space requirements of the

topsides and water depth.
Most of the jackets in shallow water is either 4 or 8 legged
structure.
Depending on whether the jacket in lift installed or launch installed,
the arrangement may differ as additional launch truss will be added
for the launch jackets.
Jacket structure geometry differs also due to topside installation
scheme such as modular installation or float-over installation.
Jacket geometry is also influenced by the geotechnical conditions
at the site. Depending on the soil strata, the number of legs may
also be determined such that the pile arrangement becomes
possible to design and install.
30 May 2009
75
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Modular installation
NPTEL course
76
Float-over installation
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Lift Installed Jacket
30 May 2009
Launch Installed Jacket
77
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Modeling Techniques
30 May 2009
78
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Modeling Guidelines
All structural members of the jacket including legs, braces and piles
above and below seabed shall be included in the analysis model
Model of Deck structure shall include all primary elements
contributing to the stiffness. Any non-structural elements such as
handrails, caissons, conductors etc. shall be included for load
generation purpose only.
Accurate modeling of the pile soil interaction using load
displacement relationship such as P-Y, T-Z and Q-Z is essential to
simulate the bending behavior of jacket and piles
All eccentricities in the tubular and non-tubular connections shall
be simulated to include the moment generated due to such
connections
Hydrodynamic loading on jacket appurtenances such as anodes,
barge bumper, caissons, conductors, launch rails etc. shall be
included using equivalent hydrodynamic model.
30 May 2009
79
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Wave Directions
Wave directions shall be selected to simulate the worst case
scenario of atleast the following cases to be considered in the
analysis.
Minimum 8 Directions for 4 or 8 Leg jacket
Minimum 12 Directions for Tripod
30 May 2009
80
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Wave directions for jacket with Square base
30 May 2009
81
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Wave directions for jacket with rectangular base
30 May 2009
82
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Types of Loads
Gravity Loads
Structural Dead Loads

Facility Dead Loads
Fluid Loads
Live Loads
Environmental Loads
Wind Loads
Wave Loads
Current Loads
Buoyancy Loads
Ice Loads
Mud Loads
Seismic Loads
30 May 2009
83
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Gravity Loads
Dead Loads
Dead loads includes the all the fixed items in the platform
deck, jacket, bridge and flare structures. It includes all primary
steel structural members, secondary structural items such as
boat landing, padeyes, stiffeners, handrails, deck plating, small
access platforms etc.
The primary structural steel members will be calculated based

on the structural information in the model automatically when
a computer program is used to analyze the structure. But the
weight of secondary structural steel items shall be calculated
applied to the structural model at appropriate locations.
30 May 2009
84
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Facility Loads
The structure built either for drilling or wellhead type
platform or for process type platform supports various
equipment and facilities.
Mechanical equipment
Electrical equipment
Piping connecting each equipment
Electrical Cable trays
Instrumentation items
30 May 2009
85
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Drilling Loads
Drilling Loads include reaction from Jackup cantilever type rig or
Deck mounted rigs.
Dead loads
Movable Drill floor loads
Drill string weight
Depending on the type of drilling rig used, this loads will vary.
For water depth less than 70m, Jackup type rig may be used.
For deeper water depths, operation of Jackup type rigs
become uneconomical and deck mounted drilling rigs will be a
suitable option. Weight of such rig will be around 1500 Tonnes
with an additional support module of 1000 Tonnes.
30 May 2009
86
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

SetBack Load
Setback is the weight of drill string pipes hanging from the drill mast
side before placing it into the drill assembly. At any instant of time,
either setback or hook load will be applied on the drill mast.
Hook Load
Hook load is the weight of drill string hanging from the drill mast
during every stage of the drilling. This depends on the depth of drilling
and is approximately 6000m. The weight of such drill string may be in
the order of 250 Tonnes.
30 May 2009
87
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Jackup Drilling
Movable
Drill Floor
30 May 2009
88
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

JACKEUP PRE-DRILLING
Drilling Mast
DECK
DECK
PRE-DRILLING OF WELLS
30 May 2009
89
JACKEP DRILLI MAST STOWED BACK

Dr. S. Nallayarasu

JACKEUP DRILLING AFTER
PLATFORM INSTALLATION
DRILL MAST
DRILL FLOOR
Wellhead
Platform
DECK
JACKUP LEG
SPUD CAN
WELL CENTRES
30 May 2009
90
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Deck Mounted Drilling Rig
30 May 2009
91
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

DRILL LOADS
Hook Load
Setback
Drill Mast
Living Quarter
Drill Floor
Drill Pipes
Moving
Drill Support
Module
Skid Beam
30 May 2009
92
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

LOAD COMBINATIONS
The load combinations shall be formed such that the most
critical conditions during the design life of the structure is
covered.
It shall cover the following scenerious
Maximum Compression Loads

Maximum Tension Loads
Maximum Moment Loads
It shall be noted that each element in the structure shall

be checked to see that the above cases has been covered
such as jacket leg, pile and braces
30 May 2009
93
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

LOAD COMBINATIONS
Typical Combinations are as below
Maximum Dead Load + Live Load + Environmental Load

Minimum Dead Load + Environmental Loads
Maximum Dead Loads + Live Loads + maximum
Environmental Loads
All the environmental loads shall be acting in the same

direction
The wave loads need to be calculated based on maximum
wave period and height for the direction considered
30 May 2009
94
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Maximum Environmental Loads
When combining maximum environmental Loads following
shall be noted
Maximum wave height and Period and associated wind speed

shall be combined
Maximum wind speed and associated wave height and period
shall be considered
Maximum wave height and wind speed need not be
considered unless otherwise they coexist
Similarly, the associated current speed shall be considered for
each case
30 May 2009
95
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Design Wave Height / Period
1 year return period wave height and associated peak period shall
be considered for operating cases
100 year return period wave height and associated peak period
shall be considered for storm and pullout cases
30 May 2009
96
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Design Wind speed
STRUCTURE / COMPONENTS
DESIGN WIND
SPEED
Jacket global analysis
1 Hour average
Deck Global Analysis
1 minute average
Local Element Response
3 second gust
Typical design wind speed (1 hour average) in Bombay High field

reaches as much as 192 km/hour (53.3 m/sec) for storm conditions
(100 year return period) and 118 km/hour (32.7 m/sec) for operating
cases (1 year return period)
30 May 2009
97
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

LOAD COMBINATIONS WELLHEAD PLATFORMS
DESIGN CONDITION
LOAD CATEGORY
1.
Dead Loads
2.
Equipment / Piping Bulk Loads

(a) Operating
II
III
(b) Dry
3.
Blanket Global Live Loads (unoccupied areas)
4.
Drilling Rig Reaction Loads

(a) Operating
(b) Storm
5.
Environmental Loads (Wind/Wave/Current)

(a) Operating
(b) Storm
Design Condition I Normal Operation (Production / Drilling)
Design Condition II Pullout Condition (No Drilling and no blanket loads)
Design Condition III Storm Condition (Drilling Not allowed but platform may produce remotely)
30 May 2009
98
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

LOAD COMBINATIONS PROCESS PLATFORMS
DESIGN CONDITION
LOAD CATEGORY
1.
Dead Loads
2.
Equipment / Piping Bulk Loads

(a) Operating
II
III
(b) Dry
3.
Blanket Global Live Loads (unoccupied areas)
4.
Crane Loads
5.
(a) Dead Loads
(b) Lifting Loads
X
X
Environmental Loads (Wind/Wave/Current)

(a) Operating
(b) Storm
Design Condition I Normal Operation (Production)
Design Condition II Pullout Condition (No blanket loads)
Design Condition III Storm Condition
30 May 2009
99
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
30 May 2009
100
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

ANALYSIS METHODS
Linear Static Analysis
Linear Static Analysis (Pseudo-Static)
Dynamic Wave Response Analysis (Frequency Domain)
Dynamic Wave Response Analysis (Time Domain)
30 May 2009
101
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Structural Response Static Analysis
If the natural period of the platform is considerably away from

fatigue waves, assumption of equivalent static analysis is
acceptable
Simple calculations for DAF using SDOF model for each of the
wave period can be calculated and applied to the wave loads
Simple Static Analysis either with Pile Soil Interaction or
equivalent linearised foundation can be used.
[ K ]{ X } {F * DAF }
30 May 2009
102
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (SDOF)
DAF
1
T T
1 2
T T
2
TN Natural Period of the structure

T Wave Period
z Structural Damping Ratio
30 May 2009
103
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (DAF)
10
9
Damping = 0.1%
8
Damping = 5%
7
6
DAF
Damping = 15%
5
Damping = 50%
4
Damping = 100%
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Frequency Ratio
30 May 2009
104
3.5
4.5
= TN / T
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

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Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Barge not enough

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Supports on Rocker Arm

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Multiple modular lifts offshore

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Large Topsides The topsides weight for the process platforms

Small crane capacity Many lifting cranes available in the region

The disadvantage of the modular installation is long offshore

Several occasions the design of sub-assemblies and the

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Concepts of fixed Platforms

Total topsides transported to the site in Single Piece on a

Jacket legs (inner) spaced such that the barge enter

The barge with topsides position in such a way that the

Barge brought to the location in slightly de-ballasted